Meteorology Module 1 PDF

MODULE 1: METEOROLOGY METEOROLOGY - interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere METEOROLOGICAL - observable weather events which illuminate, and are explained by the PHENOMENA science of meteorology VARIABLES EXIST IN - temperature A...

MODULE 1: METEOROLOGY METEOROLOGY - interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere METEOROLOGICAL - observable weather events which illuminate, and are explained by the PHENOMENA science of meteorology VARIABLES EXIST IN - temperature ATMOSPHERE - air pressure - water vapor - gradients and interactions of each variable - how they change in time SUB-DISCIPLINE OF - Meteorology ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE - Climatology - Atmospheric Physics - Atmospheric Chemistry HYDROMETEOROLOGY - interdisciplinary field that compose of meteorology and hydrology METEOROLOGY - military APPLICATIONS - energy production - transport - agriculture - construction The word "meteorology" is from Greek metedros "lofty; high (in the sky)" (from meta- "above" and "to lift up") and -logia "-(o)logy" HISTORY Varāhamihira’s of Written about 500 AD, provides clear evidence that a deep knowledge of Brihatsamhita atmospheric processes existed in those times ARISTOTLE (350 BC) Wrote (founder of) meteorology THEOPHRASTUS Compiled a book on weather forecasting, called the BOOK OF SIGNS POMPONIUS MELA (25 Formalized the climatic system AD) TOUFIC FAHD - - Wrote the Kitab al-Nabat (book of plants), in which he deals with the Al-Dinawari (9TH application of meteorology to agriculture during the muslim CENTURY) Agricultural Revolutions - He describes the meteorological character of the sky, planets, and constellations, the sun and moon, the lunar phases indicating seasons and rain, the anwa (heavenly bodies of rain), and atmospheric phenomena such as winds, thunder, lightning, snow, floods, valleys, rivers, lakes, wells, and other sources of water INSTRUMENTS AND CLASSIFICATION SCALES 1441 Prince Munjong invented the first standardized rain gauge 1450 Leone Battista Alberti developed a swinging-plate anemometer (known as the first anemometer) 1607 Galileo Galilei constructed a thermoscope 1611 Johannes Kepler wrote the first scientific treatise on snow crystals: “Strena Seu de Nive Sexangula (A New Year's Gift of Hexagonal Snow)” 1643 Evangelista Torricelli invented the mercury barometer 1662 Sir Christopher Wren invented the mechanical, self-emptying, tipping bucket rain gauge 1714 Gabriel Fahrenheit created a reliable scale for measuring temperature with a mercury-type thermometer 1732 The first hair hygrometer was demonstrated by Horace Bénédict de  Saussure 1742 Anders Celsius proposed the “centigrade” temperature scale 1802 - 1803 Luke Howard wrote On the Modification of Clouds in which he assigns cloud types Latin names 1806 Francis Beaufort introduced his system for classifying wind speeds CLOUD CLASSIFICATION BY ALTITUDE OCCURRENCE 1654 - Ferdinando II de established the first weather observing network Medici 1832 - Baron Schilling electromagnetic telegraph was created by 1837 - Electrical practical method for quickly gathering surface weather observations telegraph from a wide area 1849 - Joseph Henry Smithsonian Institution began to establish an observation network across the United States under the leadership of 1854 United Kingdom government appointed Robert FitzRoy to the new office of Meteorological Statist to the Board of Trade with the role of gathering weather observations at sea 1860 The first daily weather forecasts made by FitzRoy's Office were published in The Times newspaper 1875 The India Meteorological Department was established following tropical cyclone and related famines in the previous decades 1881 The Finnish Meteorological Central Office was formed from part of Magnetic Observatory of Helsinki University 1883 Japan's Tokyo Meteorological Observatory, the forerunner of the Japan Meteorological Agency, began constructing surface weather maps METEOROLOGICAL - India Meteorological Department SERVICES - Finnish meteorological Central Office - Japan's Tokyo Meteorological Observatory - United States Weather Bureau - Australian Bureau of Meteorology NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION 1904 Norwegian scientist Vilhelm Bjerknes first argued in his paper Weather Forecasting as a Problem in Mechanics and Physics that it should be possible to forecast weather from calculations based upon natural laws 1922 Lewis Fry Richardson published "Weather Prediction By Numerical Process" 1950’s numerical forecasts with computers became feasible 1960’s the chaotic nature of the atmosphere was first observed and mathematically described by Edward Lorenz, founding the field of chaos theory CLIMATE MODELS have been developed that feature a resolution comparable to older weather prediction models METEOROLOGIST scientists who study meteorology WIND AND HUMIDITY two other accurately measured qualities REMOTE SENSING concept of collecting data from remote weather events and subsequently producing weather information - Radar - Lidar - Satellites (or photogrammetry) SPATIAL SCALES  MICROSCALE Study of the atmospheric phenomena of about 1 km or less MESOSCALE Study of the atmospheric phenomena that has horizontal scales SYNOPTIC SCALE Large area dynamics referred to in horizontal coordinates GLOBAL SCALE Study of weather patterns related to the transport of heat APPLICATIONS: WEATHER FORECASTING WEATHER application of science and technology to predict the state of the FORECASTING atmosphere for a future time and a given location AVIATION deals with the impact of weather on air traffic management METEOROLOGY AGRICULTURAL Meteorologists, soil scientists, agricultural hydrologists, and METEOROLOGY agronomists are persons concerned with studying the effects of weather and climate on plant distribution MARITIME deals with air and wave forecasts for ships operating at sea METEOROLOGY MILITARY research and application of meteorology for military purposes METEOROLOGY MODULE 2: THE EARTH ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE - (system) regulate earth’s climate TROPOSPHERE (first - the lowest layer of the atmosphere layer) TROPOPAUSE - top of the troposphere (60 degree) STRATOSPHERE (second - extends upward from the tropopause layer) STRATOSPHERIC OZONE - stratosphere temperature increase with altitude because of absorption of sunlight MESOSPHERE (third - temperature once again fall (-93 degree) layer) PROPERTIES - thermal - chemical - physical COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE PERMANENT GASES GAS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Nitrogen N2 Oxygen O2 Argon Ar Neon Ne Helium He Hydrogen H2 Xenon Xe SUBSTANCE (VARIABLE) Chemical Composition Water Vapor H2O Carbon dioxide CO2  Methane CH4 Nitrous oxide N2O Ozone O3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND - oxygen is release RESPIRATION PHOTOSYNTHESIS - CO2 + H2O + light -> CH2O + O2 RESPIRATION - CH2O + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + energy RADIATIVE BALANCE - surface temperature is constant over geologic time SOLAR RADIATION - divide into ultraviolet radiation