Philippine Architecture: History of Houses of the Badjao, Samal, Tausug (HOA4Reviewer2 PDF)

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE SULU ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUPS BADJAO Samal Badjao ARCHITECTURE Tausug...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE SULU ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUPS BADJAO Samal Badjao ARCHITECTURE Tausug “Sea Gypsies” of the Sulu and Celebes Seas. (They occupy the lowest part of the Vernacular Architecture - architecture that Philippines) is endemic to the place. People designed their structures based on the techniques - They are known as Sama Laus (sea handed down from one generation to sama) and live on houseboats where another. (everything is local) they make their livelihood as expert These are houses shaped by culture and fishermen, deep sea divers, and tradition. A concept designed for the people navigators. by the people. - An indigenous community of the One of the considerations is the pre-Hispanic period. environment. - Scattered along the coastal areas of Tawi Tawi, Sulu, Basilan, and some Approaches in Tropical Design that are coastal municipalities of Zamboanga Vernacular: del Sur in the ARMM. 1. Hot and Humid - They come to shore to barter their Coastal Town Characteristics harvests for farmed produce such as - Exposed to strong winds fruits and cassava - Hot and humid - Unique to their cultural rituals is the concept of life and their relationship Venturi effect - air is forced to enter a hole. to the sea. The area where air enters becomes smaller; Ex. as a childbirth ritual, a newborn therefore, the air pressure becomes bigger. infant is thrown into the sea, and members of the clan dive to save the newborn. Design approach: reduce heat by providing - A leader is chosen based on shades, materials that do not absorb heat, individual inherent virtues, wisdom, walls, ceilings, and floors with slits/holes to and charisma allow air to enter and exit. Passive cooling by applying cross ventilation. (fishing *due to conflict between revolutionary village, badjao house, Tausug) Muslim groups and government, many badjao have migrated to Sabah Malaysia, 2. Low Lands / Plains and Sulawesi and Kalimantan in Indonesia. Design approach: local vegetative materials that reduce heat (nipa palm, timber); are - Boat dwellers people elevated from the ground allowing air to - ISLAM - religion enter; the dampness of the ground helps - Poorest ethnic group in Sulu cool the interior as air passes through the (economy) (considered to be poorest floor made of bamboo slats. Large windows among the poor) with shades cool the interior. (bahay kubo/bahay na bato)  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE Badjao men = expert in making wooden individual houses) and to the waters boats and in fishery by Harunan (ladders made of wood Badjao women = expert in weaving with carved steps) sleeping mats (banig) - Houses are clustered to evade strong winds - Second Largest ethnic community in - Houses are oriented against strong Sulu after Tausug. winds. - Originally known as Orang Selat or Orang Laut - Living on their Lepa-Lepa (boats) BADJAO HOUSES Traditional house comprised of a windowless one-room house of light materials and thatch roof built above coastal areas. Materials are gotten from mainland. - Method of construction: bamboos The height of the house is were dried and tied to the structure referenced by the high tide. Location of their houses are PARTS OF BADJAO HOUSE constructed on the deeper part of the sea. Used for eating and sleeping Method of Construction 1. Used weaving using palm leaves. 2. Thatched roof (grass, sawali) 3. Combination of wood and bamboo 4. Leaves were dried and tied to the bamboo framing Orang/Laut (Badjao) A group of Malay people living around Singapore, peninsular Malaysia, and the Riau Islands. This may refer to any Malay-origin people living on coastal islands. - Houses are built in a staggered pattern but connected to the neighborhood through Jambatan (footbridge - road) and own - The floor is made of strips of Taytayan (catwalk towards bamboo  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE - The post is made of thick bamboo ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES - The posts and framing are Sea Farers, Farmers. Traders bamboo, but the stairs are - Fishing wood/lumber. - Logging - Wall is made of palm leaves (folded - Hunting and sewed to wood frames) - Seaweed Farming (manufacturing) - Roof is bamboo, coconut/nipa - Kumpit (boat) Building thatched roof for covering - Weaving - Gable roof - Pottery - Bamboo house frame - Pearl - Wall siding is coconut leaves - Food preservation - Farming Lepa-Lepa: Covered with roof. If they don’t have house, RELIGION they live in the boat. Islam Practice folk belief CLIMATE Generally mild. No marked rainy or dry season. Rainfall is evenly distributed. The region is not affected by storms. ART Ukil - common to Badjao, Tausug, and Samal. Ukil is a type of wood weaving, a curvilinear pattern consisting of continuous stylized scrolls of leaves and vines, found in houses. Manuk-Manuk (bird) and naga (serpent) are also carved in wood. ART AND CULTURE - Unique language SAMAL - Arrived first in archipelago before Tausug ARCHITECTURE - Women engaged in mat making - Wood carving - ukil motif LOCATION Southern part of Mindanao (Palawan, ARCHITECTURE Basilan, Davao, Zamboanga, Sulu). Widely - House built on shallow water, tidal distributed. flats, and shallow reefs - Dwellings in clusters are located on well-protected shorelines  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE - Raised 1.00M to 3 m above in - Gable roof reference to the level high tide BUILDING WITH PARTS SETTLEMENTS Nipa or sawali for walls Coastal Settlements Bamboo for stairs and flooring - 100-500 People per group Tree trunks for the posts and other - Oriented towards a mosque structural bracing - Pantan footbridge connects the coastal village to the land METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION - House built on shallow water Structural members held thru lashing. - Dwellings in clusters are located on Gable roof is simple construction. well-protected shorelines Ridge pole supported by kingpost - Dwellings raised 1.00 m Wall sidings may be thatched, woven - Clustered on piles above reefs and bamboo strips or palm fronts woven tidal flats together. Other structures, school, cemetery, fields are land-based. Advantages of living above water - Cooler - Readily available waste disposal - Easy movement by water - No land ownership dispute - Ideal environment for fishermen WHY IS THEIR HOUSE TALLER THAN BADJAO They place their boats (pelang) under their houses - Walls are made of coconut or nipa leaves - Weaved leaves (method of construction) Unlike Badjao houses, Samal Houses have - Bamboos are tied for framing windows. Civilization was more developed. - Thatched roof/ Palm trees - Used Wood for post  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE Balcony is used for drying the fish and ECONOMY entertain the visitors. Well established. Have connections outside Sulu - Farming - Fishing SOCIAL 2 groups based on where they live (inland people) 1. Parianon - low land based people 2. Guimbahanon - upland people POLITICAL SYSTEM Pre sultanate era Banwa - consisted of independent communities During Sultanate Era Sultanate divided into district SOCIAL CONDITION 1. Nobility - sultan and family 2. Commoners - free people of sultanate 3. Slaves TAUSUG RELIGION BELIEFS ARCHITECTURE Practice muslim religion - 5 Pillars of Islam, Bay Sinug - House Allah, Quran People of the South, an Ethnic group found - Believe in animism - spirits dwelling in Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines in nature - Believe in Mangunguba - healer who - Used to have an independent state - is the medium of the spirits the sultanate of Sulu spreading power over Basilan, Palawan, Sulu, ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Tawi-Tawi, Zamboanga, North - Bay sinug or the one-room Tausug Kalimantan, Eastern part of the house Malaysian state of Sabah (Former Consisted of 9 posts corresponding the North Borneo) human body. 1. The King post, the pusal Tau - man 2. The southeast and southwest Sug, Suluk - current (water current) corners, pigi (hip) Tau gimba (inland people) 3. The northeast and northwest Tau higad (people along the shore) corners, agata (shoulder)  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE 4. Eastern and western sides of center 2. Libut - pyramidal roof with vents at post, gusuk, ribs apex 5. Central post, liug (neck), first post to be erected that represents pipul or Pang gong - balcony for outdoor the navel activity-receiving and social area 6. And the south post, hita (groin) 7. All eight non-center posts support Pantan (mezzanine)- elevated open space the roof, made from sari, nipa, above the gibayan (main one-room house) sago palm, or plaid (coconut palm) used as space extension for other activities: storage, social area. HOUSE MATERIALS Wall - split bamboo Roof - thatched nipa/coconut leaves Post - lumber Floor - bamboo METHOD OF CONSTRUCTIONS Bamboo 1. Tying 2. Traditional bamboo joinery method INTERIORS Luhul - tapestry on ceiling Boras - tapestry on wall Tadjuk Pasung - decoration at the peak of the roof 1. Naga tadjuk pasung - stylized serpent 2. Manuk Manuk - bird Types of Roof 1. Sungan - hip roof with triangular vent  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE Rafters - roof framing, wood Unique feature - materials used YAKAN Steep hip roof but used thatched roof Wood and Bamboo - roof ARCHITECTURE Rest of the house - wood/timber Lumah - house in Basilan Island LUMAH Elevated and on stilts to: Kokan (sleeping area) 1. prevent the dampness on the ground Tindakan (multi-use living space) that would destroy the wood. Pantan/Simpey (porch) 2. They sleep on the floor. Kosina (kitchen) Patung (wooden flitch) Crawl area - the owner of the house will Angkap (mezzanine) for girls above sleep crawl to maintain the flooring of the house. area. - Mountain people (3rd largest ethnic Wall sidings - lumber community). Flooring - lumber - Roof is steeper and high pitched Posts - Lumber - They are near the mountains, have a lot of wood supply Oriented around the mosque. - Thatched roof and gabled Yakan community rebuild their houses every - Purlin is made of wood 10-15 years. Constructed their site adjacent - Lumber to their old house site using new materials. - Thatched roofs are tied to purlins. - Harren (ladder) is removable to protect from intruders.  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE Tinai-a-walai, center beam, the intestine of the house, not free-standing. Connected to a beam. Horizontal beam. Lalansay - walls are decorated with a screen embroidered with sequins and beads. Panolong - an end beam decorated with ukir/ukil. An indication that the house belongs to royalty. MARANAO ARCHITECTURE People of Maguindanao Lake Lanao - a popular body of water TOROGAN - compared to a palace, a Gibon - bedroom for other daughter, serves dwelling place of the king known as sultan as hiding place in the south. Lives with his family. Used as a Decorated with chest and brass multi-purpose center. Can be used as a okurns. school, a meeting place for political affairs, and community storage. Okir - geometric and flowing designs They designed a house that can counter the MARANAO HOUSE movement of the ground during an Lawig - small house, commoner house earthquake. Mala-a-walai - large house for the rich. CONSTRUCTION SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS Panolong - end beams of torogan (house of Lamin (tower) is a unique feature of the datu); fern-like, snake motifs ornately torogan. incised into the wood. Torogan rests on river stones (Act as rollers) SOCIAL PARTS OF TOROGAN Maranao Man is a gallant and great warrior. Tapuwilih - center post, supported by four Builds the torogan as a multi-purpose posts known as Tukud building for the community. Tapuwilih plant paliyas, dunngaw or sapaw. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Wood carving, Fishing, Farming.  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE RELIGION - All posts stand on stones for Maranao people are group of Maguindanao earthquake purposes. who took up islam. Considered as one of - Around the posts, tapuwili paliyas, the largest islamic group in ph. dunngaw or sapar are planted as a symbol of survival. CLIMATE Tropical Wet. More or less even distribution of rainfall. CORDILLERA HOUSE MATERIALS DWELLINGS - Roof and walls - bamboo IFUGAO 1 Lumber - Bale: Ifugao house Cogon - roofing - Far north of Luzon Doors & Windows - bamboo - Mountain ranges (cordillera) Flooring - Bamboo - People live on mountains Use of Soaring roof, ornate panolongs - Many Indigenous communities and massive log posts. - Mountain province of the north METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION Ipugo- cultural community, earth people, - Arrange their houses in a line descendants of the sky god Kabunian, pattern along a river, road, or lake believed to populate the planet earth shore. First ancestors: Wigan and Bugan - Each hamlet is made up of 3-30 who felt Kabunian. multi-family dwellings raised on pilings. Pugaw - rich fertile area now the Ifugao - Dry areas: hamlets are smaller & their houses cluster in an irregular Presence of Ifugao on the Mountains pattern near a water source. 1. Beyer’s theory - these people came - 9-12 posts from Indo-china 2000 yrs ago and they knew about wetland terraced HOUSE BUILDING farming and settled along mountain Posts - Bunga side. Flooring - Barimbingan 2. Keesing theory - they lived in the Walls - Gisuk lowland in the Magat area and were Roof - thick cogon grass and lash this to a forced to migrate up the mountain to split bamboo frame with rattan. escape Spaniards. Windows - Front (to watch neighbors) and right side (to check on carabao inside corral RELIGIOUS BELIEFS below the house). Polytheistic - worship divinities. It’s important for them to have a spiritual leader. - Center post (Tapuwilih) is put up first God - anito then the 4 big Tukud or corner posts. Bulul - guardian of the rice crop of Ifugao - Coins of any amount are planted They worship the dead. with the center post for good luck.  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE Belief in Celestial Heaven SOCIAL GROUPING 1. Superimposed heaven 1. Kadangayan - affluent, aristocrats, 2. Pugao political system depend on them. 3. Underworld Responsible for taking care of the 4. World upstream community 5. World downstream a. Hagabi - bench symbolizing wealth SOCIO-CULTURAL b. Display of animal skull A society where they do not write. Customs 2. Natumuk - commoner, depend on are handed from one generation to another kadangayan using oral- rituals, chants, songs, folktales. 3. Nawatwar - poorest of the poor, servants, give labor. Tenants of the Their environment is fragile, and hard to rich. maintain rice terraces which can collapse during strong rains. The laws are important Ifugao dressed in minimalist because it is to maintain and set nature in order. difficult to climb the mountain. Water comes from rain and the rain is RELIGIOUS PRACTICES deposited on top of the mountain called a Kadayangan sponsors the festival by water shed. They build canals in a way providing food sacrifices and hung them at where rice paddings are supplied with their houses as decorations. water. IFUGAO SETTLEMENT Muyong - private owned forest but Boble - Ifugao settlement district, a communally used. People who own the community, 8-12 houses occupied by more forest has a responsibility to take care of the or less 30 people. forest. Built wherever there is flat area on the terraces; near spring for fresh water or grove for climate shield. Village is classified based on location. 1. Central - where the rich lives 2. Middle 3. Border 4. Lower Payoh - a system of agriculture from rice Circulation - foot paths along terrace wall terraces to the forest. Combination of land Pilapil and water management. Mumbaki - the priest, leader  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE Silong - where weaving and other activities take place. 4 posts (tukud) - made of wood or tree trunk or wood in mortise and tenon. Fale/Bale - Ifugao house Basket-like house - Small house, about 4x4, because only parents and small child live there - House is compared to a woman figure - Roof is pyramidal covered in cogon - Walls are wood plank CORDILLERA - Removable ladder (to protect themselves because they are DWELLINGS - hunters). - Halipan, rat guard so rat cannot get BONTOC up the house. Fayu - Bontoc house - Silong- for flooring and elevated so they can work under the house. - Compact settlements built along rice - House can be dismantled terraces - Kuling/girders - horizontal wood - Ato-settlement cluster consisting of 15-20 houses and a communal Roof (atup) - steep pyramidal roof covered center. with cogon grass protection for sun and - Chap-ay, a circular open space rain. paved with flat stones at the communal center. Wall (gaub) - wood planks laid at an angle - Fawi, a house where old men fitted on groove on the floor beams, joists. gather. - Pabafunan, a common dormitory for Walls with skeletons determine the number young men and boys in their of animals consumed in festivities (show adolescence. prestige of the owner in hosting festivities) - Olag, common dormitory for girls where young men visit them during Stair (teteh) - removable ladder courtship and trial marriage.  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE Fayu Li-im, eating area - Ground floor is enclosed at front and - Most spacious in the house since it sides by horizontal wooden board up contains only an elevated stick rack to waist high connected to the outer (patyay) suspended on the waff, posts. At the rear by stone wall of and water jar (panamnam) in one the same height. corner. - Cha-la-lan - ground floor space Falig, granary under the granary. The left part is - Elevated one-room structure the mortar embedded in a square supported by four hand-hewn sunken area with a dimension of 1.5 wooden posts and enclosed by m square. Beyond this area is a wooden plank walls. It is used as fireplace and shelf with jars. Shelves space for storing rice grains. for baskets on the right side of the entrance. Underneath is the chicken Soklut, cooking area cages. - Area at the left corner of the house, *3.50m front x 4.50 m intended for cooking and as a depth and 4.50 m roof fireplace for the adjoining sleeping height area. - Roof-hipped roof with ridge parallel to the front and projects 1.20m Tap-an, pounding area beyond the sidings of the ground - Section of the house with stone floor and ends 1.2 to 1.5m above pavement and a pounding hole ground. The roof is made from where the task of pounding rice is Cogon crass. done. Walls - support the roof. The roof is Ang-an, sleeping area supported with posts at each corner to carry - Area utilized for sleeping with atag the diagonal rafter. (reed mat) as bed for the couple and children up to 8 yrs old. Ceiling - made of wood laid over the sleeping areas and storage areas. At the left of the ang-an is a pair of wooden boards CORDILLERA 1.20m long and 0.45m wide laid five to eight centimeters above the ground. Occupants DWELLINGS - ISNEG can lay their feet and arms before the small Binuron - house influenced by boat design. fire. - Lives along the Apayao River and Bontoc considered as boatmen. The boat is - Houses have names for their called Barana’y or bank’I. corresponding activities: areas for - Binuron roof suggested an inverted cooking, working, sleeping, and hull, and floor joist resemble the storage. profile of the boat.  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE - The dimension of Isneg House is the house is bigger because of the 8.00m long, 4.00m wide, and 5.50m slanting wall. high from ground to roof. - No ceiling - Six inner posts for the main section - Floor made of reeds, The main of the house and post-total of 15 section is the xassaran, surrounded posts raised 1.20m from the ground. on the three sides slightly raised platform known as tamuyon. Walls - slanted on the sides are about - At the other end of the floor is the 1.50m high from the floor eaves. raised floor of the annex. Roof gable from the main section of the ISNEG COMMUNITY PLANNING house is about 6.50 m long. Orientation Tarakip No standard orientation - House annex as wide as the house and extending 1.50 m. With floor Granaries higher than the main house and roof Located near the house or outside the lower sloping downwards from the clearing. Small temporary huts are base of the gable. constructed near their worksite since Isneg were swidden farmers. Post, girder, joists, walls - made of wood. Roof is made of thatch or bamboo. Community Houses are scattered few kilometres apart; 15 posts - sinit of eight inner post to three to twelve houses built along water support the floor. ways. A village may consist of one cluster of - 2 additional for the annex several small cluster of houses. - 6 posts of the adixi carry the roof - One the atobtobo, supports the ridge Houses were built in a clearing in circular or roll elliptical layout surrounded by fence. 6 inner sinit posts - 3 on each side At the edge of the clearing are coffee, supports the girders running lengthwise. cacao, and coconut trees and beyond are Laths are mortized on the 11 floor joists grasses, bushes, and ferns. running across the girder. Mats made from reed can be rolled and KALINGA washed. ARCHITECTURE - Floor frame accommodate platform Binayon/Finaryon - house and allow wall board to be removed. Location - Ladder at one end of the side wall Chico River divides Kalinga into three and considered the front. The interior of its people into three groups  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE The settlements are about 500 to 700 neter - Divided into 3 sections above sea level. Also known as upper - The central portion lower than the kalinga and lower kalinga. sides - Roof granaries and octagonal plan Northern Kalinga shape create a sense of space. Economic activity: swidden farming - Uses reed mat that can be rolled. - Not a perfect octagon since corners Settlement are not floored over. At one side of - Cluster of 20 to 30 houses the entrance, the floor is eliminated - Village composed of nuclear group to provide a working space that of a dozen houses arranged in 2 reaches the ground floor level. rows and houses scattered in 2 or 3 - Kalinga design of octagonal floor near swiddens. and room form a dome-like space which suggest expansion rather than House enclosure. Binayon or Finaryon - octagonal house of the rich. Lower Kalinga *Rectangular houses are also common Economic activity: swidden and wet Floor is 1.2m above the ground terrace farmers 6.0 m long and 5.2 m wide Settlement House Exterior : Plain - Have town-like village up to 200 Roof houses. - Material: thatched - Houses built close to each other and - Height: ground floor to the roof tide sometimes grouped around open is 4.5m spaces. - Type of roof: hipped roof not high - Villages surrounded by bamboo and steep fences with warning devices. - Roof ridge: parallel to the slides. - Houses located near river, roof ridge us perpendicular to the downstream Entrance of the river to prevent misfortune. - Ladder to a narrow platform on the - About 6.00mx5.00m wide and height front wall with low door. of 5.75m from ground to roof. - A door at the ground level opens to Roof the working space below. - Roof gabled and ridge parallel to the - Walls: made of sawali or plaited sides of the house. Moderate bamboo. pitched, made of thatch or bamboo. - The roof’s inner configuration is a Interior prominent feature of the interior Well organized space. space. Floor Floor - Floor is 1.2m above the ground - 1.5m above ground level. - 6.0 m long and 5.2 m wide Divided into 3 sections:  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE 1. Dattagon - wide middle section fishing from off-shore corals or from coastal made of bamboo strips of mat fishponds. Others plant rice, sugar, corn, running cross wise coconut or vegetable gardens. Farther 2. Sipi - two narrow slightly elevated inland, others derive their income from commercial timber. Despite this diverse Walls environment, bamboo houses in Panay - Ground to floor level, horizontal share common constants. bamboo poles; from floor to eaves are set of vertical wooden boards. House forms reflected this social structure. - Front and back walls are of 2.50m Houses of commoners were small and lowly high to the gable which is covered with horizontal bamboo. On the other hand the masters’ houses could have as many as seven, nine, or more The front door and back door do not face main posts in a row. They had floors of each other. Windows open at opposite ends varying levels and roofs of varying heights. of the house diagonal to each other. The gabled roofs were sometimes constructed one on top of the other with the Rice is stored at the sipi besides the fire base gable being wider than the ones above place with water jars at the opposite. it. Both houses of commoner and chief shared PANAY common features; they stood on piles, they ARCHITECTURE had slits between their floorboards for easier cleaning, and they had porches by their door where friends could be Panay - a triangular island in the western entertained part of Visayas. 6th largest of the islands in the country. Located in the southeast of the Building Rituals island of Mindoro and Northwest of Negros, the Panayeño informs not only his kin about separated by the Guimaras Strait. his plans to build a house but also the spirits who may be dwelling on the desired site, Most people live in Rural areas. especially in a banyan or mango tree. If the water level is lower by dawn, then Weather spirits are around. A baylan or a seaman Dry and wet seasons must negotiate with them. The Dry season is shorter than in Luzon. The rainy season is quite moderate Materials Used Grasses Panay: The Past 1. Bamboo A class structure arose where datus had 2. Cogon warrior followers and a mass of retainers. A type of bamboo, popularly called bagto, is used in fences and can be crushed and Many Panayeño live in fishing villages and woven into wall mats (sawali). earn their livelihood primarily from deep sea  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE Palms (comedor), kitchen (cocina) service rooms 1. Coconut (baño and comun). 2. Nipa 3. Rattan The bamboo house has two kinds of 4. Buri/Anahaw spaces: primary and secondary. The primary spaces are the living and kitchen PANAY HOUSE service area. Other areas the dining, the Houses by the sea file between rows of silong, the porch, the separated bedrooms- coconut trees that stand stiffly like a squad may or may not be present.They therefore of soldiers. constitute secondary spaces. The houses cluster around a sort of plaza BAHAY NA BATO where nets can be mended and fish sorted. the bahay na bato has inspired certain On the other hand, farmhouses are features of the bahay-kubo. surrounded by fruit trees, medicinal and food plants, and masses of bamboo. BAKALAN- vertical studs BALAYAN- girt – bottom chord Rural dwellers may not be conversant with CABALLETE- ridge beam city ways. They are, however, sensitive to HALIGUE- post nature. HAWAK- purlins or panolongan HITA- flushing Because of this sensitivity to the organic PANANDIG, KATCHAW- nipa holder world, their houses can outlast the expected LAGPIT- horizontal studs span of 10 to 15 years. Rural folk are quick LANSANGAN- nailing strips to spot a decaying bamboo tube or a rotting NIPA- roofing material swath of nipa. PAGBO- rafter PAMUSURAN- stud post, corner PANAY BAMBOO HOUSE - generally SADSARAN- base-board shelters an extended family SAMPAO- ridge rafter SOLERAS- floor joist SUMPILA- brace BAMBOO HUT/BAHAY KUBO TADTAD- siding Its walls are held together by a frame TOKO- strut construction that sways during earthquakes SALOG- flooring instead of standing fast. Passive Cooling - system long practiced by The roof pitches steeply to shed off rain and the native hut. induces the hot air within to bubble upward. Roof Here there are many rooms: A roof peak should not cross the center of a vestibule (antesala), a drawing room the house for fear of bad luck. They believe (sala), bedrooms (cuartos), a dining room that it divides the room too neatly into two  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE formal, symmetrical halves, almost like a Balkon church. the balkon drops down half a story lower than the house proper. Each roof has a different name. Hip roofs, which are steadiest, are called binalay. Balconies are raised above the ground but Gable roofs are palayas. are usually lower than the regular floor. The windows are much wider, and the If the roof covers two levels of the house, decorations around. say the ground floor and part of the upper floor, it is called palusod. balkon is a secondary area. This is located before the sala door, on the same level. The shed roof is kinapiya. Kitchen Entrance is either detached or semi-detached from A bamboo fence encloses the house lot. the rest of the house. At the entrance to the lot, the fence dips low to two feet allowing the visitors in while The kitchen structure keeps the wind from keeping the pigs and chickens out. fanning the flames unnecessarily. Also, the stove surface is covered with sand, which the stairs rest on a wooden bamboo helps retard fire. platform called Papagan, where visitors can leave their slippers and packages. A slatted or latticed banggerahan gives just enough light to see one’s chores without Opening always has a transition to them. letting in strong winds to put out the fire. They also function as kitchen racks. Windows Several types of windows- opaque ones Batalan which are for sliding or pushing up and as It is ideal for a batalan (bathing and washing awning (tukod). area) to be raised above the ground as it is messy. Fixed latticework keeps small children from falling out. Northern Panay One type of lattice window connects to the Northern Panay houses project volume. house through a small ledge used as a sit or What the builders play with are expanses of bed for afternoon naps. walls rather than surface decoration. 1. The fishbone pattern serves as a Southern-Western Panay break from the rest of the wall Southern-western Panay houses are pattern. visually lively and unrestrained. Unlike the 2. The bold X’s add a fillip, and make northern Panay, more plants decorate the the window frames stronger houses. 3. Could not afford glass panes. So he put in Sawali instead.  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE fastened securely to the ground via strong IVATAN pegs or large stone anchors, is thrown over ARCHITECTURE the entire roof during typhoons. SINADUMPARAN HOUSE Location Sinadumparan (gabled roof) or maytuab Batanes, the northernmost province of the (hipped roof). Very thick stone walls and Philippines. lime masonry walls. Climate One-story main house with a partially - Strong typhoon submerged basement - most common - Earthquake typology - Cooler Temperature Dialect- use of “v” RAKUH HOUSE Two-story houses. Bigger in floor area, with Economic Activities lower level used as storage. Walls are - Fishing constructed of lime mortar binder with - Farming stones of graduated sizes; biggest are at - Housing design affected by climate, the bottom layer and the size diminishes as economic, social these rise higher from the ground. Socio-Political 2 doors and 2 windows are located on three - Headed by a village chief - walls. Blank wall is placed against the mangpus direction of the strongest wind. - Mapolon - the district - Kumaidian - community JINJIN HOUSE Does not make use of the thick stone and lime mortar walls. Walls are of woven IVATAN HOUSES cogon thatch with bamboo or wooden Use of vernacular materials framework; roof is the distinctive Ivatan Thatched cogon –roof multi-layered cogon system. Coral stone –walls Wood for interior Primarily used as a seasonal shelter in Kayvayvranaan or Kamanyidugan - fishing villages. These houses provide houses are constructed through this efficient refuge and sometimes serve as storage cooperative system. where smoked fish are cured during fishing House that urgently need to be season. They are left unoccupied when repaired get attended to immediately. Those tenants return to the mainland. that need homes get their homes built as scheduled by the cooperative. CHIVUVUHUNG HOUSE Walls are now incorporated to create an For protection, a big roof net called interior space. panpet/panpe, made of strong ropes  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE Name is derived from the ivatan term for the It has a very low ceiling that forces a person cogon wall. Its walls are made mainly out of to be seated or squatted while inside. Has wood cogon and reeds. thatched walls on three sides with sloping roof functioning as the wall for the remaining Pieces of wood planks are used to serve as side due to this space is reduced. window frames and door jambs. 1 or 2 pieces of wood may be used as door or Nirindin window panels for each opening. Found only in the Island of Itbayat. It is a slightly varied version of the Jinjin. RAHAUNG HOUSE Timber logs were used as posts to elevate Functions as a house than a temporary the A-frame and emerged the rahaung shelter; built using more durable materials. shelter. Walls are made of wood planks and clad with cogon at the exterior. Reeds - used to clamp the thatch. More layers of alternating thatch and reeds are The use of wood planks for the wall is a used forming a thicker roof system. necessary protective measure against the wind. The same for the floor. May have no walls.They provide shelter from sun and rain, which would otherwise In contrast with the swing-out type panels penetrate of these areas were left bare. Low used in the Jinjin (or all the other house narrow wooden platforms are built alongside types), the Niriiñdiñ is the only one that uses the posts to serve as worktops, storage, or sliding panels. benches. Mayhurahed This house type is used as a multi-purpose Improved version of Jinjin and the Niriñdiñ. shelter to house bouts or as a shed for A low base called hurrahed consisting of various activities. mud and stone is integrated at the lower section of the wall. Thus the name Lagatiti Mayhurahed or may hurahed, meaning A makeshift type of shelter resembling an “with stone base” ethnic lean-to and commonly used as a temporary shed in farmlands. Just over 4 sqm in floor area. Has 2-slope roof with one slope that is touching the ground and the other being a lot shorter almost resembling a roof eave. Roof is made of thatch or any type of broad grass leaves. Reeds or long branches are placed above and below keeping the thatch in place.  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE MODULE 2 INTRAMUROS SETTLEMENTS - The walls was 14 m thick and 7.6m high above the moat that surrounds DURING SPANISH it. COLONIAL PERIOD - It has watchtowers and dungeons and entry was through 7 gates - Bordered by Manila Bay on one side ARQUITECTURA MEZTIZA and the Pasig River on the other, - A term coined by Jesuit Francisco walls facing landward were marked Ignacio Alcina in 1668. off by a moat, thus making - Refer to structures built partly of Intramuros virtually an island with wood and partly of stone. drawbridges raised up everynight. - This halfbreed architecture used - Intramuros had 64 blocks when it wood on the upper floor and stone was finished, with most of its streets on the ground floor to make it named piously after saints. resistant to earthquakes. - The framework relied on interlocking EXTRAMUROS: LIVING beams and house posts, to support the house efficiently. BEYOND WALLS Extramuros, which later pertained to villages outside walls became Pueblos. THE CHINESE PARIAN 1581 A policy was enacted, designing a Chinese community to separate urban quarter, known as the Parian, to be located at the INTRAMUROS: THE BASTION north eastern of Intramuros. OF AUTHORITY 1583 The Parian was relocated eastward to a site 1590 immediately outside the walls, just south of The walled city of Intramuros began to take Pasig river and within easy range of cannon form when governor General Perez of fort santiago, due to the insecurity posed Dasmarinas undertook the massive project by the fast growing chinese community. of building the 3,916-meter pentagonal perimeter walls of volcanic tuff (adobe) and brick filled in with earth, with one bastion in ISLA DE BINONDOC or each angle. BINONDO - Permanent settlement at the north of Pasig alloted by the government to  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE some of the Chinese, especially - Was built on the sharpest angle, Christians who had Filipino wives between the river and the bay. - The settlement was given limited - Was considered the foremost privileges of self-government and to fortification built by the spanish the dominicans were delegated the crown. tasks of Hispanization and Christianization. FORTRESS THE JAPANESE DILAO ARCHITECTURE Sections: Dilao 1. Sections that front the river - A suburb east of Intramuros and yet Less of intricate and complex within cannon range design - A settlement for the Japanese 2. The three-sided Land fronts - The area was placed under the spiritual guidance of the Franciscans Fortification of Manila was drawn by and provided a safe refuge for the Dionisio Kelly in 1770. The wall surrounding persecuted Christians who fled to the Intramuros precinct had four fronts: one Japan. facing the river, one facing the sea, and two land fronts, one of which was called MILITARY ARCHITECTURE Bagumbayan. The apex of the triangle is the bastion de San Dieado, which today AND DEFENSE archaeological site where three rings of INSTALLATION stone connected by crossways were unearthed Intramuros - The earliest stone fortress built by Parts: the spaniards was a tower on the Cortinas southern side of intramuros, called Walls that are 3 – 10 meters thick Nuestra Senora de Guia - The construction of the massive walls of Intramuros that surrounded the entire city was considered an engineering feat. - Watch towers were strategically and at some sections there were compartments for guards on the walls and gates. Casamatas Fort Santiago Stone embrasures on top of the walls where - Named after the patron saint of the artillery weapons are propped up Spain, Santiago  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE Baluartes or Bastiones Four-sided bulwarks skirting on boat ends DOMESTIC Foso or Moat A deep and wide ditch filled with water t DWELLINGS DURING Surrounded the whole fortification as a form SPANISH PERIOD of defense 1. Bahay na Bato 2. Accessorias WHY BAHAY NA BATO EVOLVED? 1. Change in the socio-economic status. Because of rich, change in lifestyle. They need bigger spaces and new spaces to Revellin accommodate their new urban activities Massive structure on one side of the entrance 2. Royal decrees restricting the use of A small outwork in fortifications consisting of materials to prevent damage from fire and two embarkments shaped like an arrowhead earthquakes that points outward in front of a larger Thatched roofs were replaced by defense work that was constructed clay tiles to prevent fire and later Teja de curva (Clay tiles) were replaced by galvanized iron to prevent the tiles from breaking and falling due to earthquake. 2 Categories of bahay na Bato 1. Geometric style- galeria volada Interior (corridor) Flying wooden gallery extended Could contain one of the following: living along the exterior walls. Had dual sets of quarters for the soldiers, a jail, afoundry, a sliding shutters. Let inward passes of light chain of warehouses for ammunition, and air and shield sunlight. The use of powder, and provisions, a well, and a enormous pillars was minimized. chapel.  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE 2. Flora style - Volada turned into an open Postigo- small door for pedestrian, big doors gallery. Thin brick panels were inserted for carriage entrance between braces. 4. Caida- landing on the upper entrance Materials: hall; "foyer of the second floor"; or receiving Capiz for windows room also called Antesala. Philippine Hardwood (narra,yakal, molave, kamagong) 5. Sala mayor- main living room Oyster shells were ground added to mortar Molasses from sugar cane and egg whites 6. comedor- dining room mixed with lime for cementing purposes. punkah- ceiling cloth fan Bahay na Bato Oratorio –prayer room - Usually three storeys Cuarto- bedroom Ground floor in stone or brick masonry Cocina- kitchen Second floor in timber construction. The Aljibe- rainwater cistern located in the structural system of the second floor azotea (foundation, post, second floor joists) were Azotea - Open-air balcony beside the independent from the ground floor. The kitchen that housed a cistern (aljibe) and the stone/brick masonry served as the bathroom, and was usually a work area enclosure of the ground floor. This was done so that when there was earthquake, A slatted wooden dishrack attached to a the second floor will not collapse. dining room or akitchen window. It is used for air-drying newly washedtableware and Fenestrations: big and many to allow cross kitchen utensils before they were kept inthe ventilation platera (sideboard) or pamingganan (plate Ventana-big window cabinet) Ventanilla –small window at floor level just below the Ventana Calado-Pierced wooden panels above Windows with sills (pasimanos) and iron doors or walls of each room that allow light grills orrejas and air to circulate in the house. Persiana- wooden slats on the window to protect the interior from sun and strong Volada- cantilevered walkway that runs wind. along the window side around the house. In the past, the galleria volada was used by 1. Zaguan –located on the ground floor, servants to go from room to room, since the used as storage and where the andas main floors of the house were reserved for (religious carriages) were kept the masters 2. Entresuelo-mezzanine or the area used as despacho (office) and extraguest rooms Banyo - bath 3. Escalera – wooden stair case withtow Lavadores/Lavadera- A freestanding landings washstand with a swinging mirror and basin. This was a standard bedroom accessory, along with the arinola  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE BASIC PARTS AND PLAN TYPE: Latrina - toilet 1. Eskwela (school) - a building for silla perezosa - lounging chair allowing a educational studies especially of sitter to stretch his legs on the unusually kids long armrests. 2. Baptisteryo (baptistery) - in independent structure near the DWELLINGS OF THE WORKING CLASS church’s entrance or at the first level Accessorias - or the apartment dwellings of the bell tower, dedicated for evolved due to the unavailability of spaces baptism. in urban center 3. Kumbento (convent) - a building, Mostly found in Tondo, Sampaloc, Sta. either attached or beside a church, Cruz, Quiapo, Binondo that serves as residence of the 2 storey high with multiple units, each parish priest. bounded by party walls 4. Simbahan (church) - an edifice or Each unit has its own door place of Christian worship. Frontage usually 3.5 mts Each unit was called vivienda Sevice facilities were communal like latrinas, cocinas, azoteas PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE CHURCH TYPES ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE IN 1. Cathedral - the principal church of a THE SPANISH PERIOD diocese housing the cathedral or bishop’s throne Ecclesiastical Architecture 2. Fortress - a church built with Native Filipinos had religious belief long fortification for defensive purpose in before the Spaniards came and conquered times of strife the Philippines. For almost 400 years of colonization, Filipinos eventually adopted Catholicism as a religious practice, and THE 26 CHURCHES numerous religious buildings were built to The general criteria: house the growing number of devotees. 1. Constructed during the Spanish colonial era and must be reasonably intact. Philippine Baroque Architecture 2. Church interiors must have preserved an architectural style coined to refer to the most of its pre-1898 furnishing. massive filipino churches with thick walls 3. The architecture on its site must be an and elements of baroque style such excellent representation of some artistic asscrolled buttresses, volute, plain façade style or technique or must be the best with pilasters, and ornamental urns example of religious colonial architecture in the area.  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE PARISH CHURCH OF SAINT AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (Bacong, Negros Occidental) The church was built in the second half of the 19th century by the Augustinian Recollects and is the best-preserved church complex in Negros Oriental. It has a late 19th-century pipe organ as one of its special features. Its bell tower is made from blocks of coral stones and is designed with The Old Cota Renaissance quoins. A cota or fort was built to protect the church and convent inside. The walls of the cota were taken down, probably around the 1840s. THE PARISH CHURCH OF SANTIAGO APOSTOL (Betis) The baroque church was built around the The Pipe Organ year 1660. Its preliminary construction only Circa MCMLXII used light materials like wood and stucco. Its final construction with concrete materials to make it fire resistant. Its unique design also reflects the IMMACULATE CONCEPTION PARISH integration of Spanish and Latin American CHURCH (Balayan, Batangas) architecture into indigenous architecture, including elements of Oriental style during The Jesuits constructed the church during the Spanish colonial era. the 16th century. During the 18th century, it was reconstructed and dedicated in honor The church was also designed to withstand of the patroness of Balayan, the Immaculate earthquakes. And so, it made a unique Conception. In the 1870s, it was later turned architectural style which is called the over to the Augustinian Recollects. It is a Earthquake Baroque architecture. baroque church that uses coral, wood, and bricks for its construction. The interior has not changed much since the 1870s.  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE PARISH CHURCH OF PATROCINIO DE MARIA (Boljoon, Cebu) The church was built in 1599 under the direction of the Augustinians. The jurisdiction over the church was then transferred to the Jesuits in 1737. The church is the oldest remaining original stone church in Cebu. Its roof is made of terra cotta tiles. The style of the church is said to be pseudo-baroque-rococo architecture PARISH CHURCH OF SAINTS PETER AND PAUL (Calasiao, Pangasinan) The Calasiao church is an earthquake baroque church which is constructed with cement, massive bricks, steel, and gravel. It was built during the17th-19th century by the Dominicans. It is at the forefront of the Philippine history of colonial rule and is said to be the best-preserved church in Pangasinan. It has a 5-story hexagonal brick bell tower. It has the most imposing and powerful buttresses and foundations but failed upon massive earthquakes' annihilations.