Prehistoric Architecture (HOA-1-lesson-1-3-CFE-Reviewer PDF)

PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE STONEHENGE- A megalithic monument consisting of four concentric rings of trilithons and menhirs centered around an altar s...

PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE STONEHENGE- A megalithic monument consisting of four concentric rings of trilithons and menhirs centered around an altar stone. It is believed to HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE -Is a record of man's have been used by a sun cult or for astronomical effort to build beautifully observation. 1-10 week 1, 11-20 week 2, 21-30 week 3 PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE - Structures built before written history - Early human shelters and monumental structures. INFLUENCING FACTORS -Geographical -Geological -Climatic -Religion -Historical -Social and Political GOBEKLI TEPE- a Neolithic archaeological site in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. It is PERIODS OF PRE-HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURE famous for its large circular structures that contain massive stone pillars – among the world's Paleolithic period oldest known megaliths. material used: wood, stone, bone. Shelter: EARLY CITIES caves. Hunter gatherers JERICHO- One of the world’s oldest continually- LASCAUX CAVE - A cave in France containing wall inhabited city A hilltop city paintings and engravings of Paleolithic human thought to date from 13,000-8500 BCE. KHIROKITIA- One of the earliest Neolithic Village. House, built in limestone, had a circular MAMMOTH BONE HUTS - the mezhyrich site was a plan, the exterior diameter of which varied from winter settlement of paleolithic hunters. about 2 to 9 meters. Mesolithic period - ÇATALHÖYÜK- Largest and most well-preserved Neolithic Village. material used: wood, stone, bone, reeds. Shelter: semi-permanent, pit house. Nomadic to more settled PIT HOUSE- a pit house is a semi-subterranean dwelling that was partially dug into the ground. Neolithic period Materials used: Stone, mud bricks, wood and thatch. They are settled agricultural communities. TYPES OF STRUCTURE 1. Megalithic structure: Menhirs, Dolmens, stone circles 2. Longhouses: large communal dwellings. MENHIR- MONOLITHIC, mono;one, lithic;stone. usually standing alone but sometimes aligned with others in prallel rows DOLMEN- daul;table & maen; stone. Types; cove-three standing stones. Trilithon- 2 upright stone and 1 horizontal (lintel) KILCLOONEY - it utilized trabeation TRABEATION- the most basic construction system for structures consists of posts (vertical upright) and lintel (horizontal)  HOGAN-. A hogan can be round, cone-shaped, multi- sided, or square; with or without internal posts; EXAMPLES OF PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE with walls and roof of timber, packed earth, and stone in varying amounts, and a bark roof for a TIPI- summer house. a portable conical tent made of skins, cloth, or canvas on a frame of poles, used by North American Indians of the Plains and Great Lakes regions. TRUMULUS- a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds, or kurgans. BEEHIVE HUT- is a dry-stone hut with a corbelled roof, commonly associated with the south-western Irish seaboard. TRULLO- a round stone building made with conical IGLOO- a usually dome-shaped dwelling of arctic roof and without mortar found in southern Italy regions that is usually made of blocks of snow or and especially in Apulia. ice when built for temporary purposes or of sod, wood, or stone when permanent WIGWAM- a hut or tent with a domed or conical roof made by fastening bark, hides, or reed mats over a framework of poles Bronze age Iron age MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE Construction law of HAMMURABI 229 If a builder builds a house for someone, and does not construct it properly, and the house MESOPOTAMIA which he built falls in and kills its owner, then that comes from the Greek word, MESOS- middle, and builder shall be put to death. POTAMAS- river. MIDDLE RIVER. It refers to the 230 If it kills the son of the owner, the son fertile plain between the Tigris River and of that builder shall be put to death. Euphrates River. 231 If it kills a slave of the owner, then he shall pay, slave for slave, to the owner of the The region is now the modern-day Iraq, Kuwait, house. turkey and Syria 232 If it ruins goods, he shall make ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER compensation for all that has been ruined, and inasmuch as he MASSIVE did not construct properly this house which he built and it fell, he shall re-erect the house MONUMENTAL from his own means. GRAND 233 If a builder builds a house for someone, even though he has not yet completed it; if then the walls seem toppling, the builder must make the SUMERIANS 5000 – 2000 B.C.E. walls solid from his own means. Characterized by monumental temples of sun- dried brick faced with burnt or glazed brick TOWER OF BABEL 1594 The tower was built by the Babylonian king, king The well-known used of temples known as Nebuchadnezzar II to rival heaven, it had 7 tiers “Ziggurats” (1 – 7 tiers) means “Holy Mountain” covered in glazed tiles and it is use for worshiping Marduk, the god of the city of Babylon Roofs were usually “Flat” outside except where the “dome” is protruded. ZIGGURAT is a built raised platform with four sloping sides like a chopped-off pyramid. Ziggurats are made of mud-bricks, its four corners were oriented towards the cardinal points. Ziggurat of Ur The Ziggurat of Ur is a Neo- Sumerian ziggurat in what was the city of Ur near Nasiriyah, in present day Dhi Qar Province, Iraq. A temple dedicated to the moon god built by the Sumerian ruler, Ur Nammu, and his successors around 2125 B.C.E. HANGGING GARDEN OF BABYLON king nebuchadnezzar built the hanging garden for its wife, Amytis, who was homesick. One of the seven wonder of the ancient world. BABYLONIAN 3000 – 1000 B.C.E 1. Old Babylon ISHTAR GATE Founded by Hammurabi It was the 8th gate to the inner city of Babylon, Established a law known as the “Code of known for its blue-glazed tiles featuring Hammurabi” written in a “Cuneiform” - a intricate depictions of dragons and deities. tablets made from clay. 2. Neo- Babylon ruled by Nebuchadnezzar II modern day Iraq famous with its “Hanging Garden” and the Tower of Babel  ASSYRIAN 900-700 B.C.E The Mesopotamian architecture developed under PERSOPOLIS the Assyrian king-emperors of the 9th to 7th ffcenturies BCE. Within city walls strengthened Darius designed his own city Persopolis “the by towers with crenelated battlements, palaces city of the persians” took precedence over religious buildings. Vaulting played a greater role than in southern Mesopotamia and polychrome glazed brickwork showed the influence of Egyptian decoration. DUR-SHARRUKIN- or Khorsabad squarish parallelogram city with the palace, temple and the government buildings compressed within the walls d Apartments in Assyrian palace Seraglio, palace chamber Haram, private chamber Khan, service chamber LAMASSU- the monumental stone sculptures of human-headed, winged bulls or lions that guarded the entrances to Mesopotamian palaces and temples EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE Human head- intelligence Egyptian (3000 B.C. – 200 A.D.) Wings-freedom Characterized by the axial planning of Body of bulls or lions- strength massive masonry tombs and temples, the use of trabeated construction with precise stonework, and the decoration of battered walls with pictographic carvings in relief. A preoccupation with eternity and the afterlife dominated the buildings of these funerary moments and temples Nile river played a crucial role in shaping ancient Egyptian civilization, influencing its culture, economy, and architecture. Here’s an exploration of the relevance of the Nile to Egyptian life and architecture: Lifeblood of the Civilization PERSIAN 500-300 B.C.E. Economic Significance The architecture developed under the Achaemenid dynasty of kings who ruled ancient Persia from Cultural and Religious Importance 550 B.C.E. until its conquest by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE, characterized by synthesis Influence on Architecture of architectural elements of surrounding Sustainer of the Pharaoh's Power countries, such as Assyria, Egypt, and Ionian Greece Historical Legacy  Religious Structure AVENUE OF SPYNX- leads to tall portal guarded by a towering pylon MASTABA- A TOMB FOR THE NOBILITY OR MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL FAMILY SPYNX- a figure of a imaginary creature having the body of lion and the head of a man, ram, or hawk. OBELISK- a Egyptian monolithic four-sided standing alone tapering to a pyramidical cap TEMPLES- an edifice or place dedicated to worship or presence of a deity. (pyramidion) often inscribed with hieroglyphs and erected as a monuments. Hieroglyphs- their writing. Pylon- A gateway guarding a sacred precinct consisting of either a pair of tall truncated pyramids and a doorway between them, often decorated with painted relief Hypostyle Hall- A large hall having many columns in rows supporting a flat roof, and sometimes a clerestory Pylon temple- An Egyptian temple type with monumental gateways, formed by twined pylons. Mammisi- Birth-house; a small Egyptian side temple, kiosk or tent shrine to celebrate the place where the god of the main temple was born, or where the goddess bore her children. Kinds of temples Barque Temple- A room or building in which the Cult temple- temple for the worship of deity image of the Pharaoh or deity was revered Mortuary temple- for offerings and worship of Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut- Queen a deceased person, usually a deified king. Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple played a key role in the processional events as the temporary resting place for the barque during the KARNAK TEMPLE COMPLEX- When Amun-Re, the god of Beautiful Feast of the Valley, which was to the sun and the heaven became the national deity become the main burial place for the Egyptian during the period of the New Kingdom, at least royalty. a dozen temples were built in his honor. Rock cut Tomb- A tomb hewn out of native rock, presenting only an architectural font with dark interior chambers, of which the sections are supported by masses of stone left in the form of solid pillars. Abu Simbel- the façade, carved directly into the sandstone cliff, takes the form of a pylon and is dominated by four colossal seated figures, 22 meters tall, all portrayals of Ramesses. Pyramid- A massive masonry structure having a PYRAMID COMPLEX- the ceremonial area of buildings and rectangular base and four smooth, steeply sloping sides facing the cardinal points and structures surrounding an ancient egyptian pyramid. meeting at an apex. Used in ancient Egypt as a tomb to contain the burial chamber and the mummy of the pharaoh North pyramid of Dahshur- the first true pyramid completed in Egypt Pyramid of Giza- erected on the west bank of the nile river. Pyramid of Djoser- built by Imhotep, to king zoser; it begun as a mastaba-tomb. Imhotep- the first architect recorded in history, works; king Djoser at Saqqara pyramid. TYPES OF PYRAMIDS Step pyramids- a pyramid type whose sides are stepped with tiers rather than smooth. Example: king Djoser at Saqqara, south of cairo PARTS OF PYRAMID COMPLEX Bent pyramid- an Egyptian pyramid-type in which each triangular planar surface changes Motuary temple- also called as funerary temple, a place of direction. Also called as a blunt or false pyramid. Example; pyramid of sneferu. worship a deseased king or queen Slope pyramid- pyramid with 4 sloping triangular Valley temple- use for preparing the pharoah for his final sides, with fixed angle, also called as true pyramid. Example; north pyramid of Dahshur, journey. pyramids of giza Pyramid temple- a mortuary temple connected specifically to a pyramid. PYRAMIDS OF GIZA Pyramid causeway- a covered cereminial route or corridor leading from a valley temple to a motuary temple. Stela- a slap stela shows a royal personage at a funerary repast sitting next to an offering table covered with the loaves of bread that have been brought to him.