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St. Peter's Cathedral ▪ is one of the most renowned and significant religious and architectural landmarks in the world. Located within Vatican City, it is the largest and most important church in Roman Catholicism and a symbol of the Vatican and the Papacy. St. Peter's Basilica's 12 Architects 1....

St. Peter's Cathedral ▪ is one of the most renowned and significant religious and architectural landmarks in the world. Located within Vatican City, it is the largest and most important church in Roman Catholicism and a symbol of the Vatican and the Papacy. St. Peter's Basilica's 12 Architects 1. Donato Bramante (1444-1514) Bramante was the first chief architect of St. Peter\'s Basilica. He designed the initial plan and laid the foundations for the new basilica in the early 16th century. His design was selected from several entries in a competition. He proposed a Greek cross plan and a dome similar to the Pantheon in Rome. 2. Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (1484-1546) Sangallo succeeded Bramante and made significant modifications to the original plan. He oversaw the construction of the basilica\'s dome, which was one of his most notable contributions. 3. Fra Giovanni Giocondo Strengthening the foundation 4. Raphael Santi Proposed a Latin cross plan 5. Baldassare Peruzzi Reverted to Greek cross 6. Antonio da Sangallo Slightly altered plan -- extended vestibule and campanile, and elaborated the central dome. 7. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564): The renowned Renaissance artist and architect Michelangelo made several changes to the design, particularly the dome. His design for the dome, with its distinctive profile, remains one of the basilica\'s most recognizable features. Undertook the project at 72 years old - present building owes most of its outstanding features to him Greek-cross Plan and strengthen the Dome 8. Giacomo Della Porta (1532-1602) Della Porta took over as chief architect after Michelangelo\'s death and continued the work on the basilica. He completed the dome following Michelangelo\'s plans and made additional modifications to the design. Designed the cupola 9. Domenico Fontana(1634-1714) Fontana made further modifications to the facade of the basilica and played a role in various renovations and additions to the building. Completed the dome in 1590 10. Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola Added sided cupolas or side domes 11. Carlo Maderno (1556-1629) Maderno was responsible for the facade of St. Peter\'s Basilica, creating the grand Baroque-style frontage that faces St. Peter\'s Square. 12. Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) Although primarily a sculptor and artist, Bernini was heavily involved in the design and decoration of the basilica\'s interior and its piazza. He contributed to the layout of the St. Peter\'s Square and designed the breathtaking baldacchino over the high altar. **Renaissance (1420-1550)** ▪ Developed during the rebirth of classical art and learning in Europe. ▪ Initially characterized by the use of the classical orders, round arches, and symmetrical proportions. ▪ Pure Renaissance architecture was based on regular order, symmetry, and a central axis with grandiose plans and impressive facades ▪ Renaissance had its birth in Florence ▪ Silhouettes were clean and simple, with flat roofs. ▪ Walls of large, dressed masonry blocks gave buildings an imposing sense of dignity and strength. ▪ Emphasis on horizontality. ▪ Ornamentation was based on pagan or classical mythological subjects **Periods** **Early Renaissance or Quattrocento:** Renaissance architecture is generally broken down into three main periods. It started with the Early Renaissance that began around 1400 when architects looked to antiquity for inspiration. They reintroduced classical Roman and [Greek](https://www.thespruce.com/greek-revival-architecture-4770079) elements, such as arches, columns, and domes into buildings. Early Renaissance buildings had symmetrical facades and clear, streamlined volumes that marked a change from the more complex [Gothic proportions](https://www.thespruce.com/what-is-gothic-architecture-5076201) that preceded them. ▪ Period of learning designers were intent on the accurate Roman elements. ▪ Leading Architects were Brunelleschi, Michelozzo, and Alber **High Renaissance** Starting around 1500, the High Renaissance was a period in which the use of classical elements adapted to contemporary 16th-century building styles was in full bloom. Renaissance became an individual style in its own right Purist or Palladian, where Roman tradition was held in high respect (represented by Andrea Palladio) Proto-Baroque, where there was more confidence in using the acquired vocabulary freely (represented by Michelangelo) **Mannerism** Then, during the Late Renaissance starting around 1520 (also called Mannerism), the use of decorative and ornamental classical elements, such as domes and cupolas, became more widespread.  A reaction against the classical perfection of the High Renaissance; it either responded with a rigorous application of classical rules, or flaunted classical convention, in terms of scale and shape. Mannerist, where practices which had no Roman precedent were interspersed with the usual buildings, or entire buildings were conceived in a non-Roman way Mannerists used architectural elements in a free, decorative and illogical way, unsanctioned by antique precedent **Baroque Period** Palazzo Spada, Rome (Francesco Borromini) Scala Regia, Vatican,Rome (Lorenzo Bernini) St. Johannes Nepomuk, Munich (Asam Brothers) Renaissance architecture was followed by the emergence of the [Baroque](https://www.thespruce.com/baroque-architecture-4797911) period around 1600. Nevertheless, hundreds of years later, the architectural fruits of the Renaissance are considered some of the world's greatest structures. Meaning in Spain oddly shaped pearls (pèrola barroca );in Italy it meant a pedantic, contorted argument of little dialectic value. COUNTER REINFORMATION - Western Europe, beginning of Baroque Architecture - Catholic church emphasize their power & monarchy to protestants - Structures have many curves which gives a feeling of movement and emotions - Use of unfinished elements because it's beautiful - also characterized by what is now known as town planning: the arrangement of cities according to predetermined schemes, and the creation of great parks and gardens around residences of importance. - Architects worked with freedom knowledge. The true nature of Renaissance as a distinctive style began to emerge. - Baroque saw architecture, painting, sculpture and the minor arts being used in harmony to produce the unified whole. - Churrigueresque refers to Spanish Baroque. **Rococo** **The Basilica at Ottobeuren, Bavaria** **-architectural spaces flow together and swarm with life** **Hall of Mirrors, Munich** A style of architecture and decoration evolved from Baroque types and distinguished by its elegant refinement in using different materials for a delicate overall effect and by its ornament of shell work and foliage. ♣ term Rococo from the French ROCAILLE meaning shell ♣ an exuberant and delicate flourish of decoration ♣ was an essentially interior style---playfully decoratedwith flowers, birds, ribbons, etc. ♣ vivid colors replaced by pastel shades ♣ also referred to as \"Late Baroque ▪ Style which is primarily French in origin. ▪ Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells. ▪ Profuse, often semi-abstract ornamentation. ▪ Light in color and weight. Architectural Features: **PLANS:** Use of Symmetry, Geometry and Proportion Grandeur obtained through simplicity Less or No use of Towers and more use of Domes Interiors planned according to the principles of Roman Architecture **WALLS:** Constructed of Ashlar Masonry Stucco or Plaster were often used as Facing Materials Angles of Buildings were built in unsmoothed stone Gable ends of Churches and Buildings were made as pediments with low pitch. **OPENINGS:** Door and Window openings are Semi Circular or Square headed. Constructed according to climate Southern Europe- Hot Climate- Openings were small Northern Europe- Dull Climate- Openings were Large Classic System of Molded Architrave as Revived. **ROOFING and COLUMNS:** Simple Roman Vaults without Ribs. Domes have internal Soffit and Ceiling painted in Frescoes. Roman Classic order of Columns was Revived. The shafts of Columns were fluted spirally. Rusticated and Ornamented with Foliage and Fruits. **Architectural Character:** ▪ Symmetry ▪ Proportion ▪ Geometry **[Renaissance Architects]** **Leon Battista Alberti** Helped promote architecture from an artisan's trade to a profession by calling for such intellectual requirements as mathematics, geometry, and philosophy. Wrote the book, \"De Re Aedificatoria,\" which largely influenced men\'s minds in favour of therevived Roman style. Other works are Santa Maria Novella in Florence and Sant\'andrea in Mantua. **Andrea Palladio** The Four Books of Architecture Villa Rotonda, transforming a houseinto a classical temple **Filippo Brunelleschi** Palazzo Medici Riccardi The Dome of Florence Cathedral was Brunelleschi\'s principal work. Other works are the Riccardi Medici Palace and San Lorenzo church in Florence. He observed that the way one sees regular structures such as the Baptistery of Florence and the tiled pavement surrounding it follows a mathematical order---linear perspective **Donato Bramante** Tempietto in S. Pietro, Montorio Resembling small Roman circular temple with Doric columns 4.5 m internal diameter Site where S. Peter was martyred Dome on drum pierced with alternating windows and shell-headed niche **Giacomo Barozzi daVignola** Author of \"The Five Orders of Architecture.\" Works include the Sant'andrea inRome and the two small cupolas at St. Peter. **Michelangelo Buonarotti** A famous Florentine sculptor, and painter of the roof of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican. He finished the Farnese Palace and carried out the Dome of St. Peter. **Baldassare Peruzzi** was an Italian architect and painter. He worked for many years with Bramante, Raphael, and later Sangallo during the erection of the new St. Peter's. Some of his works were the mosaic ceiling for the church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome, the fresco of Augustus and the Tiburtine Sibyl in Santa Maria in Portico a Fontegiusta at Siena, and the Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne **Antonio da Sangallo the Elder** San Biagio, Montepulciano His brother Giuliano da Sangallo and nephew Antonio da Sangallo the Younger were also architects. "the first of the great cinquecento domes to be completed **Carlo Maderna/ Maderno** He was an Italian architect, born in today\'s Ticino, who is remembered as one of the fathers of Baroque architecture. He designed the façade of the St. Peter's Basilica and the Santa Susanna, Rome. **Leonardo da Vinci** He was an Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer whose genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. **Giorgio Vassari** The Uffizi Loggia His loggia of the Palazzo degli Uffizi bythe Arno opens up the vista at the farend of its long narrow courtyard. In Florence, Vasari also built the long passage, now called Vasari Corridor, which connects the Uffizi with the Palazzo Pitti on the other side of the river. He also renovated the medieval churches of Santa Maria Novella and Santa Croce **Giuliano da Sangallo** Palazzo Gondi Giuliano da Sangallo, also known as Giuliano Giamberti, was an Italian Renaissance architect and designer. He was born in 1443 in Florence, Italy, and he died in 1516. Giuliano was a prominent figure during the early Renaissance period and contributed significantly to the development of architectural and artistic styles during this time.. **CHATEAU / CHATEAUX** **Chateau de Chambord** A \"château\" is a French word that translates to \"castle\" or \"palace\" in English. In France, it is often used to refert o large, stately country houses or estates,especially those with historical, architectural, or cultural significance. Châteaux are typically characterized by their grandeur, often featuring elegant architecture, large estates or gardens, and historical or cultural importance. **ENGLAND** **ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD)** ♣ During the reign of Queen Elizabeth ♣ Establishment of Renaissance style in England, followedTudor architecture ♣ Transition style with Gothic features and Renaissance detail Elizabethan architecture, also known as Elizabethan Tudor architecture, refersto the architectural style that was prevalent in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, which covered the late 16th century. It was a distinctive period in English architecture marked by various design elements influenced by the Renaissance and the Tudor architectural tradition. Elizabethan architecture is known for its elaborate and often highly ornamented structures. Key features of Elizabethan architecture: Timber Framing Gables Bay Windows Tall, Slim Chimneys Leaded Glass windows Ornamentation Symmetry and proportion Large Halls **JACOBEAN (1603 to 1625 AD)** Jacobean architecture refers to the architectural style that was prevalent in England during the reign of King James I, which covered the early 17th century. This period followed the Elizabethan era and preceded the English Civil War. Jacobean architecture is characterized by a unique blend of architectural influences, including elements from the late Renaissance, early Baroque, and even some remnants of the Tudor style. It is a transitional style that reflects the changing tastes and influences of the time. Key features of Jacobean architecture: Symmetry Use of Brick and Stone Elevation Mullioned and Transomed Windows Ornamentation Dutch Influence Proportions **STUART ARCHITECTURE** Stuart architecture refers to the architectural style that was prevalent in England during the Stuart period, which encompassed the reigns of the Stuart monarchs, starting with James I in 1603 and ending with Queen Anne in 1714. The Stuart era saw a transition from the Elizabethan and Jacobean styles to amore restrained and classical architectural vocabulary influenced by the architecture of continental Europe. Key features of Stuart architecture: Classical Influences Red Bricks Symmetry and proportion Palladian Architecture Sash Windows Decorative Elements Grand Estates Inigo Jones was influenced by Italian Renaissance Christopher Wren was influenced by French Renaissance **GEORGIAN ARCHITECTURE** Georgian architecture refers to the architectural style that was predominant in England during the reigns of the first four King Georges (George I, GeorgeII, George III, and George IV) from 1714 to 1830. This period saw a significant evolution in architectural design and is characterized by a shift from the earlier Baroque and Rococo styles to a more restrained and classical approach. Key features of Georgian architecture: Symmetry Classical Influence Brick and Stone Sash Windows Roofline Doorways Townhouses Neoclassical Style **RENAISSANCE: EXAMPLES** **SPAIN** **EARLY PERIOD (1492 to 1556 AD)** ♣ Grafting Renaissance details unto Gothic forms ♣ Plateresque, rich and poetic style, so named for its similarity to silversmiths\' work -- plateria ♣ Influenced by Moorish art - extremely florid and decorative, from the minuteness of detail In Portugal: ♣ Manueline Style (from King Manuel I, 1495 to 1521AD) ♣ Decorative rather than structural in character, inspired by the voyages of discoverers ♣ CLASSICAL PERIOD (1556 to 1690 AD) Close adherence to Italian Renaissance art ♣ BAROQUE PERIOD (1650 to 1750 AD) Classical rules disregarded Churrigueresque, fantastically extravagant expression, by Josede Churriguera, (1650 to 1723AD) ♣ ANTIQUARIAN PERIOD (1750 to 1830 AD) ♣ Returned to Ancient Classical Models SPAIN The Escorial, Madrid ♣ Austere group of buildings, composed of the monastery, college, church and palace with state apartments ♣ Juan Bautista Toledo and Juan de Herrera The University, Salamanca ♣ The facade is a Plateresque design masterpiece ♣ Admirable craftsmanship RENAISSANCE: BAROQUE ♣ Curvaceous, daring forms ♣ Ornate and richly gilded ♣ Individual elements were secondary to overall effect ♣ Ideal integration of the art, architecture, paintingand sculpture ♣ Dramatic use of light ♣ Illusory effects like TROMP L'OEIL ♣ large-scale ceiling FRESCOES Terminologies: QUIONS -- hard stone or brick used w/ similar ones to reinforce an external corner or edge of a wall. SCROLL -- contains spiral wind band or " volutes'. WREATH -- or Swag or Festoon, twisted band, garland or chaplet representing flowers, fruits, leaves for decoration. CHAINES --vertical stripe of a rusticated masonry. BOSS-- a lump or knob,projected ornament at the intersection of the ribs of a ceiling. RUSTICATION -- a method of forming a stonework w/ roughened surface & recessed joints. CORTILE -- Italian name for internal court surrounded by an arcade. ASTYLAR -- a treatment of façade without column. PIANO NOBILE -- several steps going up & 3 steps going down before the principal flooring o an Italian palace. PIETRA SERENA -- a blue grey stone of fine quality. PIETA FORTE -- a brown stone more suitable for exterior work. CANTORIA -- a singer's gallery or "choir".