Human Behavior.pdf

Human Behavior may become a member of an informal group. - Physical actions that can be seen or 2. Structure heard....

Human Behavior may become a member of an informal group. - Physical actions that can be seen or 2. Structure heard. - Defines the formal relationship of - A person can exhibit behaviors similar people in the organization. or different when he is in or out of - Describes how job tasks are formally organizations. divided, grouped and coordinated. - Human behavior in organizations are 3. Technology referred to as organizational behavior - Refers to the combination of (OB) resources, knowledge, and techniques Organizational Behavior with which people work and affect the task that they perform. - Study of human behavior in - Consists of buildings, machines, work organization, of the interaction processes, and assembled resources. between individuals and the 4. Environment organization, and of the organization - Refers to the institutions or forces itself. outside the organization that Three Goals of OB potentially affect the organization’s performance. 1. To explain behavior - Includes suppliers, customers, - OB systematically describes how competitors, government regulatory people behave under a variety of agencies, public pressure groups, and conditions, and understand why the like. people behave as they do. 2. To predict behavior Benefits of Studying Organizational Behavior - OB is used to predict behavior so (OB) support can be provided to productive 1. Development of people skills and dedicated employees, and - Has two type of skills that a person measures could be instituted to will need to succeed in his chosen control the disruptive and less career: productive ones. The skill in doing his work 3. To control behavior The skill in relating with people. - OB offer some means for - A person need another skill to make management to control the behavior other people believe that he should of employees. be more successful than his current - Control is an important component of achievement. effective performance, the usefulness - Example of OB must not be overlooked. -A well-trained dentist who is avoided The Elements of OB by would-be patients. These dentist would benefit from acquiring people 1. People skills through OB - The internal social system of the 2. Personal growth organization is composed of people - Personal growth makes a person consisting of individual persons and highly competitive in the workplace. groups. - The knowledge of behavior of others - The individual person is inducted as a through the study of OB helps the member of a formal group, but soon person to understand his own behavior.  - A person who strives to know himself - Thousands of years ago, the pyramids better enters a realm of intrapersonal of Egypt and the temples in Central intelligence. and South America were built by - Intrapersonal thinking – one workers recruited from among the possessed by a person with highly populace. accurate understanding of himself or - Whether or not there were attempts herself. to make these types of workers 3. Enhancement of organizational and perform better can be the subject of individual effectiveness inquiry. - Effectiveness is a major attribute of - What we see in the movies is the successful organizations, as well as whip, which as we understand was individuals. When the right decisions designed to make the workers do are made, effectiveness follows. In their assigned tasks. decision making, knowledge of OB can - It is modern history, however, that be very useful. provide us with records of how - For instance, there are persons who concerned scientists and experts perform better when they work in the made studies which have direct or afternoons. It would be a mistake to indirect bearing to OB, make them work in the morning and The origins of OB can be traced to the expect that they will perform better. following: Such errors could be avoided if the one authorized to decide on work 1. the human relations approach assignments have knowledge of OB. 4. Sharpening and refinement of a. the scientific management approach by common sense. Frederick W. Taylor – Frederick W. Taylor was - People differ in the degree of the well-known disciple of the scientific common sense they possess. management movement. The primary - Improvements in this type of ability, purpose of scientific management was the however, can still be made and great application of scientific methods to increase benefits can be derived if this is done. the individual worker's productivity. Taylor - For instance common sense dictates used scientific analysis and experiment to that persons working in hot and increase worker output. He did it by regarding humid places cannot perform well. individuals as equivalents of machine parts Common sense, however, cannot and assigned them specific repetitive tasks. easily provide information on the b. the human relations approach by Elton exact temperature that will make Mayo and others – Elton Mayo and his them work at optimum levels. In research team conducted the Hawthorne those types of concerns, knowledge of studies in 1920 to determine what effect OB may be very useful. hours of work, periods of rests and lighting might have on worker fatigue and productivity. It was discovered that the social environment have an equivalent if not greater effect on productivity than the physical A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIZATIONAL environment. Mayo concluded that social BEHAVIOR (OB) interaction is a factor for increased - History tells us that behind every productivity. major accomplishment of man is 2. the personality theories some sort of organization. a. Freud's model – A great contributor is the Abraham Maslow – forwarded his model psychologist Sigmund Freud who brought the which espouses the idea of developing the idea that people are motivated by far more personality toward the ultimate achievement than conscious logical reasoning. Freud of human potential. This process is referred to believed that irrational motives make up the as self-actualization. To achieve this objective, hidden subconscious mind, which determines the person must work his way up the the major part of people's behavior. succeeding steps of a hierarchy of needs. b. the behaviorist approach by Watson and What is Ethics Skinner – Through an approach called - Ethics refers to the set of moral behaviorism, another eminent psychologist, choices a person makes based on J.B. Watson – formulated the theory about what he or she ought to do.' learned behavior. This theory indicates that a Organizational Ethics. person can be trained to behave according to the wish of the trainer. - These are moral principles that define right or wrong behavior in B.F. Skinner – extended Watson's theory with organizations. his own theory of behavior modification. Skinner concluded that when people receive a Ethical Behavior. positive stimulus like money or praise for what they have done, they will tend to repeat their - This refers to behavior that is behavior. When they are ignored and receive accepted as morally "good" and no response to the action, they will not be "right" as opposed to "bad" and inclined to repeat it. "wrong" ? c. the humanist approach by Carl Rogers, What constitutes right and wrong behavior in Fritz Perls, and Abraham Maslow – organization is determined by: Carl Rogers – focused on the person as an 1. the public individual instead of adhering to a rigid 2. interest groups methodology. He believes that people should acquire their own values and attitudes rather 3. organizations than be committed to a fixed set of prescribed 4. the individual's personal morals and values goals. The more self-directed and aware people are, the better they are able to Ethical Issues - There are important ethical develop their own individual values and adapt issues that confront organizations. to a changing environment. They consist of the following: Fritz Perls' – contribution is the Gestalt 1. conflict of interest – A conflict of interest psychology wherein the person is seen as exists when a person is in the position of being plagued by numerous split, or having to decide whether to advance the conflicting desires and needs, which dissipate interests of the organization or to operate in energy and interfere with that person's ability his or her own personal interests. For to achieve his potential. The object of Gestalt instance, the purchasing officer of a university psychology is to integrate conflicting needs is in a situation where there is conflict of into an organized whole, in which all parts of a interest when he owns the shop that sells person work together towards growth and office supplies to the university. development. 2. fairness and honesty- In organizations which practices ethical behavior, people do not accept bribes to influence the outcome of a decision. People in organizations are expected to be fair and honest. Ethical behavior demands that, beyond obeying the law, they should not knowingly harm customers, clients, and competitors through deception, coercion or misrepresentation. For example, a certain agency of the government would not normally release documents unless a certain amount of money is handed down to the releasing clerk. 3. communication - People can become victims of organizations that provide false and misleading information about their products and services. For instance, a recruitment firm makes it appear that the employment conditions they describe to the job applicants would be identical to what the foreign employer would offer. This practice is, of course highly unethical. 4. relationships within the organization – Within the organization, people may still be performing unethical acts. For example, employee A developed an idea that will be very useful to the organization. Employee B steals the idea and presents it to the top executive before employee A could present it himself. This action is highly unethical and it is to the detriment of the organization if such actions are allowed to flourish.