HSE Lectures-merged.pdf

Course contact information Course Provider: Dr Anis Fatima Office: Room 5, Second Floor IM Building Phone Ext: 2250 Email: [email protected] Google classroom Link: 1  The Safety and Health Movement The safety movement in the United States...

Course contact information Course Provider: Dr Anis Fatima Office: Room 5, Second Floor IM Building Phone Ext: 2250 Email: [email protected] Google classroom Link: 1  The Safety and Health Movement The safety movement in the United States has developed steadily since the early 1900s. – In 1907, more than 3,200 people were killed in mining accidents. Legislation, precedent, and public opinion all favored management. – There were few protections for workers’ safety.  Developments before the Industrial Revolution Circa 2000 BC, their ruler developed his Code of Hammurabi, which encompassed all the laws of the land at that time. – Showed Hammurabi to be a just ruler, and set a precedent followed by other Mesopotamian kings.  Developments before the Industrial Revolution Significance of the code from the perspective of safety & health are clauses dealing with injuries. – Allowable fees for physicians & monetary damages assessed against those who injured others.  Developments before the Industrial Revolution Later emerged in the industrious Egyptian civilization. – Much labor was provided by slaves & slaves were not treated well—unless it suited the needs of Egyptian taskmasters.  Developments before the Industrial Revolution To ensure maintenance of a workforce to build a huge temple bearing his name, Rameses II created an industrial medical service to care for the workers. – They were required to bathe daily in the Nile and given regular medical examinations, & sick workers isolated.  Developments before the Industrial Revolution The Romans were vitally concerned with safety & health, as seen from their construction projects. – Aqueducts, sewerage systems, public baths, latrines, and well-ventilated houses.  Developments before the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution changed forever the methods of producing goods, summarized as: – Introduction of inanimate power (i.e., steam power) to replace people and animal power. – Substitution of machines for people.  Developments before the Industrial Revolution These changes necessitated a greater focusing of attention on the safety and health of workers. – Steam power increased markedly the potential for life-threatening injuries, as did machines. – The new methods used for converting raw materials also introduced new risks of injuries and diseases. Tragedies in after industrial revolution video  Milestones in the Safety Movement The safety movement traces its roots to England. – In the Industrial Revolution, child labor in factories was common. – Hours were long, work hard, and conditions often unhealthy & unsafe.  Milestones in the Safety Movement After an outbreak of fever among children working in their cotton mills, people of Manchester, England, demanded better factory working conditions. – In 1802 the Health & Morals of Apprentices Act passed. Marked the beginning of governmental involvement in workplace safety.  Milestones in the Safety Movement When the industrial sector began to grow in the US, hazardous working conditions were commonplace. – Factory inspection began in Massachusetts in 1867. – In 1868, the first barrier safeguard was patented. – In 1869, the Pennsylvania legislature passed a mine safety law requiring two exits from all mines.  Milestones in the Safety Movement Around 1900, Frederick Taylor began studying efficiency in manufacturing, and drew a connection between lost personnel time & management policies and procedures.  Milestones in the Safety Movement In 1907, the U.S. Dept. of the Interior created the Bureau of Mines to investigate accidents, examine health hazards, and make recommendations for improvements. – In 1908 an early form of workers’ compensation was introduced in the United States.  Milestones in the Safety Movement Workers’ compensation actually had its beginnings in Germany, and soon spread through Europe. Workers’ compensation made great strides in the US when Wisconsin passed the first effective workers’ compensation law in 1911. – Today, all 50 states have some form of workers’ compensation.  Milestones in the Safety Movement From 1918 through the 1950s, the federal government encouraged contractors to implement & maintain a safe work environment.  Milestones in the Safety Movement Industry in the US arrived at two critical conclusions – There is a definite connection between quality & safety. – Off-the-job accidents have a negative impact on productivity.  Milestones in the Safety Movement The concept of Total Safety Management (TSM) was introduced in 1996 to help safety professionals in organizations using Total Quality Management (TQM) philosophy and/or ISO 9000 registration.  Milestones in the Safety Movement In 2000, U.S. firms began to pursue ISO 14000. – Workplace terrorism became an important issue in 2003. In 2007 special safety needs of older people who reentered the workforce became an issue for safety professionals. FIGURE 1–4 Government agencies and other organizations concerned with workplace safety.  Development of Safety Organizations OSHA sets/revokes safety & health standards, conducts inspections, investigates problems… – Provides safety training & injury prevention consultation. – Maintains a database of health and safety statistics.  Development of Safety Organizations The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the Department of Health and Human Services. – NIOSH is required to publish annually a comprehensive list of all known toxic substances. Integrated Approach to Safety and Health Larger companies often maintain a staff of safety & health professionals. – Smaller companies may contract out fulfillment of these requirements. IM‐417 Health, Safety & Environment  Course contact information Course Provider: Dr Anis Fatima Office: Room 5, Second Floor IM Building Phone Ext: 2250 Email: [email protected] 2  Learning Outcomes Company safety policy Management responsibilities Knowledge of existing safety codes and standards Direct and indirect cost Understanding accident and hazard  Modern Safety and Health Teams The issues that concern modern safety and health managers include: – Stress; explosives; laws, standards, and codes. – Radiation; AIDS; product safety and liability. – Ergonomics; ethics; automation; workers' compensation. – An ever-changing multitude of other issues. Safety and Health Team. Managing director  Role of managing director The Managing Director is responsible for the overall arrangements and for ensuring that the company’s operations are executed at all times in such a manner as to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare of all employees and others who may be affected by its operations.  Role of managing director In particular the Managing Director will: Ensure there is an effective company policy for health and safety and that all employees, contractors and temporary workers are made aware of their individual responsibility. To understand and ensure, through the appointment of competent persons, that the company’s responsibilities as employers under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and any relevant Acts of Parliament and Statutory Instruments are met. To appoint a manager responsible for safety. To ensure that all Directors and Managers understand and fulfill their responsibilities with regard to health and safety. Arrange for funds and facilities to meet the requirements of company policy and legislation. Make provision for adequate and appropriate training to be given to all employees. To ensure that notification and reporting procedures to the relevant statutory authorities are carried out. Set a personal example on all matters of health and safety.  Company health and safety policy A policy is a written statement, usually comprises three elements: A statement section (often a single page) detailing how safety will be managed and that demonstrates the organization's commitment to health and safety An organization section that details where responsibilities are allocated and how employees fit into the overall safety management system An arrangements section that contains details of how specific activities and functions are managed. This arrangements section could include such matters as risk assessments, fire safety, first aid, accident reporting, electrical safety, work equipment, hazardous substances, manual handling and other workplace issues. In larger organisations the arrangements section may refer to other documents, such as safety manuals or safe systems of work. IMD Health and Safety Policy  Safety and Health Manager Companies committed to a safe & healthy workplace employ a safety & health manager at an appropriate level in the corporate hierarchy. – The manager's position in the hierarchy is an indication of the company's commitment and priorities. – Safety & health manager duties range include hazard analysis, accident reporting, standards/compliance, record keeping, training, emergency planning, etc. – In some companies, safety & health managers may have other duties, like a production or personnel manager.  Role in the Company Hierarchy Does the safety and health manager have line or staff authority? – Line authority means the safety & health manager has authority over and supervises certain employees. – Staff authority means safety & health manager is responsible for a certain function, but has no line authority over others involved with that function. Role in the Company Hierarchy A successful safety & health manager is resourceful, clever, astute in corporate politics, good at building relationships, persuasive, adept at trading favors, credible, talented in development & use of influence. Problems Safety and Health Managers Face Lack of Commitment - top management may see safety & health program as a necessary evil. – A collection of government regulations that interfere with profits. – Safety & health professionals should be prepared to confront a less than wholehearted commitment in some companies.  Production versus Safety Industrial firms are in business to make a profit by producing or processing products. – Anything that interferes with production or processing is likely to be looked on unfavorably. – The modern marketplace sometimes puts safety & health professional at odds with others, responsible for productivity, quality, cost, and response time. – Safety & health managers find their departments rank lower in priority than production and operations. Until a disaster occurs. – Safety and health managers need to become proficient in showing the financial benefits of a safe workplace. Education/Training for Safety & Health Managers The ideal formula for safety & health professionals is formal education prior to entering the profession. – Supplemented by lifelong in-service training. – Numerous agencies & organizations are available to help the safety & health manager keep up-to-date. – There are professional societies, trade associations, scientific organizations, certification boards, service organizations, and emergency service organizations. FIGURE 4–6 Scientific standards and testing organizations. Pakistan safety council (PSC) Rawalpindi, Islamabad Pakistan. www.psc.org.pk  Engineers and Safety Engineers can make a contributions to safety, or cause, inadvertently or by incompetence, accidents that result in serious injury & property damage. – Opportunity for good & bad comes during design. Engineers involved in design are usually in the aerospace, electrical, mechanical & nuclear fields.  Safety Engineer The title is typically given to the person with overall responsibility for the company's safety program. – Or a member of the company's safety team.  Industrial Engineers and Safety Industrial engineers are the most likely candidates from among the various engineering disciplines to work as safety engineers. – Knowledge of industrial systems can make them valuable members of a design team. – They can also contribute as a member of a company's safety team by helping design job & plant layouts for efficiency & safety. – They are not much more likely to have safety courses as a required part of their program of study.  Environmental Engineers and Safety Environmental engineering is a relatively new discipline, and may be described as follows: – A field in which the application of engineering & scientific principles is used to protect and preserve human health and the well-being of the environment. – Course work environmental engineers take is particularly relevant since all of it relates directly or indirectly to health  Industrial Hygienist An industrial hygienist is a person degreed in engineering, chemistry, physics, medicine, or related sciences. – Who, by virtue of special studies and training, has acquired competence in industrial hygiene. – Solvents, particulates, toxic substances. – Dermatoses, ergonomics, noise, temperature. – Radiation, biological substances. – Ventilation, gas, and vapors.  Industrial Hygienist Special studies/training must have been sufficient to provide the ability to: – Recognize environmental factors and to understand their effect on humans and their well-being. – Evaluate the magnitude of these stresses in terms of ability to impair human health and well-being. – Prescribe methods to eliminate, control, or reduce such stresses when necessary to alleviate their effects. – In a safety and health team, the industrial hygienist typically reports to the safety and health manager  Health Physicist Health physicists are concerned primarily with radiation in the workplace. – Monitoring radiation inside and outside the facility. – Measuring the radioactivity levels of biological samples. – Developing the radiation components of the company's emergency action plan. – Supervising the decontamination of workers and the workplace when necessary.  Health Physicist Nuclear engineering & nuclear physics are the most widely pursued fields of study for health physicists. – Professionals in this field may be certified by the American Board of Health Physics (ABHP).  Occupational Physician Occupational medicine as a field dates to World War II, classified in 1955 as a medical specialty. Concerns of the Occupational Physician include: – Appraisal, maintenance, restoration and improvement of worker health. – Promotion of productive, fulfilling interaction of worker and job, via application of principles of human behaviour. – Active appreciation of social, economic & administrative needs and responsibilities of both worker & community. – Team approach to safety & health, involving cooperation of the physician with occupational or industrial hygienists, occupational health nurses, safety personnel, and other specialties.  Occupational Physician Occupational physicians are fully degreed and licensed medical doctors, and must have completed postgraduate work in many areas, including: – Biostatistics, epidemiology, industrial toxicology. – Work physiology, principles of occupational safety. – Radiation (ionizing and nonionizing), biological monitoring. – Ergonomics, noise/hearing conservation.  Occupational Physician Occupational physicians are fully degreed and licensed medical doctors, and must have completed postgraduate work in many areas, including: – Fundamentals of industrial hygiene, occupational aspects of dermatology. – Record and data collection, governmental regulations. – General environmental health (air, water, ground pollution, and waste management control).  Occupational Physician The OP should be the leader of other medical personnel. – There should be a written medical program available to all management and employees. – Periodic tours of all facilities are necessary for an understanding of possible work-related injuries. – Should be familiar with OSHA & NIOSH health mandates  Occupational Health Nurse Occupational health nursing is application of nursing principles in conserving health of workers. – To adapt the nursing program to meet the specific needs of the individual company. – To provide competent nursing care for all employees, or seek competent medical direction if unavailable. – To establish and maintain an adequate system of records. – To plan, prepare, promote, present, and broker educational activities for employees. – To establish and maintain positive working relationships with all departments within the company. – To maintain positive working relationships with all components of the local health care community. – Monitor, evaluate & adjust the nursing program.  Risk Manager Risk management consists of activities and strategies an organization can use to protect itself from situations, circumstances, or events that may undermine its security. – Organizations are at risk every time they open their doors for business. – Risk managers work closely with safety and health personnel to reduce the risk of accidents and injuries on the job. – They also work closely with insurance companies to achieve the most effective transference possible.  Emerging Role of Safety Professionals Being an expert in a specific safety & health- related discipline—still necessary—is no longer sufficient. – Safety professionals will have to become transformational leaders in their organizations.  Knowledge of existing safety codes and standards Codes and standards are needed to ensure the safety of systems and to facilitate the use. "Codes" are established by jurisdictions. A code is a set of rules and specifications for the correct methods and materials used in a certain product, building or process. Codes can be approved by local, state or federal governments and can carry the force of law. The main purpose of codes is to protect the public by setting up the minimum acceptable level of safety for human, environment, buildings, products and processes. "Standards" are agreed upon to ensure consistency, compatibility, and safety. Standards allow for interchangeability of parts, system interoperability, and they ensure quality, reliability and safety. Direct and indirect cost  Understanding accident and hazard A hazard is a condition or changing set of circumstances that presents a potential for injury, illness or property damage; the potential or inherent characteristics of an activity, condition or circumstance that can produce adverse or harmful consequences. An accident is an unfortunate, unforeseen and unplanned event or circumstance, usually resulting in an unfavourable outcome, often the result of carelessness or ignorance. There are some key words in these definitions: unplanned; unforeseen; unfortunate; un-favorable and, most importantly,POTENTIAL!  Understanding accident and hazard So as you begin work, ask yourself: 1. Do I have the right tools/equipment for the job? 2. Have I inspected my tools/equipment to make sure they are in good repair or am I trying to “just get by?” 3. Is the work laid out to provide safe completion of the job? 4. Are the materials I am using safe, and do I need additional personal protective equipment (PPE) such as safety glasses, gloves, etc.? 5. Is there a safer way to accomplish the task? 6. Are all necessary equipment/machine guards in place? 7. Are procedures such as lock-out/tag-out being followed? 8. You need to be aware of the potential hazards associated with any job and ensure you are performing the job safely Thank you IM‐417 Health, Safety & Environment  Course contact information Course Provider: Dr Anis Fatima Office: Room 5, Second Floor IM Building Phone Ext: 2250 Email: [email protected] 2  Learning Outcomes Industrial/Process Safety Management Analysis of process hazard and development of facility operation and procedures Hazard communication (Material Safety Data Sheet) Chemical inventory record.  Indutsrial/Process Safety Management Industrial safety systems are crucial in any hazardous plants such as oil and gas plants and nuclear plants. They are used to protect human, plant, and environment in case the process went beyond the control margins. These systems are not intended for controlling the process itself but rather protection. Process control is performed by means of process control systems (PCS) and is interlocked by the safe- ty systems so that immediate actions are taken if the process control systems fail.  Types of industrial safety systems There are three main types of industrial safety systems in process industry: 1. Process Safety System or Process Shutdown System, (PSS). 2. Fire and Gas System (FGS). 3. Safety Shutdown System (SSS): This includes Emergency Shutdown‐(ESD) and Emergency Depressurization‐(EDP) Systems. Process Safety System (PSS) The process safety system (sometimes called process shutdown system) must carry out the process shutdown function, acting on the lowest level of protection. They shall generally act as an additional loop that protects and/or trips equipment and applicable to the fire zones or the process units.  Types of industrial safety systems Fire and Gas System (FGS) The main objectives of the fire and gas system are to protect personnel, environment,and plant (including equipment and structures). The FGS shall achieve these objectives by: 1. Detecting at an early stage, the presence of flammable gas 2. Detecting at an early stage, the liquid spill (LPG and LNG), 3. Detecting emerging fire and the presence of fire, 4. Providing automatic and/or facilities for manual activation of the fire protection system as required, 5. Initiating signals, both audible and visible as required, to warn of the detected hazards, 6. Initiating automatic shutdown of equipment and ventilation if 2 out of 2 or 2 out of 3 detectors 7. Initiating the exhausting system  Types of industrial safety systems Safety Shutdown System (SSS) The safety shutdown system shall shutdown the facilities to a safe state in case of an emergency situation, thus protecting personnel, the environment and the asset. Safety Shutdown System shall manage all inputs and outputs relative to Emergency Shut Down (ESD) functions (environment & personnel protection). This system might also be fed by signals from the main fire and gas system Emergency Shutdown‐(ESD) systems Emergency Shutdown‐(ESD) systems are aimed at isolating (closing ) any hazardous valves in a process due to abnormal conditions.  Types of industrial safety systems Emergency Depressurization‐(EDP) Systems Due to closing ESD valves in a process their may be some trapped flammable fluids and thus must be released in order to avoid any undesired consequences (such as pressure increase in vessels and piping). For this reason Emergency Depressurization‐(EDP) Systems are used in conjunction with the ESD systems to release (to a safe location and in a safe manner) such trapped fluids. Pressure safety valves (PSV) Pressure safety valves or PSVs are mechanical devices and are usually used as a final safety solution when all previous systems fail to prevent any further pressure accumulation and protect vessels from rupture due to overpressure.  Analysis of process hazard and development of facility operation and procedures Mechanical Hazards & Safeguarding Mechanical hazards are those associated with the power driven machines whether automated or manually operated, machine driven by steam, hydraulic or electric power introduce new hazards into the workplace. In spite of advancement in safeguarding technologies and technical mechanical hazards is still a major concern today. Some common mechanical hazards are as follows: 1. Cutting 2. Shearing 3. Crushing 4. Straining & spraining 5. Puncturing  Analysis of process hazard and development of facility operation and procedures Common mechanical injuries In an industrial setting people interact with the machines that are designed to drill, cut, shear, punch, chip, staple, stitch, shape, stamp and slit such materials as metals, composites and plastics. These machines can apply the same procedures to workers who fail to follow safety precautions or when appropriate safeguards are not in place. When this happens, the type of injuries that result are typically the result of cutting, tearing, shearing, crushing, breaking, straining, or puncturing.  Analysis of process hazard and development of facility operation and procedures Cutting & Tearing: A cut occurs when a body parts comes in contact with sharp edge. Most people have been cut probably several times although possibly not as severely as can occur in an industrial setting. Shearing: To understand what shearing is, think of a paper cutter. It shears the paper. Power driven shears for several paper, metal, plastic and composite materials are widely used in manufacturing. Such machines often amputated fingers and hands, such tragedies would typically occur when operators reached under the shearing blade to make an adjustment or to place materials there and activated the blade before fully removing their hand. Crushing: Injuries from crushing can be particularly debilitating, painful, and difficult to heal. They occur when a part of the body is caught two hard surfaces that progressively move to gether, thereby crushing anything between them. Crushing hazards can be divided into two categories: 1. Squeeze ‐point 2. Run – in points  Analysis of process hazard and development of facility operation and procedures Crushing hazards can be divided into two categories: Squeeze in points Squeeze point hazard exist where two hard surface at least one of which must be in motion, push close enough together to crush any object that may be between them. The process can be slow as in a manually operated vice or fast as with a metal stamping machi ne. Run in point Run in point hazards exists where two objects, at least one of which is rotating, come progressively close together. Meshing gears and belt pulley are example of run‐ in point hazards. Body parts can also be crushed in other ways for example, a heavy objects falling on a foot or a hammer hitting finger.  Analysis of process hazard and development of facility operation and procedures Breaking: Machines used to deform engineering materials in a variety of ways can also cause broken b ones. A break in a bone is known as a fracture. Fractures are classified as simple, comma co mpound, complete and incomplete. 1. A simple fracture is a break in a bone that those not pierce in the skin. 2. A compound is a break that has broken through the surroundings tissues and skin. 3. A complete fracture divides the affected bone into two or more separate pieces and in complete fractures leaves the affected bone in one piece but cracked. Fractures are also classified as transverse, oblique and comminuted. 1. A transverse fracture is break straight across the bone. 2. An oblique fracture is diagonal. 3. A comminuted fracture exists when the bone broken into a number of small pieces at t he point of fracture.  Analysis of process hazard and development of facility operation and procedures Straining & Spraining: There are numerous situations in an industrial setting when straining of muscles or sprainin g of ligament is possible. A strain results when muscles are over stretched or torn. A sprain is result of stretch or torn ligaments in a joint. Strain & sprain can cause swelling & intense pain. Puncturing: Puncturing machines have sharp tools can puncture a body part if safety precautions are not observed or if safeguards are not in a place. A puncture results when an objects penetr ates straight into a body and pull straight out. Creating a wound in the shape of penetrating objects. The greater hazard with puncture wounds is the potential damage to internal organs.  Safeguarding The National Safety council defines safeguarding as follows: The purpose of machine safeguarding is to minimize the risk of accident of machine‐operator contact. The contact can be: An individual making the contact with the machine ‐usually the moving part ‐ because of inattention caused by fatigue, distract ion, curiosity or deliberate chance taking. From the machine via flying metal chips, chemical & hot metal splashes and circular saw kick back etc. Caused by the direct result of machine malfunctioning, including mechanical & electrical failure. Safeguard can be broadly categorize as point of operation guards, point devices and feeding & ejection method.  Requirements for Safeguards Requirements for Safeguards What must a safeguard do to protect workers against mechanical hazards? Safeguards must meet these minimum general requirements Prevent contact: The safeguard must prevent hands, arms, and any other part of a worker's body from making contact with dangerous moving parts. A good safeguarding system eliminates the possibility of the operator or another worker placing parts of their bodies near hazardous moving parts. Secure: Workers should not be able to easily remove or tamper with the safeguard, because a safeguard that can easily be made ineffective is no safeguard at all. Guards and safety devices should be made of durable material that will withstand the conditions of normal use. They must be firmly secured to the machine. Protect from falling objects: The safeguard should ensure that no objects can fall into moving parts. A small tool which is dropped into a cycling machine could easily become a projectile that could strike and injure someone.  Requirements for Safeguards Requirements for Safeguards What must a safeguard do to protect workers against mechanical hazards? Safeguards must meet these minimum general requirements Create no new hazards: A safeguard defeats its own purpose if it creates a hazard of its own such as a shear point, a jagged edge, or an unfinished surface which can cause a laceration. The edges of guards, for instance, should be rolled or bolted in such a way that they eliminate sharp edges. Create no interference: Any safeguard which impedes a worker from performing the job quickly and comf- ortably might soon be overridden or disregarded. Proper safeguarding can actually enhance efficiency since it can relieve the worker's apprehensions about injury. Allow safe lubrication: If possible, one should be able to lubricate the machine without removing the safe guards. Locating oil reservoirs outside the guard, with a line leading to the lubricat- ion point, will reduce the need for the operator or maintenance worker to enter th e hazardous area.  Guards There are four basic types of machine guards: 1. Fixed guards 2. Interlocked guards 3. Adjustable guards 4. Self‐adjusting guards Fixed guards are probably the most common because of their simplicity and effect- iveness. Fixed guards are attached permanently to equipment and can only be removed with considerable effort. They usually cover power transmission units and can also be found on band saws. Interlocked guards are designed to be removed or opened to allow access to the hazard zone,for example, to insert or remove material from the point of operation. Once the guard is opened, however, the machine shuts down automatically, effecti- vely eliminating the hazard.  Guards There are four basic types of machine guards: 1. Fixed guards 2. Interlocked guards 3. Adjustable guards 4. Self‐adjusting guards Adjustable guards allow a machine to handle a wide variety of material sizes while still protecting the unused portion of the blade or the point of operation. These guards must be adjusted manually. An example is the guard over the point of operation on a band saw. Self‐adjusting guards, typically found on saws, are pushed away from the point of operation when material is fed into the machine. But they only open enough to allow the material into the cutting zone, thus keeping the remainder of the blade covered.  Point‐of‐operation devices A number of different devices can be used to protect workers from point‐of‐operation hazards. The most widely used are explained below: Photoelectric: The photoelectric (optical) presence‐sensing device uses a system of light sources and controls which can interrupt the machine's operating cycle. If the light field is broken, the machine stops and will not cycle. This device must be used only on machines which can be stopped before the worker can reach the danger area. The design and placement of the guard depends upon the time it takes to stop the mechanism and the speed at which the employee's hand can reach across the distance from the guard to the danger zone.  Point‐of‐operation devices A number of different devices can be used to protect workers from point‐of‐operation hazards. The most widely used are explained below: Radiofrequency: The radiofrequency (capacitance) presence‐sending device uses a radio beam that is part of the machine control circuit. When the capacitance field is broken, the machine will stop or will not activate. Like the photoelectric device, this device shall only be used on machine s which can be stopped before the worker can reach the danger area. This requires the machine to have a friction clutch or other reliable me ans for stopping. Electromechanical: The electromechanical sensing device has a probe or contact bar which descends to a predetermined distance when the operator initiates the machine cycle. If there is an obstruction preventing it from descending its full predetermined distance, the control circuit does not actuate the machine cycle.  Point‐of‐operation devices A number of different devices can be used to protect workers from point‐of‐operation hazards. The most widely used are explained below: Pullback: Pullback devices utilize a series of cables attached to the oper ator's hands, wrists, and/or arms. This type of device is primarily used on machines with stroking action. When the slide/ram is up between cycles, the operator is allowed access to the point of operation. When the slide/ram begins to cycle by starting its descent, a mechanical linkage automatically assures withdrawal of the hands from the point of operation. Restraint: The restraint (hold‐back) device utilizes cables or straps that are attached to the operator's hands and a fixed point. The cables or straps must be adjusted to let the operator's hands travel within a pre- determined safe area. There is no extending or retracting action involved. Consequently, handfeeding tools are often necessary if the operation involves placing material into the danger area.  Point‐of‐operation devices A number of different devices can be used to protect workers from point‐of‐operation hazards. The most widely used are explained below: Two‐Hand Trip: The two‐hand trip requires concurrent application of both the operator's control buttons to activate the machine cycle, after which the hands are free. This device is usually used with machines equipped with full‐revolution clutches. The trips must be placed far enough from the point of operation to make it impossible for the operator to move his or her hands from the trip buttons or handles into the point of operation before the first half of the cycle is completed. The distance from the trip button depends upon the speed of the cycle and the band speed constant. Thus the operator's hands are kept far enough away to prevent them from being placed in the danger area prior to the slide/ram or blade reaching the full "down" position. To be effective, both two‐hand controls and trips must be located so that the operator cannot use two hands or one hand and another part of his/her body to trip the machine.  Point‐of‐operation devices A number of different devices can be used to protect workers from point‐of‐operation hazards. The most widely used are explained below: Safety Trip Controls (pressure‐sensitive body bar, safety tripod, safety tripwire): Safety trip controls provide a quick means for deactivating the machine in an emergency situation. A pressure‐sensitive body bar, when depressed, will deactivate the machine. If the operator or anyone trips, loses balance, or is drawn toward the machine, applying pressure to the bar will stop the operation. The positioning of the bar, there- fore, is critical. It must stop the machine before a part of the employee's body reaches the danger area. Two‐Hand Control: The two‐hand control requires constant, concurrent press ure by the operator to activate the machine. This kind of control requires a part‐revolution clutch, brake, and a brake monitor if used on power press. With this type of device, the operator's hands are required to be at a safe location (on control buttons) and at a safe distance from the danger area whil e the machine completes its closing cycle.  Point‐of‐operation devices A number of different devices can be used to protect workers from point‐of‐operation hazards. The most widely used are explained below: Gate: The gate is a moveable barrier that protects the operator at the point of operation before the machine cycle can be started. Gates are, in many in- stances, designed to be operated with each machine cycle. To be effective, the gate must be interlocked so that the machine will not begin a cycle unless the gate guard is in place. It must be in the closed position before the machine can function. If the gate is not permitted to descend to the fully closed position, the press will not function.  Feeding & Ejection Systems Feeding and ejection systems can be effective safeguard if properly design and used. The various type of feeding and ejection available for use with modern in dustrial machine are summarized below: Automatic feed System: feeds the stock to the machine from different rolls. Automatic feeds eliminate the need for operators to enter the danger zone. Such systems are limited in the types and variations of stock they can feed. They also typically require an auxiliary barrier guard and frequent maintenance. Semiautomatic feed system: It use a variety of approaches for feeding material to the machine. Prominent among these are chutes, moveable dies, dial feeds, plungers, and sliding bolsters. They have same advantage and limitations as automatic feed systems. Automatic ejection system: eject the pneumatically or mechanically. The Advan- tage of either approach is that operator don’t have to reach into the danger zone to retrieve workpieces. However these systems are restricted to use with relatively small stock. Potential hazards include blown chips or debris and noise. Pneumatic ejectors can be quite loud. Semiautomatic ejection systems: eject the work using mechanism that is activated by the operator.  Robot Safeguards Robots have become commonplace in modern industry. The main hazards associated with the robots are: 1. Entrapment of a worker between a robot and a solid surface 2. Impact with a moving robot arm 3. Impact with the objects ejected or brought by the robot. The best guard against these hazards is to erect a physical barrier around the entire perimeter of robots work envelop. This physical barrier should be able to withstand the force of the heaviest object the robot could eject. Various types of shutdown guards can also be used. A guard containing a sensing device that automatically shuts down the robot if any person or object enters its work envelop can be effective. Another approach is to put sensitized doors orgates in the perimeter barrier that automatically shut down the robot the moment they are opened. These types of safeguards are especially important because robots can be deceptive. A robot that is not moving at the moment may simply be at a stage between cycles. Without warning it might make sudden and rapid movements that could endanger any person inside the work envelop.  Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) Systems: One of the most effective safeguarding approache s use today is the lockout/tagout system. It is a method that was specially design to protect against the unexpected startup of a machine that is supposed to be turned off. This is important because occupational safety health administration (OSHA) statistics shows that 6% of all workplace accidents are caused by the unexpected activation of machine while they are being serve, clean or otherwise maintain.  Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) Systems: In a lockout system a padlock is placed through a gate covering the activating mechanism or is applied in some other manner to prevent a machine from being turned on until the lock is removed. The lockusually has a label that gives the name, department and telephone extension of the person who put it on. It may also carry a message such as the following: “This lock is to be removed only by………(preson)”. The name in the blank is the person who applied the lock. A tagout system is exactly like a lockout system except a tag is substituted for the lock. Tags should be used only in cases where the lock is not feasible. The following example demonstrate by lockout tagout system are so important 1. An employee is cleaning the guarded side of an operating machine when he is pulled in to it and killed. 2. An employee is cleaning scrap from under a shear when another employee hits the activation button and decapitates him. 3. An employee is cleaning paper from a waste crusher when he falls into it and is crushed.  General Precautions Some of the more important general precautions are as follows: 1. All operators should be trained in the safe operations and maintenance of their machines 2. All machine operators should be trained in the emergency procedures to take when the accidents occur. 3. All employee should know how to activate emergency shutdown control. This means they know that where the controls are and how to activate them. 4. Inspection, maintenance, adjustment, repair and calibration of safeguard should be carried out regularly. 5. Supervisor should ensure that safeguard are properly in place when machines are in use 6. Employees who disable or remove safeguards should be disciplined appropriately. 7. Operators team of the same system should be trained in coordination techniques and proper use of device that prevent pre‐mature activation by a team member. 8. Operators should be trained and supervised to ensure that they dressed properly for the job. Long hair, loose clothing, rings, watches, necklaces, chains and ear‐rings can become caught in equipment, in turn pull the employee into the hazard zone. 9. Shortcuts that violate safety principles and practices should be avoided. The pressures of deadline should never be the cause of unsafe work practices. 10. Other employees who work around the machines but do not operate them should be made aware of the emergency procedures to take when an accident occurs.  Hazard communication The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) hazard communication standard (HCS), also known as the “employee right-to-know” standard. HCS was developed to protect employees from exposure to hazardous products and chemicals. This standard requires all employers to develop a written program addressing labelling and warning requirements, material safety data sheets (MSDSs) and employee training on hazardous materials. The standard also requires employers to develop and maintain a list of all hazardous substances in the workplace and a description of the methods the employer will use to inform employees of the hazards related to non routine tasks in the workplace. From the initial effective date of this standard, HCS violations have been among the most frequent citations issued by OSHA in the construction and general industries because it can be difficult to comply with all of its administrative requirements.  How to comply The following is a six-step approach for complying with the standard. Although there are only six main steps, each involves many smaller steps. 1. Know the standard: It is up to roofing contractors to understand the elements of this fairly complex standard and become familiar with their responsibilities. This is an employee-right-to-know law—employees have the right to know about the standard, the hazardous chemicals and products found in the workplace, and the methods of protecting themselves from chemical exposure. 2. Develop a chemical inventory list: A chemical inventory list is included in the sample written program following this chapter. An employer should walk around the office, yard and project sites, recording the product names of all chemicals, along with the manufacturers’ names, addresses and telephone numbers. Something as simple as a tube of caulking compound is a product that contains chemicals for which an employer must maintain an MSDS and list the product on the chemical inventory. Each chemical’s location also should be noted. (This is a good time to properly dispose of half-empty and unneeded cans of paint, adhesive and other materials.) The completed chemical inventory list should be kept with the written program because it may need to be amended as new chemicals are purchased. 3. Label all containers. All containers should be labelled with at least the following information: 1. Identity of the chemical 2. All potential hazards associated with the chemical 3. Manufacturer’s name, address and telephone number One common problem companies face is the use and labelling of portable containers. Portable containers should be dedicated for one specific use and labelled with the identity of the hazardous chemical inside and appropriate hazard warnings so employees will have general information as to the hazards relating to the chemical. The employer is not required to label portable containers into which hazardous chemicals are transferred from properly labelled containers when the material transferred is for the immediate use of the person performing the transfer. For example, if paint thinner is poured from a labelled original container into a bucket for the purpose of cleaning some parts, the bucket does not need a label if the person transferring the thinner is the one who will use it immediately. OSHA states containers of this type do not need to be labelled if the entire contents are used in one shift by only one person, with the contents being used completely or returned to their original containers. The containers cannot be passed from one employee to another, and employees cannot leave un-labeled, partially filled containers overnight. Labels are available from any safety supply company. For maximum employee comprehension, labels should be as simple as possible. One style of labelling should be used consistently. Color-coded labels accompanied with numbers and pictures or icons are helpful when there are crew members who do not read English. 4. Obtain MSDSs. An MSDS is needed for each chemical at the workplace. If an MSDS is not received with a shipment, the manufacturer should be contacted to request one for inclusion in the MSDS file. While OSHA has developed a preferred format for a comprehensive MSDS, the format of those received from manufacturers and suppliers may vary. OSHA requires MSDSs to be in English and, at a minimum, include the following information: Product Identification The name of the product, trade name or synonym, or chemical name used on the label. This can be the common and chemical name of a single substance or the common and chemical names of a mixture. Physical and Chemical Characteristics This information includes characteristics of a chemical, such as its vapour pressure or flash point. Physical Hazards The chemical’s potential for fire, explosion or reactivity must be set out such as: Flash point—the temperature at which the chemical gives off enough vapour that, when mixed with air, will ignite if an ignition source is introduced. Examples of ignition sources are sparks, matches, hot kettles and radiating heat. Extinguishing media—the material—whether water, fire fighting foams, dry chemical, dry powder or carbon dioxide—that will put the fire out, along with those that are ineffective at extinguishing a fire of this type Special fire fighting procedures—this information is only for fire fighting professionals with specialized training and special fire fighting PPE. These procedures should not be attempted by the roofing company. Unusual fire and explosion hazards—information regarding incompatibilities or the substance’s reactivity with other substances Health Hazards This information should set out the signs and symptoms of exposure to the hazardous chemical and any medical conditions that may be aggravated by exposure to the chemical.  Obtain MSDSs. An MSDS is needed for each chemical at the workplace. If an MSDS is not received with a shipment, the manufacturer should be contacted to request one for inclusion in the MSDS file. While OSHA has developed a preferred format for a comprehensive MSDS, the format of those received from manufacturers and suppliers may vary. OSHA requires MSDSs to be in English and, at a minimum, include the following information: Primary Routes of Entry Chemicals may enter the human body through different means, such as inhalation (breathing in the vapors); ingestion (swallowing the chemical); injection (by some mechanical means under the skin); or absorption (skin contact). Although all these methods can occur in a workplace situation, some are less likely than others. Chemicals can be ingested accidentally through contact with food or drink, and material can be injected by mishandling of pressurized equipment like airless sprayers. OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) This information details exposure limits, called PELs, set by OSHA and other entities detailing the quantity of a chemical that a person can be exposed to without suffering ill effects. Some manufacturers may include Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for chemicals. These are limits developed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). It represents the maximum amount of a substance that someone can be exposed to without experiencing any effects. The TLV can be expressed in three ways: as a time- weighted average (TWA), based on an eight-hour exposure; as a short-term exposure limit (STEL), based on a 15-minute exposure; and as a ceiling (C), which is an instantaneous exposure that, when reached, means the exposure cannot be repeated for the rest of the day. National Toxicology Program (NTP) If a chemical is listed in the NTP Annual Report on Carcinogens or has been listed as a potential carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer or OSHA, that information must be part of the MSDS for the chemical.  Obtain MSDSs. An MSDS is needed for each chemical at the workplace. If an MSDS is not received with a shipment, the manufacturer should be contacted to request one for inclusion in the MSDS file. While OSHA has developed a preferred format for a comprehensive MSDS, the format of those received from manufacturers and suppliers may vary. OSHA requires MSDSs to be in English and, at a minimum, include the following information: Precautions Safe handling and use precautions known to the manufacturer must be included in the MSDS. This includes hygienic practices, protective measures during repair and maintenance of contaminated equipment, and spill and leak cleanup procedures. Control Measures Engineering controls, work practices and PPE generally applicable to the use of the chemical and known to the manufacturer must be set out. Emergency and First-aid Procedures First-aid treatment for exposure must be set out. Date The date the MSDS was prepared or last revised must be stated on the MSDS. Contact Information The name, address and telephone number of the preparer or distributor of the MSDS who can provide additional information on the chemical and appropriate emergency procedures to be followed must be included. The standard excludes a number of particular materials from all requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard. Materials excluded from the requirements are: Hazardous waste under EPA, to include Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA) and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) Hazardous substances being remediated or removed Tobacco and tobacco products Wood and wood products (Note: Not exempt are wood or wood products that have been treated with a substance considered hazardous under this standard and may be sawed or cut or might otherwise generate dust.) Articles―that is, items―such as asphalt shingles that are manufactured and formed to a specific shape or design, which have specific end-use functions dependent upon their shape or design and do not release any hazardous substances under normal use (Note: Steel I-beams may not fit this definition because welding on steel releases a by product.) Food or alcoholic beverages for consumption Drugs, including over-the-counter items Cosmetics and consumer products Ionizing and nonionizing radiation Biological hazards These items do not need MSDSs nor should they be included in the hazard communication program. 5. Develop a written program. Many contractors either neglect to develop a written program at all or fail to include the minimum requirements. Each written program must contain the following information: Container-labeling information Material safety data sheets Methods of training Chemical inventory lists Hazards of non routine tasks Some companies choose to incorporate the program’s written text, chemical inventory list and all MSDSs pertinent to their operations together in one binder. For smaller companies with limited types of roofing operations, this may be adequate. Larger, more diverse companies may want to develop several written programs, each pertaining to a separate roofing operation or application. In such cases, the written text will be the same for each program, but the chemical inventory list and MSDSs will vary. 6. Provide training. The goal behind HCS training is to provide employees with information and training about hazardous chemicals they may encounter in the workplace. Training may address broad categories of hazards (e.g., explosives, flammable liquids, carcinogens) or each specific hazardous chemical (by label and MSDS) that the employee may encounter in the workplace. Employers are responsible for administering additional training when the hazards for particular employees change or new employees are hired. All training should be documented with the date of training, topics covered during the training session and the trainer’s name  Chemical Inventory Record The following information should be gathered for each product used MSDS on file? Y/n id no. Product name Manufacturer’s name Address, city, state Manufacturer’s telephone number and emergency telephone number Thank you IM‐417 Health, Safety & Environment  Course contact information Course Provider: Dr Anis Fatima Office: Room 5, Second Floor IM Building Phone Ext: 2250 Email: [email protected] 2  Learning Outcomes Hazards and Risk – Hazards and identification – Risk Assessment – Risk Control  DEFINITIONS OF HAZARDS Anything or condition with the potential to cause harm The potential of a substance, person, activity or process to cause harm (injury or illness) Anything (material/substance, machine, methods or matters) in the workplace that has the potential to cause harm  CATEGORIES OF HAZARD Safety – anything or condition that can cause physical injury Health – any infective agent, substance situation or condition that directly attacks the body tissues causing occupational illness Environment – any pollution, waste including noise in any form or quantity that impairs the quality of the working environment, such as dust, smoke, gases, radioactivity and odors  TWO MAIN CLASSES Natural – (geological) a threat of a naturally occurring event that will have a negative effect on people or the environment. (flood, lightening, wildfires, earthquake, soil erosion, high winds, hurricanes, volcanic eruption, sink holes, tsunami, drought, famine, heat waves, climate change Manmade - (sociological) threats having an element of human intent, negligence, or error; or involving a failure of a human-made system. It results in huge loss of life and property. It further affects a person's mental, physical and social well-being. (fire, flood, crime, arson, civil disorder, terrorism, war)  OTHER CLASSES OF HAZARD Technology A hazard originating from technological or industrial conditions, including accidents, dangerous procedures, infrastructure failures or specific human activities, that may cause loss of life, injury, illness or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Structural collapse - Communication fallouts - Transportation Electrical fallouts (explosions and outages) - Nuclear fallouts CBRN warfare (chemical, biological, radiation and nuclear), are threat of terror against a nation (mass destruction) - Industrial Pollution - Fires  OTHER CLASSES OF HAZARD Behavioral This is a reaction by a person subjected to specific conditions of work and materials which result in physical harm (health and injury). How people behave at work can create hazardous conditions. Irresponsible behaviour (horseplay, pranks, etc,) Leaving objects in pathways that causes obstruction and tripping Running and rushing to different points about the workplace Using hazardous substances dangerously and carelessly  TYPES OF HAZARD 1) Chemical hazards Chemicals can affect skin by contact. Chemicals can also enter our body either through the inhalation or digestive system if air is contaminated with chemicals, vapor, mist or dust. The accumulation of chemicals in or on our body will cause acute (immediate) effect or chronic (long-term) effect.  TYPES OF HAZARD 2) Physical hazards Physical hazard will cause injury risks on our body. This category includes the hazards from working in confined spaces, being hit by flying objects, caught in explosions, hurt by collapsing machinery, falling from heights and tripping on obstacles.  TYPES OF HAZARD 3) Biological hazards (biohazards) Biohazards refer to biological substances that pose a harm to the health of living organisms. Sources of biological hazards may include insects, bacteria, fungi, plants, worms, animals and viruses. These sources can cause a variety of health effects ranging from skin irritation and allergies to infections, cancer and so on.  TYPES OF HAZARD 4) Ergonomic hazards Ergonomic hazards refer to workplace conditions that pose the risk of injury to the musculoskeletal system of the worker. These injuries can be caused by performing repetitive and forceful movements and awkward postures that arise from improper work methods and improperly designed workstations, tools, and equipment.  TYPES OF HAZARD 5) Noise hazards Excessive noise can disrupt concentration, interfere with communication and result in loss of hearing. High impact noises are particularly damaging. Noise can also mask out signals and affecting communication with others.  HAZARD REDUCTION STEPS 1. IDENTIFICATION/ANALYSIS Look for the hazard 2. ASSESSMENT and EVALUATION Decide who might be harmed, how and to what extent 3. CONTROLS Decide whether the existing precautions are adequate or more should be done 5. MONITORING and REVIEWING Periodic checking for continuous improvement HIRAC in OSHAS  Analysing their potential causes Process of First step recognizing Hazard in a hazards that may process arise from a system Analysis used to or its environment assess risk Result of a hazard analysis is the identification of different type of hazards WHY HAZARD ANALYSIS IMPORTANT? Importance investigate Increase quality / Benefit accidents To train workers how Policies and procedure Decrease to do their jobs safely improved injury rate.  IDENTIFYING THE HAZARDS Identify the hazards of each step. For each hazard, ask: – What can go wrong? – What are the consequences? – How could it arise? – What are other contributing factors? – How likely is it that the hazard will occur?  HAZARD ANALYSIS METHODS Hazard may be realized or unrealized Realized hazard – has happened in the past and can therefore be identified from experience. Unrealized hazard – is a potential for a hazardous situation that has not happened yet but can be recognized by analyzing the characteristic of an environment or failure modes of equipment item.  Hazard analysis methods Process Hazard Analysis (what if/check-list) Event Tree Analysis Failure Modes And Effect Analysis Fault Tree Analysis Cause-consequence Diagram Hazard And Operability Studies PROCESS HAZARD ANALYSIS The Most Hazardous Processes Are First -Most hazardous processes must evaluated first -All PHA must completed as soon as possible - PHA must be updated at least every five years  PROCESS HAZARD ANALYSIS What-If – Steps 1. Divide the system up into smaller, logical subsystems 2. Identify a list of questions for a subsystem 3. Select a question 4. Identify hazards, consequences, severity, likelihood, and recommendations 5. Repeat Step 2 through 4 until complete  PROCESS HAZARD ANALYSIS What-If Question Areas Equipment failures – What if … a valve leaks? Human error – What if … operator fails to restart pump? – What if … a very hard freeze persists? External events  PROCESS HAZARD ANALYSIS What-If – Summary Perhaps the most commonly used method One of the least structured methods – Can be used in a wide range of circumstances – Success highly dependent on experience of the analysts Useful at any stage in the facility life cycle Useful when focusing on change review  PROCESS HAZARD ANALYSIS Checklist Consists of using a detailed list of prepared questions about the design and operation of the facility Questions are usually answered “Yes” or “No” Used to identify common hazards through compliance with established practices and standards  PROCESS HAZARD ANALYSIS Checklist Question Categories Causes of accidents – Process equipment – Human error – External events Facility Functions – Alarms, construction materials, control systems, documentation and training, instrumentation, piping, pumps, vessels, etc.  PROCESS HAZARD ANALYSIS Checklist Questions Causes of accidents – Is process equipment properly supported? – Is equipment identified properly? – Are the procedures complete? – Is the system designed to withstand hurricane winds? Facility Functions – Is is possible to distinguish between different alarms? – Is pressure relief provided? – Is the vessel free from external corrosion? – Are sources of ignition controlled?  PROCESS HAZARD ANALYSIS Checklist – Summary The simplest of hazard analyses Easy-to-use; level of detail is adjustable Provides quick results; communicates information well Effective way to account for ‘lessons learned’ NOT helpful in identifying new or unrecognized hazards Limited to the expertise of its author(s) Should be prepared by experienced engineers Its application requires knowledge of the system/facility and its standard operating procedures Should be audited and updated regularly  EVENT/FAULT TREE ANALYSIS (E/FTA) ETA defines the consequential events which flow from the primary ‘initiating’ event. Event trees are used to investigate the consequences of loss-making events in order to find ways of mitigating rather than preventing losses. To evaluate the economic justification for carrying out improvement to a system E/FTA works back from the undesired or “top event” to the contributing causes(backward reasoning logic techniques) To identify the causes of top event  FAILURE MODES AND EFFECT ANALYSIS (FMEA) To identify which failures in a system can lead to undesirable situation. Particularly suited to electrical and mechanical processes. Result are strongly dependent on analyst’s understanding of the failure modes. Effects of failure modes can be quantified  CAUSE-CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS (CCA) Is proving to be a very useful tool to depict and maintain an up-to date, real-time working risk management system enthralled in daily operations (e.g. operational). These diagrams combine the inductive and deductive reasoning of logical diagrams (e.g. ETA, FTA) to identify the basic causes and consequences of potential accidents.  HAZARD AND OPERABILITY STUDY (HAZOP) A structured and systematic method that identifies equipment that is being used in a way that it was not designed to be, and which might create hazards and operational problems. HAZOPs are usually conducted by multi-skilled team that studies piping and instrument diagrams. Developed for chemical plant to evaluate the certain limitations and deviations in flow, temperature, pressure, etc. EXAMPLE ON GUIDE WORDS AND PROCESS CONDITION (HAZOP MATRIX) Thank you IM‐417 Health, Safety & Environment  Course contact information Course Provider: Dr Anis Fatima Office: Room 5, Second Floor IM Building Phone Ext: 2250 Email: [email protected] 2  Learning Outcomes Hazards and Risk – Hazards and identification – Risk Assessment – Risk Control  Risk Assessment – the 5 steps 1. What are the hazards? 2. Who is doing what, where & when? (WWW) AND Who else might be affected by what is done? 3. What is the degree of risk? 4. What do we need to, or can we, do to control (eliminate/minimise) exposure to the risk? 5. How will we monitor the work/people?  Hazard and Risk Hazard the potential to cause harm or damage Risk the chance of that harm occurring Calculated as - potential severity of harm (the consequence – or damage) x likelihood of event occurring  Who is affected by the work? Those who do the work Maturity Experience Health and immune status Medication Disability Pregnancy Others in the workplace Cleaning and maintenance staff Visitors External – including neighbours  Can we work out how high the risk is? Consequence - severity What could go wrong? What is the worst that could happen? Likelihood How often must it be done? How many people do it? Is everyone doing it competent and trained? Where do our risks fit on the spectrum? How likely? How bad?  Evaluating the risk 1. Highly unlikely 1. Slight harm 2. Possibly 2. Injury affecting work 3. Quite likely 3. Serious injury 4. Very likely 4. Possible fatality Risk Matrix 4 8 12 16 3 6 9 12 2 4 6 8 1 2 3 4  Risk Matrix – Does it work? 4 8 12 16 Tolerable Significant Unacceptable Unacceptable 3 6 9 12 Insignificant Tolerable Significant Unacceptable 2 4 6 8 Insignificant Tolerable Tolerable Significant 1 2 3 4 Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Tolerable  Controlling the risk Unacceptable – Stop doing it until improvements made Significant - Proceed with caution but improvement high priority Tolerable - OK to proceed but plan to improve Insignificant - Any improvements low priority Decide measures to be taken Implement them according to priority Confirm measures appropriate and work  Monitoring and Review Monitoring ‘Live’ nature of assessments Possible modification to procedures Review Identifies changes to procedures Possible modification to assessment  How it can go wrong – a Case Study The Health and Safety Executive have inspected part of the University following a case of occupational asthma and issued the University with an “Improvement Notice” to improve RISK ASSESSMENTS!!! Circumstances of the Improvement Notice Project studying poultry in various locations (approx. 12 years) Member of staff involved in project never used respiratory protection or considered exposure to animal allergens Member of staff developed asthma which was later diagnosed as “occupational asthma” i.e. directly connected to the work environment  Circumstances of the Improvement Notice Details reported to the HSE (legal requirement) HSE investigated and concluded that the risk assessment for the work undertaken was not “suitable and sufficient” (Reg 3 of The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999) and served improvement notices under the HASAW 1974 and COSHH Regs 1999 Circumstances of the Improvement Notice The risk assessment for the activity did not consider the possibility of occupational asthma due to exposure to animal allergens, a condition that was foreseeable No respiratory protection was considered or provided and no lung function tests were ever carried out (although available)  Circumstances of the Improvement Notice The HSE concluded that although the person involved was working on an individual project, the management of the University should have ensured that appropriate precautions were taken. They also concluded that there was no effective risk management system and that similar hazards may not have been addressed.  Examples Insured losses Compensation claims (UV burns £116k) (Back Injury £33k) Loss of business etc?? Uninsured losses Fines of up to £20k, but last time………. » Fines (£3k) » Costs (£7k prosecution, £10k defence) (£20k) from School resources ! IM‐417 Health, Safety & Environment  Course contact information Course Provider: Dr Anis Fatima Office: Room 5, Second Floor IM Building Phone Ext: 2250 Email: [email protected] 2  Learning Outcomes Hazards and Risk – Hazards and identification – Risk Assessment – Hazard/Risk Control  Hazard Control The first consideration for controlling hazards is to eliminate the hazard or substitute a less hazardous material or process. An example of this method is utilizing a water- based paint rather than a solvent-based paint. This control measure minimizes flammable vapors as well as eliminates health concerns associated with solvent-based paints.  Hazard Control When it is not possible to eliminate a hazard, you should control the hazard using the following methods (in order): – Engineering controls – Administrative controls – Personal Protective Equipment  Hazard Control - Engineering If hazard elimination or substitution is not feasible, engineering controls should be considered next. Engineering controls are physical changes to the work area or process that effectively minimize a worker's exposure to hazards. Enclosed Hazard – Enclosure of the hazard, such as enclosures for noisy equipment. Isolate Hazard – Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guarding, welding curtains, and other mechanisms. Remove / Redirect Hazard – Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local and exhaust ventilation. Redesign Workplace – Redesign of workstation to minimize ergonomic injuries. All of the following are examples of engineering controls except A. Adjustable workstation to accommodate various employee sizes. B. Elimination of lead-based paint. C. Installation of welding curtains during hot work. D. Installation of sound-dampening shields on noisy equipment B is Correct - This is an example of hazard elimination, and therefore engineering controls may not be necessary  Hazard Control If engineering controls are not feasible you must then consider implementing administrative controls. Administrative controls – No physical changes – Limits daily exposure to hazards by adjusting work tasks or schedules. Examples of administrative controls include: – Limited time exposure to hazards – Work practices, and – Safety and health rules for employees.  Hazard Control - Administrative – Alarms, signs and warnings – Buddy system – Training – Stretching exercises and break policies Which of the following is an example of an administrative control? A. Rotating jobs to minimize exposure to noise. B. Enclosing loud equipment to reduce noise exposure. C. Training employees to properly wear hearing protection to minimize noise exposure. D. A and C, only. D is Correct - A and C are both examples of administrative controls  Hazard Control - PPE Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): – Used when hazards cannot be eliminated through engineering or administrative controls, – Must consider personal protective equipment (PPE) necessary for employee protection Which of the following statements is true? A. PPE is the lowest level of hazard control. B. PPE may be used with engineering and administrative controls for the most effective control measures. C. PPE is considered first when implementing hazard controls. D. A and B, only  Hazard Control - PPE According to OSHA, PPE is acceptable as a control method in the following situations: – Engineering controls do not eliminate hazard – While engineering controls are being developed – Administrative controls and safe work practices are not sufficient protection, and – During emergencies.  Hazard Control The most effective control measure = all three hazard control types. For example, consider an operation that generates silica dust. – A ventilation system may be installed to control dust (engineering control), – Employees are trained and a sign is posted to warn employees of dangers (administrative controls) and – Goggles are required to operate the equipment (personal protective equipment).  Preventive Maintenance A breakdown of equipment in your facility may cause hazards. For example, – A pump that fails during the process of delivering hazardous materials through your production facility may create a hazardous condition. – The best way to prevent breakdowns or failures is to monitor and maintain your equipment regularly. Determine what hazards could occur if your equipment is not maintained properly and plan to detect failures before they occur.  Preventive Maintenance Implement a written preventive maintenance program, Safety Equipment Examples - A confined space entry gas monitor Determine the intervals of required maintenance on your equipment  Preventive Maintenance Non-Safety Equipment Example. – Forklifts in your facility have daily and annual inspection requirements. If there is any deterioration in the hydraulic cylinders or tires the capacity rating reduces and there may be a failure during a lift. Establish a regular inspection on a preventive maintenance schedule to keep these devices operating safely.  Lecture summary When developing systems, be sure to include one for Disciplinary actions that cover all (employees, and contractors) Ensure that it is applied consistently Hazard Correction tracking –hazards that have been identified must be tracked in order to eliminate and implement controls Fire Prevention & Safety: Fire is a chemical reaction involving rapid oxidation (burning of a fuel). A fire must have three things to ignite and maintain combustion: 1. Fuel 2. Heat 3. Oxygen The basic strategy of fire is to control or isolate source of fuel and heat in order to prevent. If all of three are not present in sufficient quantity a fire will not be able to sustain combustion. Fire prevention Goals 1. Life safety: The primary goal of fire safety effort is to protect building occupants from injury and to prevent loss of life. 2. Property prevention: The secondary goal of fire safety is to prevent property damage. 3. Protection of operations: Protection of operation by preventing fire and limiting damages we can assure that work operation will continue. The Fire Prevention office has four basic program objectives: Plan Review: Plan reviews are conducted to ensure that buildings are built to provide a safe means to escape or provide a safe refuge to occupants in the event of a fire. They also provide a means for buildings to help limit the spread of smoke and fire in the event a fire starts, and by providing fire detection and extinguishing systems in Buildings. Fire Inspections: The focus of a fire inspection is to identify and correct problems that may lead to a fire, delay notification of a fire and remove any obstacles that may impede or block outlet from a building. Inspections also ensure fire alarm and detection systems are maintained and operate in accordance with fire code. Conduct voluntary Home Fire Safety inspections upon request to reduce the potential for fires in residences. Public Education: Our goal is to teach fire safety within our community to prevent death or injury from the ravages of fire. To accomplish this we provide educational programs for all ages from the youth in our local schools, to our college students and our senior citizens. Investigations: Fire origin and cause determination is necessary for all fire incidents. It is through efficient and effective fire origin and cause determination that future fire events may be avoided. Proper fire cause determinations also assist in reporting accurate fire statistics. 43 General fire safety Guidelines for your house: 1. Don't play with matches and lighters. If you see matches or a lighter where you can reach them, don't touch them. Go tell a grown up right away. 2. Install smoke detectors on every floor and in the sleeping areas of your home. Smoke detectors can save lives. 3. Remember to test your smoke detectors every month. Make sure everyone in your family is familiar with its piercing sound. Teach them that this sound means danger, and they must escape quickly. 4. When you change the time on your clocks for Daylight Savings, change your smoke alarm batteries too. Give it fresh batteries and your smoke alarm will stay awake and watch for fire while you are sleeping. 5. In case of fire: DON'T HIDE, GO OUTSIDE! Fires are scary, but you should NEVER hide in closets or under beds when there is a fire. 6. To escape during a fire; Fall & Crawl. It is easier to breath in a fire if you stay low while getting out. Use the back of your hand to test if a door is hot before you open it. If it is hot, try to use another way out. 7. If your clothes are on fire; Stop, Drop, and Roll until the fire is out. Shout for help, but don't run. Running makes fire burn faster. 8. Have an escape plan and practice it with your family. Find two ways out of every room in case one way is blocked by fire or smoke. Practice escaping by both routes to be sure windows are not stuck and screens can be taken out quickly. 9. Choose a meeting place outside, such as a big tree or the end of the driveway, so you will know that everyone has gotten out safely. NEVER go back into a burning building for any reason. If someone is missing, tell the fire fighters. They have the special clothing and equipment to safely rescue people. 10. Know your local emergency number. Put stickers and magnets with emergency numbers on your refrigerator and every telephone in the house. If there is a fire at your house, call the fire department immediately. Flammable and Combustible Liquids: Flammable and combustible liquids are liquids that can burn. They are classified, or grouped, as either flammable or combustible by their flashpoints. Generally speaking, flammable liquids will ignite (catch on fire) and burn easily at normal working temperatures. Combustible liquids have the ability to burn at temperatures that are usually above working temperatures. There are several specific technical criteria and test methods for identifying flammable and combustible liquids. Under the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) 1988, flammable 44 liquids have a flashpoint below 37.8 8°C (100°F). Combustible C l iquids have a flashpoint att or above 37 7.8°C (100°F) annd below 93.3 3°C (200°F). The T flashpointt of a liquid iss the lowest ttemperature aat which the liquid gives off enough e vapouur to be ignite ning) at the suurface of the liquid. Somettimes more than ed (start burn one flashppoint is reporrted for a chemical. Flammablle and combu ustible liquidss are present in almost eveery workplacee. Fuels and m many commo on products like solvents, thinners, cleaners, adhesives, paints, w waxes and poolishes may bee flammable or combustibble liquids. Evveryone who works with these liquids m must be awarre of their hazzards and how w to work safe ely with them. The Fire Triangle: T Fire Safety, at its most basic, is base ed upon the principle p of keeeping fuel so ources and ignition sourcees separate. Three things must be pressent at the saame time to produce fire: f 1. En nough OXYGEEN to sustain combustion 2. En nough HEAT to t reach ignittion temperatture 3. So ome FUEL or combustible material Together,, they producce the CHEMICAL REACTIO ON that is firee. Take away aany of these things and th he fire will be exttinguished Firre requires 16 6% Oxygen {2 21% O2, 78% N N} 45 Stages of Fire: 1st: Incipient Stage: No visible smoke, no flame, very little heat, combustion begins to take place. 2nd: Smoldering Stage: Combustion increases, smoke becomes visible (as yet no visible flame) 3rd: Flame Stage: Point of ignition, flames begins to become visible 4th: Heat Stage: Large amount of heat. Flame, smoke and toxic gases produced. Fuel Classifications  Fires are classified according to the type of fuel that is burning.  If you use the wrong type of fire extinguisher on the wrong class of fire, you might make matters worse.  It is very important to understand the four different fire (fuel) classifications…  Class A: Wood, paper, cloth, trash, plastics—solids that are not metals.  Class B: Flammable liquids—gasoline, oil, grease, acetone. Includes flammable gases.  Class C: Electrical—energized electrical equipment. As long as it’s “plugged in.”  Class D: Metals—potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium. Requires Metal‐X, foam, and other special extinguishing agents.  Most fire extinguishers will have a pictograph label telling you which type of fire the extinguisher is designed to fight. Types of Fire Extinguishers Fixed: Water hose, water sprinkles Portable: Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to fight different classes of fire. The three most common types of fire extinguishers are: 1. Water (APW) 2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 46  3. Dry Chemical (ABC, BC, DC) Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers  Large silver fire extinguishers that stand about 2 feet tall and weigh about 25 pounds when full.  APW stands for “Air‐Pressurized Water.” Filled with ordinary tap water and pressurized air, they are essentially large squirt guns.  APW’s extinguish fire by taking away the “heat” element of the Fire Triangle  APW’s are designed for Class A fires only i.e. Wood, paper, cloth.  Using water on a flammable liquid fire could cause the fire to spread.  Using water on an electrical fire increases the risk of electrocution. If you have no choice but to use an APW on an electrical fire, make sure the electrical equipment is un‐plugged or de‐energized. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers  The pressure in a CO2 extinguisher is so great; bits of dry ice may shoot out of the horn!  CO2 cylinders are red. They range in size from 5 lbs to 100 lbs or larger. On larger sizes, the horn will be at the end of a long, flexible hose.  CO2’s are designed for Class B and C (Flammable Liquids and Electrical Sources) fires only!  CO2s will frequently be found in laboratories, mechanical rooms, kitchens, and flammable liquid storage areas.  In accordance with NFPA regulations (and manufacturers’ recommendations), all CO2 extinguishers undergo hydrostatic testing and recharge every 5 years.  Carbon dioxide is a non‐flammable gas that takes away the oxygen element of the fire triangle. Without oxygen, there is no fire. CO2 is very cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well.  A CO2 may be ineffective in extinguishing Class A fire because it may not be able to displace enough oxygen to successfully put the fire out 47   Class A materials may also smolder and re‐ignite. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers  Dry chemical extinguishers put out fire by coating the fuel with a thin layer of dust. This separates the fuel from the oxygen in the air.  The powder also works to interrupt the chemical reaction of fire. These extinguishers are very effective at putting out fire.  ABC extinguishers are red ranging in size from 5 to 20 lbs.  The extinguishers are pressurized with nitrogen.  Dry chemical extinguishers come in a variety of types…  DC (for “Dry Chemical”)  ABC (can be used on Class A, B, or C fires)  BC (designed for use on Class B and C fires)  It is extremely important to identify which types of dry chemical extinguishers are located in your area!  You don’t want to mistakenly use a “BC” extinguisher on a Class A fire thinking that it was an “ABC” extinguisher. How to Use a Fire Extinguisher It’s easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you remember the acronym PASS:  Pull  Aim  Squeeze  Sweep Pull the pin… 48  Thiis willl allo ow youu to discharg ge the exttinguiisherr Aim at the e base of the fire… Hitt the fuell. If you y aima at a the mes... e flam t top handle… This depresses a butto Squeeze the on that releasses the pressu urized extingu uishing agentt. Sweep fro om side to sid de….. until the e fire is comp pletely out. St art using the extinguisher from a safe distance away, a and the en slowly movve forward.  Once O the fire is out, keep an eye on the area in case iit re‐ignites. Rules for Fighting Firess Fires can be very danggerous and you y should allways be certtain that you u will not end danger yoursself or hen attemptin others wh ng to put out a fire. For this re eason, when a fire is disco overed…  Assist any perrson in imme er to safety, if it can be accomplisheed without risk to ediate dange yo ourself. 49  Call fire department or activate the building fire alarm. The fire alarm will notify the fire department and other building occupants and shut off the air handling system to prevent the spread of smoke.  If the fire is small (and only after having done these 2 things), you may attempt to use an extinguisher to put it out. However.... ... before deciding to fight the fire, keep these things in mind:  Know what is burning. If you don’t know what’s burning, you won’t know what kind of extinguisher to use.  Even if you have an ABC fire extinguisher, there may be something in the fire that is going to explode or produce toxic fumes.  Chances are you will know what’s burning, or at least have a pretty good idea, but if you don’t, let the fire department handle it.  Is the fire spreading rapidly beyond the point where it started?  The time to use an extinguisher is at the beginning stages of the fire.  If the fire is already spreading quickly, it is best to simply evacuate the building.  As you evacuate a building, close doors and windows behind you as you leave. This will help to slow the spread of smoke and fire.  Do not fight the fire if:  You don’t have adequate or appropriate equipment. If you don’t have the correct type or large enough extinguisher, it is best not to try fighting the fire.  You might inhale toxic smoke. When synthetic materials such as the nylon in carpeting or foam padding in a sofa burn, they can produce hydrogen cyanide and ammonia in addition to carbon monoxide. These gases can be fatal in very small amounts.  Your instincts tell you not to. If you are uncomfortable with the situation for any reason, just let the fire department do their job.  Always position yourself with an exit or means of escape at your back before you attempt to use an extinguisher fire. 50  In case the extinguisher malfunctions, or something unexpected happens, you need to be able to get out quickly. You don’t want to become trapped. 51 IM‐417 Health, Safety & Environment  Course contact information Course Provider: Dr Anis Fatima Office: Room 5, Second Floor IM Building Phone Ext: 2250 Email: [email protected] Google classroom Link: 2  Learning Outcomes Accident reporting and investigation Permit to work systems  Why report accidents and incidents All accidents and incidents need to be reported Comply with the law Identify failings – prevent recurrence What is YOUR reporting procedure Some to the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) - RIDDOR  RIDDOR The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrence Regulations Death 1995 Major injuries – e.g. broken leg Over-3-day injuries Injuries to members of the public taken from the scene of an accident to hospital Some work-related diseases e.g. skin cancer from mineral oil Dangerous occurrences – e.g. scaffolding collapse  Consequences of Accidents Direct Consequences Indirect Consequences 1. Personal injury 1. Lost income 2. Property loss 2. Medical expenses 3. Time to retrain another person 4. Decreased employee moral  Terminolog