Neoclassical Architecture Review PDF

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE Comparative analysis of Renaissance and Neoclassical FACADE PLAN NEOCLASSICISM NEOCLASSICAL Reaction to Rococo and Baroque architectural styles. New discoveries of Greek and Roman architecture led Neoclassical period, which lasted 18...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE Comparative analysis of Renaissance and Neoclassical FACADE PLAN NEOCLASSICISM NEOCLASSICAL Reaction to Rococo and Baroque architectural styles. New discoveries of Greek and Roman architecture led Neoclassical period, which lasted 1850- 1900. return to the perceived "purity" of the arts of Rome, to the more vague perception ("ideal") of Ancient Greek arts principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles, and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio. HISTORY Due to the huge volcanic eruption of Vesuvius, which towers over the Gulf of Naples in Italy, the Roman provincial town of Pompeii was buried under a rain of ash HISTORY In 1738, a Spanish engineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre excavated the place discovered some remains of the Palace of the King of Naples. In 1748, Alcubierre discovered the Pompeii. As the two Roman towns are gradually uncovered, many visitors came from all over the Europe to witness the extraordinary range of buildings, surviving frescoes and mosaics, household item and human remains, all frozen in time. Into the 19th century The industrial revolution and the advent of new building technologies and materials in the nineteenth century had diverse effects on Neoclassicism, pushing form and theory in new directions. Gottfried Semper reconciles Neoclassical principles to the modern age. In his Die Vier Elemente der Baukunst (The Four Elements of Architecture; 1851), Semper argued that architecture was a function of recurring elements that were fundamentally shaped by the processes of their creation: weaving, moulding, carpentry, masonry and metalwork. NEOCLASSICISM Palladianism Classical revival Greek revival Empire style Picturesque Sublime NEOCLASSICISM PALLADIANISM Andrea Palladio an Italian architect active in the Venetian Republic. Palladio, influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily by Vitruvius Palladianism in England and America (18th century) Knowledge of Palladio’s work had already reached England a century earlier: Inigo Jones had studied Palladio’s buildings first- hand in the 1610s and had returned with a number of great master’s drawings Put what he learned from Palladio into practice in several works. Banqueting house at whitehall By Inigo Jones Queen’s House at Greenwich, London By Inigo Jones Palladianism in England and America (18th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Unity of the whole Temple front Natural landscape gardens Public buildings Pattern book architecture Implied order Mereworth Castle UNITY OF THE WHOLE By Colen Campbell Palladianism in England and America (18th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Unity of the whole Temple front Natural landscape gardens Public buildings Pattern book architecture Implied order Monticello TEMPLE FRONT Chralottesvile, Virginia Palladianism in England and America (18th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Unity of the whole Temple front Natural landscape gardens Public buildings Pattern book architecture Implied order  NATURAL LANDSCAPE Garden at Rousham, Oxfordshire By William Kent GARDENS Palladianism in England and America (18th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Unity of the whole Temple front Natural landscape gardens Public buildings Pattern book architecture Implied order Palladianism in England and America (18th century) PUBLIC BUILDINGS The emergence of the modern political state at the end of the seventeenth century required new building types to express its functions. William Kent and John Vardy, Horse Guards, London Horse Guards, London PUBLIC By William Kent and John Vardy BUILDINGS Palladianism in England and America (18th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Unity of the whole Temple front Natural landscape gardens Public buildings Pattern book architecture Implied order Clandon Park, Surrey By Giacomo Leoni Palladianism in England and America (18th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Unity of the whole Temple front Natural landscape gardens Public buildings Pattern book architecture Implied order Royal Crescent Bath Royal Crescent Bath Queen’s House, Greenwich By Inigo Jones NEOCLASSICISM Palladianism Classical revival Greek revival Empire style Picturesque Sublime NEOCLASSICISM CLASSICAL REVIVAL CLASSICAL REVIVAL in Europe and America (mid 18th and mid 19th century) Palladianism was a reaction to the perceived extravagance and license of the Baroque, and sought to reaffirm architecture’s link to the Ancients, as mediated by Palladio. 1750s architects inspired by their experiences on the Grand Tour, and perhaps also by Abbe Laugier’s writings on the origins of classical architecture Direct inspiration from the remains of the architecture of antiquity. Robert Adam Scottish Architect, one of the central figures of the classic revival. His father William Adam was Scotland’s leading architect, Robert recognized the advantage of first-hand experience of Roman Antiquities. In 1754 he set off for Italy on the well- troddem route of the Grand Tour CLASSICAL REVIVAL in Europe and America (mid 18th and mid 19th century) Shortly after his return, Adam published Ruins of the Palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia (1764) – which established his reputation and became a frequent source for his famous ‘Adam Style’ interiors combining colourful and highly ornate Neoclassical ornament. CLASSICAL REVIVAL in Europe and America (mid 18th and mid 19th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Roman Ornament Quotation Columns Archetypal forms Arches City grid Long Gallery, Syon House England CLASSICAL REVIVAL in Europe and America (mid 18th and mid 19th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Roman Ornament Quotation Columns Archetypal forms Arches City grid South front, Kedleston Hall DOME – references England the Pantheon CLASSICAL REVIVAL in Europe and America (mid 18th and mid 19th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Roman Ornament Quotation Columns Archetypal forms Arches City grid CLASSICAL REVIVAL in Europe and America (mid 18th and mid 19th century) COLUMNS A follower of Abbe Laugier, Jacques-Germaine Soufflot (1713-80) made a remarkable innovation in the church dedicated to Ste. Genevieve (now the Pantheon) that he designed he used freestanding columns to create an ambulatory along the whole perimeter of its Greek cross plan. This use of columns rather than walls or pilasters followed Laugier’s theories of the ‘primitive hut’. Pantheon (formerly Ste. Genevieve), Paris CLASSICAL REVIVAL in Europe and America (mid 18th and mid 19th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Roman Ornament Quotation Columns Archetypal forms Arches City grid Semperoper Germany CLASSICAL REVIVAL in Europe and America (mid 18th and mid 19th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Roman Ornament Quotation Columns Archetypal forms Arches City grid Somerset House London CLASSICAL REVIVAL in Europe and America (mid 18th and mid 19th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Roman Ornament Quotation Columns Archetypal forms Arches City grid CLASSICAL REVIVAL in Europe and America (mid 18th and mid 19th century) CITY GRID George Washington asked L’Enfant to draw up a plan for a new capital city in the Potomac River In conceiving this important plan, L’Enfant combined ancient Roman precedent with Enlightenment rationality. Aerial view of Capitol Building and Washington, DC, planned by Pierre Charles L’Enfant with revisions by Andrew Ellicott, begun 1791 NEOCLASSICISM Palladianism Classical revival Greek revival Empire style Picturesque Sublime NEOCLASSICISM GREEK REVIVAL GREEK REVIVAL in England and Germany (mid 18th and mid 19th century) PARENG NICHOLAS Prime destination for Grand Tourist – the Italy, contained some important ancient Greek ruins, notably the colony at Paestrum, recorded by Piranesi James ‘Athenian’ Stuart and Nicholas Revett venture to Greece, they were stepping beyond the usual well- trodden path of Grand Tour In the intervening years they carefully surveyed the ancient remains that they discovered GREEK REVIVAL in England and Germany (mid 18th and mid 19th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Polychromy Archeological accuracy Greek Doric order Interpretation Quotation Commodification of Antiquity GREEK REVIVAL in England and Germany (mid 18th and mid 19th century) POLYCHROMY Winckelmann believed that classical sculpture had originally white Promoted the idea that the purer the white the more beautiful the form. Painted Room, Spencer House, London  Painted Room, Spencer House, London POLYCHROMY GREEK REVIVAL in England and Germany (mid 18th and mid 19th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Polychromy Archeological accuracy Greek Doric order Interpretation Quotation Commodification of Antiquity British Museum, London GREEK REVIVAL in England and Germany (mid 18th and mid 19th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Polychromy Archeological accuracy Greek Doric order Interpretation Quotation Commodification of Antiquity The Grange,Northington Hampshire, England NEOCLASSICISM Palladianism Classical revival Greek revival Empire style Picturesque Sublime NEOCLASSICISM EMPIRE STYLE EMPIRE STYLE in France (mid 18th and mid 19th century) Hey! Let’s use Architecture to commemorate my victories and expand my power! xD A genius of military strategist, Napoleon recognized the importance of commemorating his victories, in monumental architecture as a way of bloistering and furthering his power. Napoleon Bonaparte EMPIRE STYLE in France (mid 18th and mid 19th century) Napoleon and his architects, notably the duo of Charles Percier and Pierre- Francois-Leonard Fontaine, were inspired by the forms and iconography of imperial Rome. Napoleon Bonaparte Charles Percier Pierre-Francois-Leonard Fontaine EMPIRE STYLE in France (mid 18th and mid 19th century) Triumphal arches and columns were the most obvious manifestations of a highly symbolic, sometimes bombastic form of Neoclassicism EMPIRE STYLE in France (mid 18th and mid 19th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Corinthian order Monumentality Spoliation Imperial symbolism Severity Interiors Portico of Palais Bourbon Paris CORINTHIAN COLUMNS EMPIRE STYLE in France (mid 18th and mid 19th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Corinthian order Monumentality Spoliation Imperial symbolism Severity Interiors La Madeleine Paris MONUMENTALITY EMPIRE STYLE in France (mid 18th and mid 19th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Corinthian order Monumentality Spoliation Imperial symbolism Severity Interiors Vendome Column Paris Bronze statue of Napoleon IMPERIAL SYMBOLISM EMPIRE STYLE in France (mid 18th and mid 19th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Corinthian order Monumentality Spoliation Imperial symbolism Severity Interiors NEOCLASSICISM Palladianism Classical revival Greek revival Empire style Picturesque Sublime PICTURESQUE in Europe (early 18th to19th century) CHARACTERISTICS: Asymmetry Sham ruins Painterly Rustic Exotic Picturesque urbanism PICTURESQUE in Europe (early 18th to19th century) ASYMMETRY Many designers revelled in the Picturesque possibilities of asymmetry as an antidote to the formal rigidities of classical design. It was not just Gothic structures that played with asymmetry Cronkhill by John Nash ASSYMETRY