PH Vernacular Architecture HOA Midterm Reviewer PDF

Belotindos, Sharon Rose M. - can solidly withstand storms and strong Official Notes HOA Midterm winds (PH Vernacular Architecture) - transient shelter built close to streams, Chapter 1 Betwe...

Belotindos, Sharon Rose M. - can solidly withstand storms and strong Official Notes HOA Midterm winds (PH Vernacular Architecture) - transient shelter built close to streams, Chapter 1 Between the earth and sky coastline, or riverbanks during the dry months - dait-dait Cave- serendipitous place of dwelling - simple windscreen used by the Mamanua Fire- chief human invention; a significant element not of northeastern Mindanao when hunting only to bugaw the predators but also in carving out - made from the leaves of wild banana, space coconut fronds, or grass, rattan Homo faber- man the maker, architect, builder - hawong (Pinatubo Aeta) - no living platform Cave dwellings as early human shelter -usually constructed with a ridgepole Prehistoric cave shelters- earliest form of human supported by forked stakes or limbs habitation (homo sapiens) - excavation rather than construction Arboreal Shelter: Dwelling High on Trees Pleistocene people- earliest dwellers of caves in the The first shelters to be constructed were PH made of interlocking branches. Callao man- at callao cave in penablanca, cagayan - Daytime: small hut of bamboo and thatch province built on the ground Homo luzonensis- 67,000 yrs ago; demonstrates the - Night abode: alligang even smaller and ability to cross open waters rested on a tree top, some 18-24 meters high - Tau’t Batu people- occupying the southern part of Rice Terraces- The Prehistoric Megastructure Palawan Rice Terraces - found in high altitudes from 500-1600 - may shelter more than one family meters Payoh- rice terraces paddies, Datag- a basic sleeping platform Muyong- woodland reservation that serves as - made from tree branches and dried leaves, watershed areas and is built inside the cave - raised slightly above ground, with fireplace Maritime Barangganic Societies - (windy) a wall is erected, 3 walls with 1 Social order - boat or a small political unit, centered open for fireplace around the barangay or balangay - roof Petroglyphs- prehistoric drawings of human figures Boat People engraved on the cave walls Kabangka - kabarangay Idiang- mountaintop citadels Kabilang buhay - for our ancestors was an extension of maritime world Nomadism and Ephemeral Portable Architecture Kabaong - shaped like a bangka Ephemeral architecture- one of the first artifacts Bangkay- cadaver created by humans - primitive lifestyle was nomadic; temporary Barangay - a group of people who came via boat of shelter the same name Lean-to - windbreak, windscreen, or windshield - broader political, economic and religious - fundamental act of building features than the family - set up shelter before commencing a - usually headed by a datu hunting - the place that the community has - wind-sun-and-rain screen anchored by a inhabited and was usually named after the leader of pole the barangay - early dwelling of the Aeta - inalienable aspect Chapter 2 Vernacular Architecture - Pinanahang of the Agta of Palanan Defining the Vernacular Vernacular architecture- to denote indigenous, folk, thatched roof and decorative gable-finials shaped tribal, ethnic, or traditional architecture found like carabao horns among the different ethnolinguistic communities - granaries, fortifications, places of worship, Raised Pile Foundation ephemeral and demountable structures, shanties The Voluminous Thatch Roof Vernacular- latin “vernaculus” means native or Thatch- a generic name for any roof covering made homegrown of dead plant material other than wood Vernacular architecture- grammar, syntax, and - Grasses and palm leaves - most widely used diction in expressing buildings in locale traditional materials - watertight and durable Five principal features of vernacular architecture 1) Builders are nonprofessional architects or Cross gable finials- holds rafters at the ridge engineers - Tausug sungan roof - horn or cresent- 2) Consonant adaptation-using natural materials- to shaped tadjuk pasung; stylized manuk-manuk (bird) the geographical environment or naga (dragon) 3) The actual process of construction involves intuitive thinking, done without the use of Naga, an austronesian water symbol blueprints, and is open to later modifications Naga - sanskrit for serpent 4) Balance between social/economic functionality - cosmological model’s waveform and aesthetic features - universality of water in the daily life of 5) Architectural patterns and styles are subject to a southeast asia protracted evolution of traditional styles specific to an ethnic domain Traditional Materials and Construction Techniques Balai - pure, southeast asian type of domestic Organic materials- wood, bamboo, palm leaves, architecture found in the non-hispanized, non-anglo- grass thatch, plant fibers saxon communities Post-beam method of construction - viewed as the origin of Philippine traditional architecture Moonsoon Frontiers: Ivatan Houses Chivuvuhung - low houses of wood, bamboo, and Austronesian Building Heritage and the Aquatic thatch which stood in rows on the steep terrain of Cultural Network of Asia-Pacific mountainn and hill slopes. Austronesian- refers to a family of languages - 1000-12000 languages Jinjin & Nirindin - coastal houses Various house terms 1) Rumaq - most widely distributed term for house Cogon grass - imperata cylindrica; main roofing 2) Balay - PH refers to a house; Malay, signifies a material ‘public meeting house’ Fango - kind of mortar formed by mixing mud and 3) Lepaw - refers to a house pieces of cogon - storehouse for grain (ngaju, lepau) - hut other than the longhouse (uma juman, Mayhurahed house - built with bamboo, wood and lepo) thatched - back verandah or kitchen verandah of a - hurahed or base made of mud malay house, booth or shop 4) Kamalir - kamalig or kamarin that refers to a Sinadumparan - gable roofed “granary, storehouse, or barn Maytuab - hipped roof - special men’s house Rakuh - main house; usually split into 2 levels 5) Banua- denote a territorial domain, land, country, - upper: living and sleeping place, settlement, inhabited territory, village - lower: storage space Stilt Houses- An Austronesian Legacy Panpet - big roof net; made of strong ropes fastened - raised wooden structure consisting of a securely to the ground via strong pegs rectangular volume elevated on posts with a Rapuyan - stove; connected to the rakuh Isneg - similar way as the main house but smaller - build their houses in close proximity to one another for protection Different types of Ivatan houses - hamlet = consists of four to eight houses, granaries, 1. Sinadumparan and an enclosing bambooo fence  The sinadumparan or maytuab is the most - boat-like appearance common type. It is a one-storey structure with a partially submerged basement that functions as History a storage area. It has thick stone and lime Isneg- isnag and apayao masonry with walls topped by either a dos - derived from a combiantion of is meaning recede aguas or a cuatro aguas roof which is made of and uneg meaning interior an elaborately crafted wood truss system with - los apayaos bamboo, reed rattan, and thatch cover. It has a - built their settlements on the steep cliffs and small distinct roof system built with a meter thick hills that lie among the large rivers cogon bundles done by by no less than twelve - two major river systems - Abulog and Apayao persons at the same time. The roof nets, called panpe, are made of strong ropes thrown over Traditions the roof and fastened to the ground. Say-am - a feast celebrated by an affluent Isnag 2. Rakuh family, usually accompanied by wining, eating and  Compared to the sinadumparan, rakuh has dancing bigger floor area with a lower level which Pildap - celebrated by the poorer members of the functions as the storage area. The walls are tribe when a family transfers to another place or made of lime mortar that binds the stones of when someone seeks healing different sizes. It has two doors and three windows. Architectural Analysis 3. Jin-Jin Plan  Instead of thick stone and lime mortar walls, - houses elevated at approx 1.50m above the ground the jin-jin house has walls made of woven - area of 5.00m x 7.20m cogon thatch with bamboo or wood - single-room rectangular structure designed in 3 framework. The roof is made with the levels distinctive Ivatan multi-layered cogon system. 1. Datag or xassaran - lowest level, located at the center of the room Cordillera Houses 2. Tamuyon - the immediate level William Henry Scott - classified houses in the 3. Tarakip - the highest level mountain ranges - northern (Isneg and Kalinga) and southern Structural Elements strain (Ifugao, Bontoc, Iballoi, and Kankanay) - 15 posts o fheavy hardwood Sinit posts - 6 of these supported the datag Northern strain and two supported the tarakip - rectangular plan with high gable roof Adixi posts - 6 of these supported theroof - roof framing is independent of the floor Atobtobo - a single post supported the framework so that the floor and all of its leg can be ridgepole removed - wall was made of 1.05m x.20 m x 1/2” Kalinga Southern strain Situated along the Chico River in the northern - square plans; pyramidal or conical roof central region of Northern Luzon resting on top of the walls of the house - steep mountain slopes Vary in shape 3 kinds of settlements Provision of shelter from the cold 1. 3-4 houses Protection from dampness and humidity 2. Hamlet of 20 or more 3. Villages of 50 2 types of Kalinga Houses -Girder and Joists, attached to the post - octagonal house (binayon or finaryon) - Beams, attached to the outer posts to - square-shaped (Foruy in Bangad; Bulot in Mabaca; carry the upper walls Fuloy in Bugnay, Phoyoy in Balbalasang; or biloy in Lubuagan) 3. Circulatory Elements -The approach to the house was through Architectural Analysis the ladder led to the narrow platform at the front. 1. Plan -Doors were provided opposite each other at the front and the rear.  Foruy in Bangad; Bulot in Mabaca; Fuloy in -Windows were located diagonally located Bugnay, Phoyoy in Balbalasang; or biloy in at opposite sides. Lubuagan) -square-shaped kalinga house Bontoc -single room 3 basic residential structures -split bamboo flooring (can be rolled up or 1. Ato - the council house and dormitory of the young detached for washing) and old unmarried males -exterior wall is enclosed by bamboo 2. Ulog/olog - female dormitory PARTS: 3. Afong - family residence -Kansauwan, middle section with two sides -Sipi, elevated sleeping areas  Afong - bontoc term for house; often refers to -Above the Kansauwan is the cooking area hut -Above the cooking area is a drying and  Fayu - Rich family resides; bontoc house in its smoking rack formal sense; huge sloping roof that configures -kalanga or small veranda a pyramidal form at the front and rear but -Otop or Roofs, made of cogon and bamboo trapezoidal at the side but galvanized iron sheets are also used  Katyufong - poor family resides  Kol-lob/katyufong - residence of widows or  Binayon or finaryon unmarried old women -octagonal form (the house of the rich) PARTS:  Other Bontoc Structures -Living area, elevated at 1.20m above the  Al-lang - repository of food supplies, jewelry ground and wine jars -Attic, located underneath the roof where  Akhamang - rice granaries the granary was located  Falintoog - pigpens -Elevated Fireplace, found at the left rear side of the house Ato consists of 15 afong, pigsties, and rice granaries; -Working space, located at the ground level 600-3000 residents was found on one side near the entrance Pabafunan - large hut; 6-18 males -Flooring, made of removable reed mats resting on the floor joist Olog - public structure where young women of - Lower kalinga house, had its flooring rising marriageable age go to sleep at night at about 1.50m above ground level -Dattagon, central area ATO -Sipi, slightly elevated floor on all sides large, compact settlement built among rice terraces -Roof, hipped, not high and steep, and divided into wards sometimes made od bamboo Each ato has: 15 to 50 houses, a Communal center, a chap-ay 2. Structural Elements (circular open space paved with flat stones), a fawi Binayon or finaryon (house where old men gather), a pabafunan - 12 posts, the square central portion of the (dormitory for young men and boys in their house was supported by 4 posts and 8 posts were adolescence), an olog (dormitory for girls). distributed on the four corners of the octagonal sides Parts of a Fayu - a stair was provided towards the granary Falig (granary) since the space was elevated from the ground level - with an area of 2.00 sq. m. area - elevated on four posts of about 1.50 m. - windows were absent, smoke from the high house was made to pass at smoke holes provided at Cha-la-nan (ground floor) either end of the ridgepole - includes the space under the granary - the main door with a width of 0.42 m - a rice threshing room located at the left opens into a passageway leading to the ang-an side of the main entrance - a bench at the right side of the entrance Ifugao where chickens are kept underneath - composed of 12-30 houses situated amid rice -a kitchen adjacent to the threshing room, terraces provided with three concave stones backed - Village terraces are classified as center, border by a low stone wall, wooden shelves, and water (lower, near the pond fields), or upper (near the jars mountain slopes) Ang-an (sleeping compartment) Houses are classified according to the social standing - located across the entrance at rear side of of residents: the house 1. fale or bale - for the affluent - used for sleeping and storage 2. Abong - for the poor - the only room with wooden flooring and 3. Communal - segregated dormitory for unmarried ceiling boys, girls, and elderly - since there is only one sleeping quarter the male teenagers had to sleep in the 3-Level Structure pabafunan 1. Consists of stone pavement and the females had to sleep in the olog 2. House cage; consisting of the room frame, walls and floor Other spaces 3. Pyramidal hipped roof - a space above the bedroom is for pots, jars, native plates, wooden dipper and ladle Architectural Analysis: - a space for some pieces of wood nailed together to serve as a multi-purpose table Plan  Square in plan Structural Elements  Rests 2.00 m. high on four tree trunks as -four corner posts and the side walls of the columns ground floor, leaning slightly outwards at the top up  Area of 4.00 m. x 6.00 m. to the horizontal beam, acts as roof support  Floor (dotal) is made of wooden planks resting - front and side walls were made of wood on solid floor joist which overhang the floor connected to the posts while the rear was made of girders at.30 m. stone and mud Interior Protective Elements  Used for cooking and sleeping - roof covering was made of grass shingles  Fireplace (pamalakngan) is located at the far lashed to the rafters and the roofs steep slope and right corner overhang of about 1.20 m beyond the wall protects the house from heavy rains Structural Elements - aside from roof framing itself, the roof was  Four house post supported by the wall framings and the four corner  cross- sectional area of.25 m. x.25 m. posts  made of Amugawan tree  Buried into a hole and further secured using a Circulatory Elements stone Floor girders Kankanay  Carved with mortises in both ends Traditionally, kankanay village was situated on the  Supports three solid floor joist (.20 m. x.30 m. bulge of a hill. But contmeporary kankanay villages cross- section) are located near the source of a stream or river. Wall 3 main types of Kankanay dwellings:  Waist or chest high, slanted outward top 1. Binangiyan  Lower part of the wallboards were mortised  For the prosperous members of the community into the floor joist, upper part were rabbeted  Similar to the Ifugao House above into a transverse beam. - High, hipped roof with the ridge parallel to the front Protective Elements - Roof drops down from about 1.5 m from the  Roof (atop) is pyramidal in shape ground  Roof framing is supported by a king post  The house itself rests upon a structure (taknang) consisting of 3 joists and on 2 girders on four  No ridgepole posts  The apex of the roof is made loose  Close to the ground, there is a wooden platform stretching out to the eaves Circulatory Elements  The interior is consist of sleeping area, kitchen  Two doors (panto) provided in both sides and storage space for utensils  Ladder (tete) at the main door - The space formed by the roof and the walls become useful for storage Decorative Elements  The floor, which is about 1.5m above the ground  Carabao skulls and pig jams is not enclosed enabling the members of the  Indication of status and keeping peace with the household do chores gods  Living room is located upstairs and also the  Ambubulan figure form sleeping area and dining area  Protection against evil and lightning  Attic is used to store rice  Asking favor from the god Kabunyan  There are no windows except a small opening at the roof that serves as a smoke vent Functional Levels of the Ifugao House  Only one entrance ( Front door) accessible  Attic level (palah/palan) using a detachable ladder - space utilized for storing rice  Main level 2. Apa or Inapa - living room, kitchen, and bedroom  Dwellings for the less fortunate  Ground floor(daulon)  Built more simple compared to the Binangiyan - space under the house  Like the poor Ifugao’s abode, apa has walls built perpendicular to the ground with the four main Ethnic Variatons posts standing directly at the corners  Tuwali house  The materials used for the floor are split - the three posts with truncated roots while the bamboos and lengths of runo remaining fourth post is a plain round or square log  Although roof is conical like the binangiyan it is - roof moderately inclined about 50-60 degrees lowered and closer to the ground  Mayoyao house 3. Allao - steeply inclined roofing that descends to the level  Dwellings for the less fortunate of the floor or at least at a foot higher than the floor  Has a rectangular floor - have low level side walls  Gable shaped roof slopes down beyond the floor and thus simple structure has no needs for  Ayangan house walls - have low level side walls, measuring about one to two feet in height Bahay Kubo Ilokano House Plan Architectural Analysis  Its name is said to have originated from the PLAN Spanish word, cubo, which means “cube,” The Ilokano pinagong house and tinubang house, because of the bahay kubo 's rectangular/cubic generally rectangular plan, were akin to the shape. architectural form of the Tagalog house. They  Bulwagan – the area reserved for entertaining consisted of the following: guests  Silid- a private room use for sleeping Main Room – the sala or the living room  Paglutuan or gilir – kitchen or cooking area Silid – sleeping room which was separated from the  Silong – the space found underneath the house main room by means of partitions used as a storage space for the farming and Kitchen – cooking area, or the kitchen usually had an fishing implements and also where the animals unroofed annex made of unspit bamboo were kept. This area was often fenced off with laid out with spaces in between and whose floor bamboo slats. level is lower than the kitchen proper. This annex  Kitchen was used for storing large water jars.  Dapogan- a table on top of which was the river For cleaning pots and pans and rice and stone, shoe-shaped stove or kalan. vegetables and for bathing and urinating. This was  Bangahan- (later called bangguera or also used as a drying place for their rice, meat banggerahan) a place for drying and and fish under the sun. storing pots and pans, drinking glasses, Batalan – this connected the kitchen to the main plates and other kitchen utensils. house and often served as the dining room  Batalan- is the unroofed area where water jars(used for drinking, washing and Kalapaw bathing) were kept. Porch – used as an ante-room and sleeping area for siesta hours especially during summer months.  The walls are made of nipa and cogon leaves Main Room – the largest of the main areas, it was or sawali or woven bamboo, and there are large used for entertaining guests, sleeping area windows on all sides, which keep the interior for the household members and the storage well-ventilated. space for family treasures and personnel belongings.  The windows have tukod or “legs” that hold At nighttime the space at the center of the main the swinging shades open during the day, and room was made into a sleeping area. A curtain secure it back in place at night. Another feature hanging from a wire was drawn during the night to of the the bahay kubo is ladder separate the sleeping area of the women from the or hagdan which can easily be removed at night men. or when the owners are out. Dining Room – was used household members only. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS A low table (dulang) was provided where the  The first to be erected of the nipa house were family eats. No chairs were needed inasmuch as the the four main posts (either of bamboo or members of the family squat while eating. The room wooden like molave or ipil-ipil) which were the was also used for storing the various utensils, main support to the house and to the roof. condiments and the earthen jars containing the  Walls were made of nipa leaves or flattened drinking water. split bamboo cut into fine strips and were Kitchen – approximately 0.10 to 0.15 m lower than woven in herringbone pattern forming the the dining room, this was used for cooking sawali siding. Both sides of the walls were food and for washing dishes and pots. secured by rattan lashings and bamboo studs in Sirok (silong) – used as a storage space. Often horizontal direction. Floor joist, were provided fenced by bamboo slats with nipa or cogon to support the walls. sheating.  Two floor beams, the yawi, which were used to define the area to be covered by the floor space The pinagong house was elevated from the ground and the patukuran where floor joists(soleras) by posts of hardwood material. rest, were constructed. Mangyan STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS Architectural analysis  Interior space was enclosed with wooden walls 1. Plan - Elevated from the ground at 1.5 meters to nailed permanently for protection against the surrounding platforms. Measured 6.00 by 7.00 elements meters and was rectangular in plan. At the central part of the house, leading from the main door, was PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS the passageway called palaganan. This passageway  Roof covered with galvanized iron sheets was set much lower than the platforms. Flooring of  Headroom was limited to approximately palaganan was made logs laid parallel to each other 0.90m(for boat houses) and attached to the joists by vines or rattan lashing while the platform flooring is made of smoothened CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS smaller sapling.  Doors and windows were provided for light and air. 2. Structural Elements- The walls were made of the bark of tress and were constructed a meter or less DECORATIVE ELEMENTS AND FURNISHINGS above the floor. This opening allowed the occupants  Mirrors inside the sala of stilt houses not for to observe the exterior without being seen from the checking of appearance but rather to indicate outside. the number of children in the family and to drive away evil spirits. 3. Protective Elements- The house plan was covered  In boathouses okir designs dominated on the by a gabled roof with the cogon grass thatching. sides. Boat prows were also decorated with Roof eaves projected 1.00 meter beyond the wall for various designs. the protection against the cold wind  Okkir or okkil is the term for geometric and flowing designs (often based on an elaborate 4.Circulatory Elements- The ascent to the house leaf and vine pattern) was through a ladder of four steps or sometimes Furnishings on cabin: sail,suitcase,stove,pots though a notched log. The ladder led to a narrow and plates,water jug,small chest,mats and door which in turn led to the palaganan. pillows. Official Notes HOA Midterm Manobo House (Islamic) ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS Badjao PLAN 1.SEDENTARY- commercial pursuits and permanent The house proper was usually built 0.15 m to 2.10 m homes above the ground. The kitchen, the first one to be built, had its flooring 0.30 m to 0.37 m lower than 2.SEMI-SEDENTARY- who spends periods alternately the house proper. Flooring was made of withered between their houseboats and village homes bark of the mahogany tree or split bamboo. 3.SEA GYPSIES- who live in houseboats as itinerant PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS fisher folk in search of rich fishing grounds. The main house was covered with sun-dried cogon grass gable roof shaped like an inverted V. The roof PLANS for the kitchen was considerably lower than that of  House on stilts right above the shallow waters the main roof and was placed at right angles to the  More commonly, the Badjaos are building main house. houses usually 20 to 30 feet long with a width of 15 feet thereby forming a perfect rectangle. CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS Fronting their house is an open platform to The only entrance to the house was located at the raise their boats out of the ocean kitchen area. Parts: The ladder was made of the trunk of the tree cut  Flooring: bamboo with notches to serve as its steps.  main room: sala and sleeping area Window openings were uniform in 0.60 m width adjacent area: kitchen since they were made to follow the size of the wall panel. Maranao House  Beds mattress was made of bundles of rice Walay Houses stalks with riyara woven mat.  Built from.30-.20m above the ground.  Long pillows with libot.  Single-room structure without partitions  Taritib canopy, over the bed. And its sides were  Kodal, located underneath the kitchen, it is a decorated mamandiyang curtains carabao corral.  Floors are made of split bamboo lashed with Torogan rattan.  Panggao, datus ceremonial bed with its frame and legs carved with okir designs, was elevated Torogan (Maranao Royal House) almost.60 meters from the floor.  Ancestral house for datu and his family  Use for social and political ceremonies Samal House  Without partitions PLAN  Gibon or pagan, rooms not exposed to visitors,  In eastern Sulu, Samal houses consisting of one used as hiding place for datu’s daughter. or more small rooms and a kitchen were built  Bilik, an emergency hide out located behind the partly above the ground and water on wooden headboard of sultan’s bed posts.  Lamin, a tower on top of torogan where the  In western Sulu, individual houses built on stilts princess and her ladies in waiting hid during above tidal mud flats, were connected to one occasion another by catwalks made of timber and  Floors are made of barimbingan wood. bamboo. Structural Elements STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS Walay houses  A typical house has two sections: one part - elevated from the ground by 9-12 huge post of roofed, the other not. On both sides of the bamboo or wooden materials. gable roof project underneath it were lower lean-to roofs. Torogan  Roof thatching was held securely by placing - tapuwilih, the 1st putting up the center post. flattened bamboo spaced far apart over it. - Tukud, followed by four corner post  The traditional thatched roofs and walls have - Panulong, end beams of 5 floor beams which given way to more durable materials such as proturded from the wall galvanized iron, lumber, and concrete. - Piako, (fern like)  Stilts were usually made of bamboo poles while - Naga,(dragon-like)motifs walls were made of wooden boards or sawali. Protective Elements CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS Covered with thick cogon grass lash with rattan or  Stairs were not provided in each individual bamboo framing house. door and windows with sliding sashes could be found in samal houses. Circulatory Elements  Most household chores are done in the  Walay house unroofed part, while formal activities and Stairs are made of bamboo pole with notches sleeping take place in the roofed area. Sliding doors and windows, were made of split bamboo. Subanon Windows are in front and at the right side of the house. Tausug tausug was derived from two words tau “man” and Decorative Elements sug “current” (or suluk in Malay) meaning, “people Walay house of the current”, referring to their homelands in Sulu  Sleeping areas are identified by presence of archipelago. carved chest and dividers made of woven split FAMILY SYSTEM: Tausug Family Terminologies rattan sapiyay (mosquito screen). 1. Magtaymanghud – to people of the same generation 2. Magtaliapu – Relationship between alternate  the northeast and northwest corners the agata generations (grandparents – grandchildren) (shoulder) 3. Ama – Father  the eastern and western sides of the center 4. Ina – Mother post the gusuk 5. Apu – Grandparent or grandchild  (ribs) 6. Taymanghud – relationship between siblings  the north post, the liug (neck) 7. Magulang – Older siblings  and the south post, the hita (groin) 8. Manghud – Younger Siblings 9. Inaun – Sister of the father Except for the center post, all other posts rose up to 10. Amaun – Brother of the father the roof, which is given form by the ridge beam and 11. Pagtunghud – Cousin is made from sari, nipa, sago palm, or plaud (coconut 12. Anak – Child palms from the marang tree). 13. Anakun – kin of child’s generation 14. Bana – Husband Wooden floor beams or hanglad attached to the 15. Asawa – Wife posts together with other smaller beams supported 16. Ugangan – In-laws the floor joists. Beams and girders were joined together either by joints or by tying both members Plan with hijuk vines or lagtang and haun vines. - the traditional tausug house was called bay- sinug. Walls are made of split bamboo or woven coconut Elevated above the ground, it consisted of the palms. The concave sides of the split bamboo were following parts: entrance porch or salas, sleeping made to face each other overlapping each one at quarters and kitchen. midpoint. The wall did not reach up to the roof. An opening about 0.45 meters was provided for The porch might be built in front, on the sides or all ventilation. Or in some cases, there were wooden around the house. They might be built with or panels pierced with decorative carvings in geometric without roofs. They might be used as passageways patterns placed between the roof and the wall. to the kitchen; if walled, might be used as sleeping areas; resting and conversation area; or, if found Protective Elements near the kitchen as an open extended platform, it  The hip roof was supported by eight posts was called pantan, and is used as a family area. rising directly from the ground. Roof beams connected the posts. King posts were built to The kitchen, whose flooring was a foot lower than support the roof ridge. From the ridge to the that of the main house, was a separate area linked beams sloped rafters supporting purlins made to the main house by a bridge made of bamboo or of thin strips of bamboo onto which palm wooden planks. Sometimes, the bridge led to the leaves like nipa or pauid or sani were attached. front porch. The kitchen has a stove and an iron  Other roof types were used by the Tausugs. The stand containing the pots and pans. sungan roof had four sloping side but only two sides meet at the center forming the apex of Structural Elements the roof. The libut roof , square in shape, had -the sleeping area or the bilik was the only four sloping sides with its top open resulting in room in the house proper and was supported by a square hole. Rising about 0.30 meters above nine posts while the porch and kusina were this square hole was a smaller roof. This supported by separate posts. The posts were made opening between the lower and the upper roof of heavy timber or bamboo. provides proper circulation of air inside the house’ interior. The bay-sinug or the house of the tausug is usually a one-room partitionless structure. The main house Decorative Elements had nine wooden posts corresponding to the parts  They decorate the bilik (room) with a large of the human body. luhul or rectangular cloth to catch leaves, dust, and pests. Usually on flatland, the house is  The center post, the pipul (navel) entered through sala (porch). Sometimes the  the southeast and southwest corners, the porch has railings of bamboo and wood. On the pigi(hip) front porch is a long high bench comfortable  enough for resting on especially during warm long bamboo containers for water. Underneath weather. the house was the rice mortar.  Found at the rooftop was the tajuk pusung. It is  Porch or Pantan – is the main entry to the a wood carving in the form of the manuk- house, it can be open or roofed, also the main manuk bird showing a stylized head and neck of wooden ladder is located here. Water jars a rooster or a stylized design of a naga dragon. and dugtung or large bamboos crafted as water containers are also places here. The houses of T’boli the Yakan people face the east, and according Plan to their beliefs the building materials should be - house is built on 1.80 m high stilts. Like the Manobo stockpiled also in the east. Flooring of the house, T’boli house was designed in various levels house was made of thick wooden planks on with each level having different functions. The floor joists or split bamboo. house, with an approximate areaof 270 to 400 sq.m., contained the following area: Structural Elements  Posts were made of sturdy wood onto which  Lowa- the central spaced as sleeping area for floor beams were attached. overnight guests. It had an area of 4.50 x 6.00  The sapiaw or the roof is made of a steeply m. And.20 m. Lower than the area alongside it. pitched cogon on bamboo or timber frames.  Blaba- the side area, usually 1.80 m. Wide used The walls are made of wooden bamboo strips as working and conversational space. called sawali. The floor may be made of  Desyung- located opposite the lowa and the bamboo but often times it is made of timber. blaba. This was regarded as the area of honor There are no ceilings and only one window beacuse here the head of the house or tandiwan was allowed for the main house. entertained guests and performed rites under a The tandiwan and ladder were allowed at the curtained cannopy. kitchen house.  Dofil- located on both side of desyung and sometimes elevated at a hieght of.90 m. Over Protective Elements the lowa, this ws the sleeping quarters for  Steep ridge roof covered with cogon thatch wives and the children of the headman. was use in Yakan houses. The roof sloped  Bakdol- the entrance of the house. downwards and broke into a slight angle  Kohu- the earth made of beaten-earth floor. It upward towards its lower side. The roof’s eaves had a shelf where pots and pans, baskets and overhung the wall at.50 meters. other utensils are kept.  Dol- an area used for the kohu and stair Circulatory Elements landing.  a ladders with notched poles and steps in odd  Fatu Hu- located at the rearmost part of the numbers led to the porch. Another ladder was house. It waws the utility area. provided for the kitchen.  Kotel- a detached structure located some few  Doors were oriented towards the east for feet away from the house which functioned as prosperity while few and small windows were a toilet. provided because of the belief that bad spirits could not pass through the small openings Yakan quite easily. A small window was often Plan provided at the end wall opposite the kitchen. 3 main components: Decorative Elements and Furnishings  main house – is a single room, with no  in the living room, one would find a cloth- partitions and has a various functions such a weaving loom located near the door which led venue for social affairs, weaving area and as to the porch outside. Also, there were wooden sleeping quarters. or bamboo boxes for palay which might also be  kitchen – serves as the cooking and eating area used as benches for visitors, clothes chests, ( there was a bridge connecting the kitchen and brass metal containers, brass food trays, and the main house). It contained a stove above bronze boxes for betel and mats. where bamboo ladles, coconut shells and fish driers are hung. There are also pots and pans, Muslim Architecture Call to prayer is done inside with the use of Philippine Muslim Concept of Space hanging drums called tabo, jabu-jabu, or dabu-dabu. Islamic Theology affects all aspects of Muslim life. Minarets have no function. – Five Pillars of Islam Minbar or Mimbar is not high unlike those in Africa Shahada- profession of faith; the Islamic Creed and Western Salat- ritual prayer Asia Siyam- fasting –An elevated platform, or a chair can replace the Zakat- charity tax mimbar. Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca Mosque Ornamentations Muslim concept of space is expressed in relation to – Iconic element of the crescent and star ornament the Tawhid. that surmount the bulbous dome. Tawhid - Use of okir carving and burak – Means “Unity of Allah” (a winged centaur) as ornamentation. – The single most important doctrine of Islam which - Use of inverted jars placed at the apex of domes means monotheism found in Lanao Mosques. – It considers everything in relation and in unity with God. Madrasa Derived from Arabic darasa: “to read” or “to Philippine Muslim Concept learn” of Space Originated from 10th Century domestic courtyards Intertwined with the Tawhid is the Muslim view of in the universe. Khurasan (Iran) Islamic cosmos is based upon God as the Unique Built as part of the mosque complex Origin of all things. Serves as place for teaching Koranic , Space, therefore is aligned and polarized by means philosophical, of a focal point in Mecca, which is the Ka’aba. and administrative laws. The axis orienting all masjids towards the Ka’aba in Mecca is called the Kibla or Kiblah. Muslim Secular Architecture Forts and Royal Residences BUILDING TYPES: The Mosque Kota- indigenous fortifications made up of palm Also known as masjid in Arabic which means “a trees and wooden posts filled with earth place of prostration” Early basic shape is derived from early Christian Official Notes HOA Midterm churches and middle eastern courtyard houses. (Hispanic) Two types of traditional structures for worship: 1. ) Langgal (Tausug and Yakal) or Ranggal Bahay na Bato (Spanish Antillian House) (Maranao) – Literally means “to meet” Architectural Analysis – It is a small chapel made of semipermanent PLAN material built for worshippers far from the masjid. The bahay na bato is a two-storey house with the upper floor overhanging (volada) the ground floor. 2.) Masjid or Maskid The ground floor contains the following areas: more permanent structure with stone foundations, ZAGUAN – where the carriage and saints’ float ideally built near a body of water. (andas) are usually kept. – Holds the Friday assembly prayers and the two CUADRA - horse stable important Muslim festivals. BODEGA – a storage room for keeping old furniture and palay bins Peculiar Characteristics of Philippine Mosques ENTRESUELO – a mezzanine elevated at about a a seating area with benches outside the mosque meter from the ground. The master of the house is takes place of the wide enclosed courtyard with the the only person who has access to this, for this is ablution fountain. where he keeps his money and jewelry. The entresuelo is used as an office (oficina or dispacho) by the owner of the house or as a bedroom during and slaughterhouses. siesta hours, a bedroom for an unmarried aunt or ▪ Encapsulates the classicist theories of urban design uncle, or a bedroom for an overnight guest. proposed by Vitruvius and Alberti. PATIO – it is an enclosed courtyard open to the sky ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS OF PHILIPPINE and adjacent to the zaguan. The second floor has the HISPANIC CHURCHES following areas: 1. PLAN CAIDA – the most immediate room from the stairs, it Initially, the plan adopted for Philippine churches is a spacious hall used for entertaining friends; an was the antesala; and all purpose room for dining, sewing or basilican type with a single nave. Later the church even dancing. plan was in the form SALA – is the living room where balls and dances of a pseudo-Latin cross. A tpical church plan is during fiestas and other special occasions take place arranged as follows: COMEDOR – dining room a. Nave- This is the central aisle. The main entrance COCINA- the kitchen which is sometimes built opens to separately from the house but connected to the the nave which terminates in the sanctuary, the focal house proper by causeway. point of the DISPENSA – the room adjacent to the kitchen used church. An impression of length is achieved through as food storage the unobstructed COMUN or LATRINA – the toilet which is usually view of the altar from the main entrance. Sometimes adjacent to the service side aisles are BAÑO or PALIGUAN – the bathroom often built provided and are separated from the nave by separately from the toilet arcades and colonnades. AZOTEA – a flat, open terrace open to the toilet, Naves of large churches usually measures from 80 to bath and kitchen areas; it is often forms as an 100 m long and 22 extension of the house used as a Laundry-drying m wide. space and service area for the servants. b. Apse – Located at the end of the church which CUARTO, ALCOBA, or DORMITORIO – bedroom houses the BALCON – the overhanging balcony where one can altar. Sacristies are usually placed on both sides or watch procession or parades passing the street or sometimes behind it. simply a conversation area overlooking the street. This is used by the priests when preparing for a ALJIBE – the cistern used for the storage of collected religious ceremony and rainwater. This is often located underneath the are also used for keeping vestments and sacred azotea. vessels. Sometimes sacristies contain small altars and baptismal fonts for Philippine Hispanic Churches, Infrastructures And the performance of the Laws of the Indies simple and private ceremonies. Laws of the Indies – the royal ordinances proclaimed c. Choir Loft – This is found right above the main by King Philip II on entrance behind the front façade and often spans July 23, 1573. This was to establish a criterion in the the whole planning of cities, width of the church. It is sometimes rectangular in towns, and villages as well as for the governing of plan or Spanish colonial curves outward towards the nave. settlements in the Americas and the Philippines. d. Bell tower / Campanille – This form as an integral These laws provided guidelines for site selection, part of the church. They function in various ways as: layout and dimensioning of streets and squares, the 1. An architectural landmark of a town or a city location of civic and religious buildings, open space, 2. A watchtower for sighting of enemy attack or cultivation and pasturing lands, and even the main raids procedural phases of planning and construction. 3. A communication system for various events like ▪ Characteristics: Mass ▪ elevated location and calls for morning and evening prayers, ▪ an orderly grid of streets weddings, ▪ a central plaza, a defensive wall, and zones for baptisms, funerals, or alarms for impending dangers. churches, shops, government buildings, hospitals, e. Transepts – This is a later addition to the church. Most often the transepts do not follow the usual  The brick walls are devoid of ornament but norm of have delicately carved side entrances and proportion as used in the Latin cross plan of strong buttresses. European churches. They are short and placed so near the apse that it BARASOAIN CHURCH, forms a T-shape Barasoain, Bulacan plan rather than the normal Latin cross. 1871-1878 : stone church was constructed to replace f. Baptistry – Few meters from the doorway, the wooden structure; 1880 – earthquake ruined the baptistry may be found either on the left or right church side of the 1885 : Augustinian Juan Giron commissioned a church. Either opened or enclosed by iron grilles, a builder named Magpayo to rebuild the church large variation on the circle motif baptismal font dominates the area. flutings on pilasters with ends blunted into semicircles detract from the NeoClassical Parts of a Church belltower has a cubic base, three layes accented ▪ Altar mayor, main altar. by blind and open windows, top has crenellations ▪ Sagrario, tabernacle. and six-sided cone ▪ Pulpito, pulpit. The seat of Malolos Congress on Sept. 15, 1898 and ▪ Retablo, elaborately ornamented altar screen. the ▪ Sacristia, where the priest and his assistants put on their robes before the mass. MIAGAO CHURCH, ▪ Coro, choir loft. Miagao, Iloilo ▪ Tribunas, screened gallery Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church Stands on the highest point of Miag-ao, its towers Church Complex serving as lookouts against Muslim raids. ▪ Church It is the finest surviving example of 'Fortress ▪ Convento, parish house or rectory. Baroque'. ▪ Campanarios, bell towers. The facade epitomizes the Filipino transfiguration of western decorative elements. PHILIPPNE HISPANIC CHURCHES San Agustin Church Intramuros, Manila. PAOAY CHURCH, The Church of the Immaculate Paoay, Ilocos Norte Conception of SanAgustín. built in 1699 by Antonio Estavillo, completed 1702- oldest church in the Philippines; built 1587-1607 by 1710 Juan Macias according to the plans approved by the Saint Augustine Church. Royal Audencia de Mexico and by a Royal Cedula Most outstanding example in the Philippines of 'Earthquake Baroque'. First church to be built in Luzon. Volutes of contrafuertes (buttresses) and in the Only structure in Intramuros to survive WWII. pyramidal finials of wall facades. High Baroque style retablo. Massive coral stone belltower. Ceiling paintings in the trompe l’oeil style. Chinese fu dogs at the entrance. STA. MARIA CHURCH, Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur VIGAN - constructed late 18th century, 85 steps CHURCH leading to the church was built by Vigan, Ilocos Sur Augustinian Benigno Fernandez finished in 1800  Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción. located within the grid iron planned streets of a  Situated on a hill surrounded by a defensive colonial town wall. baroque elements include protruding  Separate pagoda-like bell tower at the midpoint columns and solid frames; three arched of the nave wall. doorways leading to three naves at the first level, guarded by ionic pillars with chinese fu  by Bishop Domingo Salazar dogs urn-like finial at pediment MORONG CHURCH Morong , Rizal SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH,  Spanish Baroque style Manila  by Fr. Blas dela Madre (The first and only all-steel church in Asia; Neo-Gothic.) by Genaro PANAY CHURCH Palacios in Revivalist Panay Church architecture largest bell, from 30 sacks of coins donated by made entirely of steel; townspeople Basilica Minore del Santo Niño; Cebu. by Diego de QUIAPO CHURCH Herrera Quiapo, Manila (Oldest church in the Philippines.) restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa Bantay Church (Shrine of Our Lady of Charity); Ilocos TAAL CHURCH Sur. (Belfry served as a watchtower for pirates; Neo- Taal, Batangas Gothic.) by Fr. Martin Aguirre Carcar Church (Church of Sta. Catalina de Alexandria); biggest church Cebu. (Minaret-like bell towers; Neo-Mudejar.) Manila Cathedral; Intramuros, Manila. (Restoration, STA. ANA CHURCH Fernando Ocampo; Neo-Romanesque) Sta. Ana Church, Manila by Fr. Vicente Ingles QUIAPO CHURCH restored by Juan Nakpil Manila Ar. Juan Nakpil 1933 Conservation ▪ RA 10066 (National Heritage Law) OUR LADY OF MANAOAG CHURCH ▪ RA 10086 (National Historical Commission of the Manaoag, pangasinan Philippines Law) Ar Roque Ruano Instruments of Urbanism CALASIAO CHURCH ▪ Reducción Calasiao, Pangasinan ▪ Encomienda system  2nd best bell tower ▪ System of cities and towns  by Fr. Ramon Dalinao ▪ Cuadricula ▪ Colonial infrastructures CALASIAO CHURCH Calasiao, Pangasinan  Reducción  2nd best bell tower The formerly scattered barangays were brought  by Fr. Ramon Dalinao together and reduced in number and made into compact and larger communities to facilitate LAS PINAS CHURCH religious conversion and cultural change. Las Pinas Church  by Fr. Diego Cera  Encomienda Famous in the world for Las Pinas bamboo organ The colony was divided into parcels assigned to a Spanish colonist (encomendero) who was mandated LOBOC CHURCH to “allocate, allot or distribute” the resources of the Loboc, Bohol domain.  biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings  System of Cities and Towns MANILA CATHEDRAL Manila Cathedral The institution of a hierarchal settlement system. Ayuntamiento Cabecera (city) or poblacion (town), core of the Intramuros, Manila. municipality. Barrios, adjacent barangays. Also known as Casa del Ayuntamiento, Casa del Cabildo, Casa Consistorial, or Casa Real. Intramuros As a seat of colonial governance, it housed several - The walled city of Manila administrative offices and archives. - 1.2 sq. KM in area; perimeter is 3.4 KM - home of the Spanish (except for the Friars & the Palacio Real high ranking officials) Intramuros, Manila. - decentralization occurred and settlements were Also known as Palacio del Gobernador General. built in Malate, San Miguel, and Paco, among other Residence of the highest official of the land. areas Malacañang Palace, the summer residence of the Governor General Extramuros Other civic buildings Living beyond the walls. ▪ Real Audiencia, or Tribunal, trial court. ▪ Pueblos, villages outside the walls. ▪ Aduana, customs house. ▪ Parian, a separate urban quarter designated to the ▪ Hacienda Publica, treasury. Chinese community. ▪ Municipio, Casa de Municipal, or Casa Real, a smaller ▪ Dilao, Japanese community. version of the Ayuntamiento in the provincial towns. ▪ Casa Hacienda, expansive structures housing  Cuadricula spaces for the administrators and his workers on a A system of streets and blocks laid out in a grid landed estate. pattern, with uniform precision. Educational and Scientific Buildings Plaza Complex The various religious orders fulfilled the missionary Grid pattern of streets with the main tasks of bringing education, healthcare, and social plaza at the center surrounded by the welfare to the indigenous subjects. church, the tribunal, other government buildings, and the marketplace. Schools University of Sto. Tomas, Manila. Fortresses Oldest established university in Asia. Built in 1611. Characterized by heavy stone walls, moats, and grid Colegio or universidad, found in the urban areas. road layouts. Bastions, keeps, and watchtowers Escuela primaria,found in different pueblos. were also built to cover blind spots. Hospitals ▪ Hospital Real, first hospital; built by the Fort Santiago Franciscans; catered only to the Spaniards. Intramuros, Manila. ▪ Hospital de San Gabriel, for the Chinese in Binondo. - defense fortress built for Spanish conquistador, ▪ Hospital de San Lazaro, for the lepers. Miguel López de Legazpi. The architect of Fort Santiago was a Jesuit Fr. Antonio Sedenio. Observatories ▪ ObservatorioAstronomico y Meteorologico de Parts of a Fort Manila, or the Manila Observatory; established by ▪ Cortinas, thick perimeter walls. the Jesuits to assist in forecasting typhoons. ▪ Bastiones or baluartes,four-sided bulwarks skirting the cortinas on both ends. Industrial Buildings ▪ Foso, moat. Because of the Hispanic urban program, living ▪ Casamatas, stone embrasures where artilleries standards were elevated through urban were propped up. infrastructure and public works. Institutional Buildings Monumental civic architecture epitomized the colonial institutions under the Spanish governance. Bridges Evolved from the need of migrant laborers for Puente de España (Bridge of Spain), built after the cheap housing in commercial and industrial areas. destruction of Puente Grande (first and only bridge Vivienda, each unit; has a zaguan, sala and sleeping crossing the Pasig River) in the 1863 earthquake. quarters. Train Stations The Tutuban Station of the ManilaDagupan railway line; served as the main terminal for all northbound destinations. Lighthouses The Pasig Farola, the oldest lighthouse in the Philippines; also known as the San Nicolas lighthouse. Water System The Carriedo Waterworks installed the piped-in water system. The water was offered to the public free of charge. Commercial Buildings Spain attempted to establish an Asian trading empire to be based in Manila. Soon the city became one of the major colonial port cities in Southeast Asia. Shops Alcaiceria de San Fernando, very first large commercial structure; silk market in Binondo; housed stores for Chinese merchants and government offices. Tabacaleras, tobacco and cigar factories; Cigarreras, female workers. The bahay na bato was later retrofitted to have room for commercial function. Sari-sari store and carinderias Hotels Hotel la Palma de Mallorca,Hotel de Paris, and Hotel de Espana, foremost hotels in Intramuros. Casas de huespedes, boarding houses; less expensive lodgings. Banks Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel II, first bank built; initially housed in the Aduana. Domestic Structures Dwellings reflecting the differences in social class. Accesorias Apartment dwellings