hoa-reviewer-western-asian.pdf

lOMoARcPSD|45991212 HOA-reviewer ( Western- Asian) History of Architecture (Mapúa University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Jullanah Faye Calderon (jullanahfay...

lOMoARcPSD|45991212 HOA-reviewer ( Western- Asian) History of Architecture (Mapúa University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Jullanah Faye Calderon ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45991212 WESTERN-ASIAN ARCHITECURE – ANATOLIA Historical Events – Sumerians first ruled by Mesopotamia Between Black Mediterranean and Aegean Sea Catal Huyuk A neolithic settlement and one of the earliest cities in the world. Made of mud brick and built touching each other. No doors and windows, only roof hatches for access. I. GEOGRAPHICAL The earliest civilization of western Asia flourished in the fertile plants of the twin rivers (named Mesopotamia or “between two rivers” by the ancient Greeks) The plain of Mesopotamia (Gk. Mesos = middle + potamos= river) was irrigated by canals from river to river, and thus the land became fertile enough to support the MESOPOTAMIA = “mesos” – middle, and immerse populations round Nineveh and “potamus” – river Babylon. Just as pyramids and early monuments of Greek word meaning “Between Rivers” Egypt clustered first round the delta of the Tigris and Euphrates Nile, so in Chaldaea the earliest buildings Sumer-Assyria-Babylon appear to have been at the mouth of the two Fertile-Crescent - often referred to as “the famous rivers of Western Asia. cradle of civilization” On the east of Babylonia and Assyria was ancient Persia, which, under Cyrus and The Babylonian (Chaldean) Period - B.C. 4000-1275 Darius, extended over the high plateau of The Assyrian Period - B.C. 1275-538 Iran from the Tigris to the Indus. The Persian Period - B.C. 538-333 II. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES: Chaldea or Lower Mesopotamia - alluvial district or thick mud and clay deposited by Geographical – Bounded by two rivers – the two great rivers. Such soil, where no Tigris and Euphrates stone was found and no trees would grow, Geological – clay turned into bricks/mud was suitable for the making of bricks, which bricks thus became the usual building material in Climatic – Dominated by floods during Babylonia. rainfall which resulted for temples on - Walls were made from crude, sun-dried platforms brick faced with kiln-burnt and glazed Religious Belief - Symbolism and polytheism bricks of different colors. Social-Political – City, State, rules by kings. Assyria – plenty of stone in the mountains but followed Babylonians in the use of Downloaded by Jullanah Faye Calderon ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45991212 brick. Did not use glazed bricks for internal & V. SOCIAL external walls but used alabaster or limestone slabs carved with low bas-reliefs BABYLONIAN and inscriptions, which are great historic Powerful Priestly Class promoted importance. “Chaledean wisdom,” and “medicine men” Persia – Hard colored limestone was used in or physicians were included in the priestly the building of Susa and Persepolis, and roof- ranks. timbers were obtained from Elam on the - They were traders, employed slaves, for west. Persian tiles have always been world- the building that wonderful system of famous for their beauty of texture and irrigation. color. Cuneiform on clay tablets or cylinders have proved more lasting than the Egyptian III. CLIMATIC records on papyrus, among them are Chaldea(Babylon) – region of swamps and accounts of the proceedings in Babylonian floods law courts and endless business documents. - rain fells for week at a time Ashurbanipal created the first evert - long summer by unhealthy, miasmic systematic library. exhalations The “Code of Laws” of Hammurabi (c. B.C. - swarms of aggressive and venomous 2250) give insights into habits, customs , and insects private life from the earliest times, family Assyria – had a similar climate idea prevailed, women were free and - Fewer swamps and less miasma respected, cities had rights and charters, Persia – dry, hot climate there were feudal holdings, a police system, - Country of sunshine, gardens, and and even postal service. desserts The people divided into nobles with - Extreme of heat and cold hereditary estates, landless class of freemen, and lastly slaves – a social system not only Medieval, but almost modern in some IV.RELIGIOUS aspects. Babylonia and Assyira – Polytheism Chief Gods ASSYRIAN 1. Anu – sky god A Military Autocracy was the dominating 2. Elil – earth god class, were fighters and sportsmen rather 3. Ea – god of water than traders. 4. Marduk and Ashure – National god pf Irrigation and agriculture also occupied the Assyria and Babylonia Assyrians. 5. Shamash – sun god Built palaces on raised platforms by the 6. Sin – moon god work of captive slaves. 7. Ishtar – goddess of passion and war They were carpenters, masons, smiths, - Worship of heavenly bodies, divisions of makers of musical instruments, engineers, the universe, local deities scientists, mathematicians, poets, and - Superstition and symbolism everywhere musicians. Persia – Monotheism did not follow the influence of Babylon PERSIAN - Incorporated in the religion of Zoroaster Military Superiority, all were soldiers ; land- - Belief in the final triumph of good owners as horsemen, and people as infantry. Downloaded by Jullanah Faye Calderon ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45991212 Gradually imposed Persian civilization on grotesque form seen in the halls of Western Asia under the rule of the Satraps Susa and Persepolis. (governor of a province). Darius (B.C. 521-485), carried Persian The erection of royal palaces gave ample arms into Europe as far as the opportunity for the development of Persian Danube, went after Greece, and in architecture and decorative art. B.C. 494 captured Miletus, destroying the famous Ionic temple. He defeated the allied Greeks at VI. HISTORICAL EVENTS Ephesus, but was him-self defeated at Marathon (B.C. 490) Three main periods of West Asiatic architecture: Xerxes (B.C. 485-465), who pursued the same ambition, met with defeat A. BABYLONIAN PERIOD (B.C. 4000-1275) by the Greeks, not only in the sea An early Sumerian king, Eannatum, battle of Salamis (B.C. 480), but also seems to have brought about the in the land battle of Platea (B.C. 479). first union of Babylonian cities Hammurabi or Khammurabi in B.C. 2250 established the domination of Babylon, and formulated his “Code ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER: of Law” MASSIVENESS, MONUMENTALITY, The Babylonian power declined later, GRANDEUR until in B.C. 1700 Assyria became a separate kingdom. A. BABYLONIAN ARCHITECTURE (B.C. 4000-1275) B. ASSYRIAN PERIOD (B.C. 1275-538) The Assyrians next conquered Architectural Character – PLAIN Babylonia in B.C. 1275, and remained Principal Materials – BRICKS the great military power of Western Constructive Method – ARCH AND Asia until destruction of Nineveh VAULT about B.C. 606. ZIGGURAT – Most important structure C. PERSIAN PERIOD (B.C. 538-333) Temple towers, observatories built of mud The domination of Persia over Western Asia, and brick and face with baked bricks and her further extension of power, record her contact bitumen. with Greece and Egypt. Also called as holy mountains where sacred fire is kept burning. Cyrus, after capture Babylon (B.C. Orientation of the four corners are towards 538), made war on Croesus, King of the four cardinal points. Lydia, the Greek colonists in Asia Minor fell under the rule of Persia. ZIGGURART DEVELOPMENT Cambyses (B.C. 529-521), his son, 1. Archaic Ziggurat extended Persian conquests to 2. Two or more stages type ziggurat – multi Egypt, the impression produced by story the marvelous buildings to Memphis 3. Assyrian types or seven stages ziggurat – no and Thebes caused the introduction stairs but a continuous ramp. 7 STAGES of the column into Persian SYMBOLIZES 7 HEAVELY PLANET. architecture, but in somewhat Downloaded by Jullanah Faye Calderon ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45991212 2. Harem - private family apartments 3. Khan - service chambers THE ASSYRIAN PERIOD Palaces of warrior-kings were the chief buildings of Assyria, while temples sink in importance compared with these great palaces. ZIGGURAT TEMPLES – ZIGGURATS - Built-in diminishing stages of mud brick with buttressed walls faced with burnt bricks - Known as “HOLY MOUNTAINS” with a “FIRE ALTAR” on top. B. ASSYRIAN ARCHITECTURE (B.C. 1275- 538) Architectural Character – PLAIN C. PERSIAN PERIOD (B.C. 538-333) Principal Materials – BRICKS Constructive Method – ARCH AND Architectural Character – LIGHT AND VAULT AIRY Principal Materials – STONES PALACES – Chief Structure Constructive Method – COLUMNAR AND Temples were with or without a ziggurat. TRABEATED Introduction of polychrome, ornamental brickwork and high fleets or pedestals, Walls covered with polychrome bricks made of great stone slab Palaces and tombs derived from old Presence of decorative continuous stone civilizations. found in their interiors, Palaces and tombs at Susa and Persepolis Placed their palaces on lofty platforms, suggests that the Persian adopted certain often partly rock-cut and partly built-up. features from the conquered Assyrians such as: PARTS OF PALACES a. Raised platforms SERAGLIO – King’s residence; Men chamber b. Sculptured monsters c. Slabs of bas-relief HAREM – Private family apartment; d. Glazed and colored brickwork Women’s chamber (polychrome bricks) which they have KHAN – Service chamber brought to protection. APPARTMENTS IN PALACE OF SARGON 1. Seraglio - palace proper including: a. King’s residence, b. Statehalls, c, Men’s apartments, d. Reception halls. Downloaded by Jullanah Faye Calderon ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45991212 GEOGRPAHICAL/GEOLOGICAL - Timber and colored limestone CLIMATIC - Dry and hot climate SOCIAL-POLITICAL/ RELIGIOUS BELIEFS - Regional Autonomy, Coinage and Tax System - Army and Naval Forces Palace platform at Persepolis 1500 x 1000 ft in extent and 40 ft above the plain, it holds the following: 1. Palace of Darius – on 10 ft high platform 2. Palace of Xerxes – approximately 25,000 sqft. 3. Hypostyle Hall of Xerxes 4. Hall of hundred columns built by Darius 5. Monumental entrance to the platform was the Propylaea by Xerxes. Downloaded by Jullanah Faye Calderon ([email protected])