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eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. AR150: HISTORY OF 6 Influences of Architecture ARCHITECTURE 1. Geographical Influence...

eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. AR150: HISTORY OF 6 Influences of Architecture ARCHITECTURE 1. Geographical Influence Pinpoints the location of a specific M1: Pre-historic Architecture country sonder. - It describes whether it is near the sea, an island, on the mountain, desserts, and The realization that each random passerby is other. living a life as vivid and complex as your own--- populated wit their own ambitions, friends, 2. Geological Influence routines, worries, and inherited craziness--- with - Materials found in the locality elaborate passageways to thousands of other - All materials that influenced the creation lives that you’ll never know existed--- in which of structures you might appear only once--- as a blur of traffic passing on the highway--- as a lighted window at 3. Climatic Influence dusk. sonder. - The prevailing weather in the are or country being discussed - Weather is a great influence which dictates the form, plan, material, and overall shape of a locality’s architecture. 4. Religious Influence - Emotional temperament and spiritual tendencies of a particular locations Lascaux Cave; Montignac-Lascaux, France - The locality’s beliefs and traditions 5. Socio-Political Influence - Governments and rulling classes use architecture to express power, ideology, and cultural identity, resulting in monumental structures public buildings, and urban layouts that reflect their authority and influence - Describes how the locals lived. 6. Historical Influence Opus Hotel by Zaha Haid; Dubai, UAE o Historical events and periods have significantly influenced architectural styles, introducing new design principles, construction methods, and materials that transformed how buildings were conceived and constructed. ----PRE-HISTORIC--- Walt Disney Concert Hall by Frank Gehry; LA, Why do men seek for shelter? Califonia, USA PROTECTION from natural elements and ‘’Architecture should speak of its time and place wildlife but yearn for timelessness’’ – Frank Gehry COMFORT to rest and sleep STORAGE for food and clothing PERPETUATION of human life 6 Elements (To analyze every era) o Geographical o Geological AGES AND PERIODS o Religious STONE AGE o Climatic o Historical Influence o Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age) o Social Cultural - Early men lived in caves and rock shelters (ex. Lascaux Cave, France) xoxo, leanne.  eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. o Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone Age) - Shelters evolved into detached free-standing structures (ex. Reconstructive of a ‘’temporary’’ Mesolithic house in Ireland; waterside sites offered good food resources) Kerloas Menhir, Brittany, France o Neolithic Period (New Stone Age) 2. Megalith - Built huts of stones and mud - Architecture that celebrated with thatched roof; practiced the spiritual and sacred burial rituals and created burial - A very large stone used to mounds (ex. Stonehenge, construct structures either Salisbury, England, UK) alone or with other stones - BRONZE AGE o Minoan Period (of the Crete and Creek civilization) - Discovered ‘’Treasury of Atreus’’ Dolmen di Sa Coveccada, Sardinia, Italy in Mycenae, Greece that later became ‘’Tomb of Agamenon’’ o Dolmen – two or more upright stones supporting a horizontal stone slab IRON AGE o The discovery of malleable metal 4 Major Construction Principles 1. Post and Lintel (Columns and Beam) 2. Arch and Vault 3. Trussed 4. Corbel and Cantiliver Kilclooney, County Donegal, Ireland CLASSIFICATIONS OF STRUCTURES RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES 1. Monoliths - A single block of stone of considerable size, often in the form of an obelisk or a column in later periods - Isolated single stone - Prototype of the Egyptian pyramid o Menhir – A prehistoric religious Goindol, Gochang, South Korea ( Unesco monument consisting of an upright World Heritage Site, 2000) megalith usually standing alone but sometimes aligned with other stones. A ▪ Cromlech memorial of victory over one tribe - Three or more upright stones in circular arrangement enclosing a dolmen or a burial mound - Indicates a place of religious rites xoxo, leanne.  eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. ▪ Stone Circle Dwellings - Bronze Age - 4 concentric rings of ▪ Rock Cave trilithons and menhirs - Earliest form of dwelling - Centered around an altar a. Natural Caves stone b. Artificial Caves - Believed to be used by a sun c. Cave Above Ground cult or for astronomical observations Tabon Cave, Lipuun Point, Pantian, Quezon, Palawan (Philippines ‘’Cradle of Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, Whiteshire, Civilization) England - Manunggul Jar; A burial jar found in Tabon Cave, represents the dead’s journey to afterlife Stone Circle, Avebury, England Lascaux Cave; Montignac-Lascaux, ▪ Tumulus (aka barrow) France (A cave containing wall paintings - Earthen mounds used for and engravings of Paleolithv humans) the burial of multiple hundreds of ordinary people - Prototype of the Egyptian ▪ Tents Pyramid in terms of purpose o Teepee (Tipi) - American Indian tent made usually from animal skin lad on a conical frame of long poles and having an opening at the top for ventilation and a flap door Kofun, Japan xoxo, leanne.  eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. o Yurt o Wetu - East Asia’s Mongol nomads’ - A temporary doomed hut of circular tent-like dwelling red cedar and grass used by consisting of a cylindrical wall of Northerneastern North poles in lattice arrangement American tribes with a conical roof of poles, both covered by animal skin/felt o Hogan - A Navajo Indian dwelling constructed usually of earth and logs and covered with mud and Huts sod *door facing east to welcome the rising sun for good A small, simple dwelling or shelter, esp. One wealth and fortune made of natural materials o Trullo - A traditional rendered stone dwelling in Apulia Southern Italy in which square chambers are roofed with conical vaulted roofs of corbel dry masonry, usually whitewashed and painted with figures or symbols (family crest) o Longhouse - A communal dwelling characteristic of many early cultures, esp that of Iroquois and various other Nort American Indian people, consisting of a wooden, bark-covered o Wigwam framework often as much as - An American Indian Dwelling 100ft (30.5 meters) in lenght Usually of round or oval shape (barks, rush mat, animal skin) xoxo, leanne.  eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. M1: West Asiatic Architecture GEOLOGICAL Aka Mesopotamian Architecture ASSYRIA AND BABYLON - MASSIVENESS Clay turned into bricks - MONUMENTALITY - GRANDEUR MESO/POTAMIA Greek word for in between rivers Mesos = middle Potemos = river - Sun-dried bricks (ordinary finish) - Kiln-dried bricks (for facing important buildings) - Color-glazed bricks (for decorative ‘’the fertile cresent’’ purposes) PERSIAN Used timber and colored limestone CLIMATIC ASSYRIA AND BABYLON Temples on platforms due to flooding (ex. GEOGRAPHICAL ZIGGURATS) PERSIAN Open-type building due to dry and hot climate IN-GENERAL Courtyard form of buildings due to desert conditions RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE PERSIAN Tigris and Euphrates = ‘’in between rivers’’ Used king-headed winged lions, bulls, and monsters for decorations of doorways of palaces 4 Main Civilizations 1. Sumer – Iraq (Baghdad to Persian Gulf) ZIGGURAT: temple on platforms to be closer to 2. Babylon – Iraq heaven 3. Assyria – Northern Iraq and Southeastern Türkiye 4. Persia – Iran xoxo, leanne.  eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. HISTORICAL IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES SUMERIANS (KISH, URUK, UR) SUMER KING UR-NAMMU Sumerian Hight Temple at Kahaji Erected the Great Ziggurat of Ur, Iraq - Characterized by monumental temples of sun-dried bricks faced with burnt/glazed bricks. BABYLONIA - Structures are often built upon the runs of their predecesor ASSYRIANS Babylon capital of Babylonia, the last great Mesopotamian city empire KING NEBUCHADNEZZAR II - Characterized by mud-brick construction with walls articulation by pilasters and Erected the recesses faced with burnt/glazed bricks a. The Great Palace of - Palaaces and tempkes were decorated with Nebuchadnezzar enemeled brick friezes of bylls and lions b. Ishtar Gate - Developed POLYCHROME (friezes designed c. Hanging Garden of Babylon in color-glazed brick work) Nineveh, Dun, Khorsabad, Nimrun, Assur - Characterized by mud-brick buildings - Stone was used for carved monumental decorative sculptures - Interiors were all large and filled with columns - Temples lost their importance to palaces KING HAMMURABI PERSIAN Wrote the first ever codes of law in cruciform – - Characterized by a synthesis of architectural HAMMURABI’S CODE events from Assyria, Egypt, and Ionian Greece ASSYRIA SARGON II Erected the Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad, Iraq xoxo, leanne.  eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. SENNACHERIB ARTAXERXES I Transferred the Assyrian Empire’s capital to Nineveh Finished the construction of the Palace of Persepolis and the Hall of the Hundred Columns PERSIA ARCHITECTURAL DIFFERENCES CONSTRUCTION METHOD BABYLON & ASSYRIA – Arch & Vault; Buttressed PERSIAN – Columnar & Trabeated BUILDING TYPES BABYLON & ASSYRIA – Temples & Palaces CYRUS THE GREAT PERSIAN – Palaces Father of the Iranian Nation and the Persian Empire ARCHITECTURAL CHAR BABYLON & ASSYRIA – Massiveness, Magnificence, and Grandeur PERSIAN – Light and Airy Magnificence BUILDING CHARACTERS BABYLON & ASSYRIA – Chief Temples have sacred Ziggurats PERSIAN – Large Columnar Halls WALLS DARIUS I BABYLON & ASSYRIA – White Washed & Started the construction of the Palace of Painted in color, Burnt Bricks Accent Persepolis. Erected the: PERSIAN – Double Mud Brick Walls a. Tachara Palace ROOF b. Apadana (Grand Audience BABYLON & ASSYRIA – Usually flat Hall) PERSIAN – Flat Timber Roof; Sometimes c. The Treasury domed OPENINGS BABYLON & ASSYRIA – No windows; Ventilation via Terracotta Pipes PERSIAN – Small window with Lintels ORNAMENTS BABYLON & ASSYRIA – Ox of Lamassu; XERXES I Colossal Winged Bull, Chiselled Alabaster, Assyria: Polychromed-glazed Bricks Executed most of the construction of the Palace PERSIAN – Glaze Brick Relief, Images of of Persepolis. Started the construction of the Monsters Hall of the Columns aka the Throne Hall. Erected the Gate of All Nations xoxo, leanne.  eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. LAMASSU CITY OF BABYLON The monumental stone sculptures of human- - Largest population among the fertile headed winged bulls or lions that guarded the crescent civilization entrances to the temples and palaces. STRUCTURES ZIGGURATS aka holy mountains - Temple-tower built in diminishing stages of mud brick with buttressed walls faced with burnt bricks - Topmost part accessed only by priest PALACE OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR - Corners face to cardinal points (north, east, west, south) - Largest archeological site in the Middle East GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR (Tell El-Muqayyar, Iraq) - Erected by King Ur-Nammu - A temple dedicated to the moon god ISHTAR GATE (reconstruction at Pergamon Museum, Berlin) - 8th gate to the inner city of Babylon - Large 4-storey portal dominating the processional avenue through the city - Covered in glazed bricks, colorful tiles, and decorative friezes of bulls & dragons TEMPLE OVAL (Khafaje, Iraq) HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON - Seven Wonders of the Ancient World - Built for Nebuchadnezzar's wife; Amytis of WHITE TEMPLE & ZIGGURAT (Khafaje, Iraq) Media BORSIPPA ZIGGURAT (Birs Nimrud) - Rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar II TEMPLE OF MARDUK aka ESAGILA Marduk = Supreme God xoxo, leanne.  eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. THE APADANA aka THE GRAND/ROYAL AUDIENCE HALL By Darius I. Considered as the most impressive part of the Palace of Persepolis TOWER OF BABEL TACAHARA PALACES Of Darius I and Xerxes I. The smallest building but among the first PALACE OF SARGON (Khorsabbad, Iraq by Sargon II) Fisrt palace in world history TRIPYLON By Artaxerxes I. Served as the Reception Area and Guard Room PALACE OF SUSA (Iran by Darius I) THE TREASURY By Darius. Served as the armory and storehouse PALACE FO PERSEPOLIS (Fars Province , Iran) HALL OF THE HUNDRED COLUMNS aka The Greek word for City of Persians THE TRONE HALL GATE OF ALL NATIONS Columns having capitalist of double bull By Xerxes I. Xerxes’ name was written in and double unicorn. Started 3 different languages to inform everyone construction: Xerxes I, finished that he ordered the Gate of All Nations construction: Artaxerxes I to be built xoxo, leanne.  eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. M1: Egyptian Architecture Part 1 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES Architectural Character AXIAL PLANNING Building are arranged longitudinally due - SIMPLICITY to the importance of hierarchy - MONUMENTALITY TRABEATED CONSTRUCTION - MASSIVENESS All monumental buildings are post and lintel constructions, with flat roofs constructed of huge stone blocks EGYPT supported by the external walls and the closely spaced columns - Desert land BATTERED WALLS - Land of Pharaoh A backward slope of the face of the walls as it rises HIEROGLYPHICS GEOGRAPHICAL Exterior and interior walls. as well as the columns and piers, were covered with hieroglyphic and pictorial frescoes and carvings painted in brilliant colors Hieroglyphs were inscribed for decorative purposes as well as to record historic events or spells. In addition, these pictorial frescoes and carving allow us to understand how the Ancient Egyptians lived, statuses, wars that were fought, and their beliefs an ancient civilization of north-east africa Preoccupation with eternity and the after life NILE RIVER - life blood egypt BLACK LAND - the soil on the banks of the nile CLIMATIC river DRY AND HOT RED LAND – the barren desert - SIMPLE due to the brilliant sunshine GEOLOGICAL - FEW WINDOWS interiors lighted through PRINCIPLE OF CONSTRUCTION door and roof slits - MASSIVE WALLS provision for heiroglyphics post and lintel - FLAT ROOF to cover buildings; due to no rain (no downspout. no drainage, & gutter) PRINCIPLE MATERIAL OF DOMESTIC BUILDINGS RELIGIOUS mud brick Ancient Egyptians were preoccupied with eternity and the after life. PRINCIPLE MATERIAL OF TEMPLES AND PYRAMIDS EGYPTIAN GODS stone OTHER MATERIALS USED sun-dried bricks = for other pyramids and temples date palm/palm leaves = roofing THEBAN TRIAD acacia = boats 1. Amun-ra (chief god) sycamore = mummy cases 2. Mut (queen of the gods) 3. Khonsu (god of moon and time) xoxo, leanne.  eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. ROYAL SYMBOLS CARTOUCHE Rope enclosing a royal name thereby serving as PSCHENT the protector of the name Double Crown Head Dress. Represents the kingship of the two lands. Hedjet = Upper Egypt (White) Deshet = Lower Egypt (Red) WAS SCEPTER Symbolizes power and dominion NEMES CROWN SEKHMET Striped head cloth worn by the king in Symbolizes power and control representations like the sphinx or falcon SUN DISK Represents warmth, light, and growth ANKH Symbolizes life, health, and strength 1. clutched by gods 2. giving the ankh to the queen 3. god holding the ankh to the mouth or SCARAB nose of the nobility Symbolizes ressurection and rebirth BOAT OF RA’A FEATHER OF MA’AT Earn a place in Ra’s boat by having a light heart Represents justice, truth, morality, and balance the heart of the deceased is weighed against the feather of ma’at CROOK AND FLAIL EYE OF HORUS Symbol of royalty, kingship, dominion, and Symbolizes protection and royal power government xoxo, leanne.  eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. URAEUS/COBRA SENUSRET (I) Symbolizes royal protection erected the earliest known OBELISK at HELIOPOLIS IBIS AMENEMHAT (I) Symbolizes reincarnation erected the: GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN, KARNAK (considered as the greatest of all IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES + STRUCTURES Egyptian temples. IMHOTEP architect of the: STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER HATSHEPSUT erected her funerary temple at DEIR EL-BAHARI SAQQARA COMPLEX TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR EL- BAHARI MENTUHOTEP II developed the rock-cut tomb xoxo, leanne.  eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. THUTMOSE I RAMESSES II added structures of the GREAT TEMPLEOF AMUN, KARNAK the earliest part of the temples still in completed the construction of the GREAT existence HYPOSTYLE HALL, KANAK. erected the: ROCK TEMPLE AT ABU SIMBEL THUTMOSE IV cleared away the sand from the GREAT SPHINX RAMESSEUM AT THEBES NEW KINGDOM SETI I began the construction of: GREAT HYPOSTYLE HALL, KARNAK xoxo, leanne.  eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. M1: Egyptian Architecture Part 2 – EXAMPLES OF MASTABA Egyptian Structures RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES MASTABA (arabic word = bench mud) - a tomb for nobility - tomb houses that were made to take the body at full-lenght MASTABA OF THI, SAQQARA - shaft leads to underground burial and offering chambers - PORTICULLIS heavy stone slabs sealing the burial chambers SPECIFICATIONS: material = mud plan = rectangular roof = flat walls = battered MASTABAT AL-FIR’AUN PYRAMIDS - evolved from the mastaba - a massive masonry structure SPECIFICATIONS: material = stone plan = rectangular base walls = four smooth/ steeply sides meeting at an apex orientation = sides facing cardinal points PARTS OF A MASTABA TYPES OF PYRAMIDS: 1. stone facing o STEP PYRAMID 2. outer chamber/sacrificial chapel predating the true pyramids. 3. serdab sides are stepped with tiers 4. earth fill ex. 5. shaft 6. masonry seal 7. porticullis/stone slab 8. burial chamber 9. sarcophagus MAJOR SPACES o OUTER CHAMBER/SACRIFICIAL STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER CHAPEL architect Imhotep. began as a Mastaba. World’s first large- where offerings were placed scale monument in stone. 245ft o SERDAB tall with 7 steps a small chamber inside the mastaba o BENT PYRAMID aka containing the statues of the BLUNT/FALSE/ RHOMBOIDAL deceased pyramid with 2 degrees of o BURIAL CHAMBER inclination ex. a chamber containing the sarcophagus reached by and underground shaft o STELE is the upright stone slab containing the name of the dead BENT PYRAMID OF SNEFERU (DASHUR) the ground collapsed during construction. to save the xoxo, leanne.  eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. architects changed the slope one adjoining a pyramid or a rock- from 52 – 43.5 degrees cut tomb 2. PYRAMID TEMPLE; a mortuary o TRUE/SLOPED PYRAMID temple connected specifically to a four smooth, sloping triangular pyramid sides with a fixed angle 3. PYRAMID CAUSEWAY; a covered ex. ceremonial route or corridor leading from a valley temple to a mortuary temple at the foot of a pyramid 4. VALLEY TEMPLE; a temple pavilion connected via a covered causeway to a mortuary temple at the foot of a pyramid. used for preparing the pharaoh for his/her final journey NORTH PYRAMID OF DASHUR aka RED PYRAMID built by King Sneferu. first ever true/sloped pyramid built GREAT PYRAMID COMPLEX aka GIZA NECROPOLIS PYRAMID OF KHUFU/CHEOPS (GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA) pharaoh: Khufu architect: hemiunu/hemnon oldest and largest in the Giza Complex. oldest of the Seven Ancient Wonders’ f the World. equated to the size of St.Peter’s, Rome PYRAMID OF KHAFRE/CHEPHREN the ceremonial area of buildings and pharaoh: Khafre structures surrounding an ancient guarded by the Sphinx Egyptian pyramid PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS/MENKAURE PARTS OF THE NECROPOLIS smallest and last pyramid to be built 1. MORTUARY TEMPLE aka funerary temple; a place of worship for a deceased king or queen especially xoxo, leanne. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. eimaigoiteia. xoxo, leanne.