History Of Architecture 1 PDF

9/6/2024 “Architecture is not unknown to animals: The worm’s hole the ant’s gallery, the bee’s hiv...

9/6/2024 “Architecture is not unknown to animals: The worm’s hole the ant’s gallery, the bee’s hive...the gorilla’s hut., the house, the castle keep, the temple, and the palace all satisfy the same need, HISTORY OF infinitely diversified. Architecture 1 A common law may be induced from them, and that is the law of adaptation, Utility is the ground for architectural aesthetic” -André Lefèrre INFLUENCES INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHICAL GEOLOGICAL- Spatial relationships between humans and their Influence on architectural style which the environment. materials at hand in each/country had in its development.  9/6/2024 INFLUENCES INFLUENCES CLIMATE RELIGION Temperature and Weather Patterns Symbolic Forms and Structures INFLUENCES INFLUENCES SOCIAL AND POLITICAL HISTORICAL Reflection of cultural values, social evolution of architectural styles is influenced by hierarchies, and community identity. historical events, periods, and movements  9/6/2024 DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY Protection from the inclemency of CULTURE the seasons was the mother of REVIEW ON THE ARCHITECTURAL EXPRESSION PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE architecture. Cultural Stages Early in the Stone Age, humans PALEOLITHIC(OLD STONE AGE) lived in small, nomadic groups. MESOLITHIC(MIDDLE STONE AGE) NEOLITHIC(NEW STONE AGE)  9/6/2024 PALEOLITHIC(OLD STONE AGE) MESOLITHIC(MIDDLE STONE AGE) More timber and other similar materials are used in the Early humans lived in caves or simple huts or construction of early dwellings. tepees and were hunters and gatherers. Architecture reflecting a less stoic way of life, more open. Development of primitive stone tools. (Agriculture was introduced during this time, which led to more permanent settlements in villages) NEOLITHIC(NEW STONE AGE) Switched from hunter/gatherer mode to agriculture and food production. Advancements were made not only in tools but also in farming, home construction and art, including pottery, sewing and weaving.  9/6/2024 CATALHUYUK (ÇATALHÖYÜK) Turkey Largest and the most well-preserved neolithic village. A UNESCO World Heritage Site Evidence of the transition from settled villages to urban agglomeration, which was maintained in the same location for over 2,000 years Rectangular in Plan, Flat Roof, No Street or Passageways. This is an artist’s impression of Çatalhöyük. Image credit: Dan Lewandowski. NEOLITHIC SITE OF ÇATALHÖYÜK whc.unesco.org/en/documents/119580 © Catalhoyuk Research Project Source: Ministry of Culture https://cdn.sci.news/images/enlarge/image_1681_2e-Catalhoyuk.jpg Neolithic mural in Çatalhöyük, Turkey, and its interpretive drawing. Image credit: Ataman Hotel / John Swogger. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/fe/8c/32/fe8c322b61a37804b566f9f2d943d9a6.jpg  9/6/2024 RELIGION-NO FIXED RELIGION. The dead are treated with respect -burial rituals and monuments MATERIALS-Animal skins, wooden frames, animal bones CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM -Focused on Temporary Structures (Huts,Tents) 3D MODEL OF THE ENTRANCEWAY TO A HOUSE, SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE OVEN BELOW THE LADDER. MODEL CREATED BY GRANT COX. https://www.catalhoyuk.com/sites/default/files/media/content/Catalhoyuk_building_interior.png  9/6/2024 CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM- -Megalithic, most evident in France, England and Ireland Post and Lintel Construction Corbelling (Cantilever System) Wattle-and-daub construction https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/images/e/e5/Wattle_and_daub_construction.jpg https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273142159/figure/fig2/AS:669014263087104@153651 6838007/The-principal-method-of-wattle-and-daub-walling-established-by-the-Iron-Age-From- Bowyer.png CHOIROKOITIA /KHIROKITIA Cyprus LAKE DWELLINGS- consisted of wooden huts Early form of Neolithic settlement that spread of civilization from supported on piles, and were so placed for protection Asia to the Mediterranean world. against hostile attacks of all kinds. best preserved prehistoric sites of the eastern Mediterranean Circular Plan, 3m to 8m in As discovered in the lakes of Switzerland, Italy and Ireland diameter (10-26ft).  9/6/2024 Settlements developed near caves or along shores and streams–farming & hunting. Understanding of seasons –Cultivation – Domestication of animals. https://www.werelderfgoedfotos.nl/images/galleries/350/full/5926.Prehistoric%20Pile%20Dwellings%20around%20the%20Alps%20- %20Photo%20by%20Albertine%20Slotboom.jpg Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps whc.unesco.org/en/documents/115102 Original piles in Lac de Chalain, rive occidentale The pile dwellings are also called stilt houses or (FR-39-02) with the reconstruction of a Neolithic palafittes. dwelling in the background. Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps (Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland) MEGALITHIC STRUCTURES a large prehistoric stone structure, often consisting of multiple stones, that is thought to have been used to mark important events and “prototypes of the Pyramids of Egypt” places  9/6/2024 https://smarthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Stonehenge_from_north_August_2010_cropped-scaled.jpeg Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, c. 2550–1600 B.C.E., circle 97 feet in diameter, trilithons: 24 feet high (photo: Maedin Tureaud, CC BY-SA 3.0) https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/2896.jpg.webp?v=1685941443 https://cdn.britannica.com/98/182698-050-9FFE9D3E/Portal-dolmen-Pentre-Ifan-Wales.jpg https://smarthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/14425050602_1aed5cdd31_3k-scaled.jpg KERMARIO DOLMEN AT CARNAC, NORTH-WEST PORTAL DOLMEN, Pentre Ifan, Wales. Aerial view, 2014, Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, FRANCE England, c. 2550–1600 B.C.E., circle 97 feet in diameter, trilithons: 24 feet high (photo: timeyres, CC BY-SA 2.0) PLAN OF THE BOUGON COMPLEX METHOD OF MEGALITHIC CONSTRUCTION Very similar to the Egyptian pyramids Stone is quarried from rocks, transported by rollers pulled by people https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Bougon_plan.png Tumulus of Bougon, France  9/6/2024 “Aside from the structural importance and constructional behavior, the visual MESOPOTAMIAN impact along with the historical value of Architecture certain materials form the essence of the REVIEW ON THE ARCHITECTURAL EXPRESSION built environment.” HISTORICAL INFLUENCE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 1.Sumerian 1. MASSIVENESS 2.Babylonian Period 2. MONUMENTALITY 3.Assyrian Period 3. GRANDEUR 4.Persian Period  9/6/2024 A. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE West Asiatic Architecture flourished & developed in the Twin Rivers “Tigris & Euphrates also known as “Mesopotamia” it refers to Persia, Assyria & Babylon. REVOLUTIONARY INNOVATION AS THE SEED OF THEIR DECLINE. More and more irrigation left more and more Since the Euphrates and Tigris rivers brought water from salt in the soil. Over time, it was inevitable that melting snow in the Turkish mountains, they contained high this destroyed the earth. Their revolutionary concentrations of dissolved salts. innovation, their irrigation system, was the Over millennia, the salts in the groundwater had been drawn seed of their civilization’s slow decline and up to the surface through the plants’ roots. Additional salt came in with eventual collapse. the winds from the Persian Gulf.  9/6/2024 B. GEOGOLICAL INFLUENCE 1. Sumer, Babylon and Assyria- Due to floods & heavy rains, it resulted in the conversion of its earthen into clay to produce “bricks” 2. Persia- used timber and colored limestone due to the rare experience of rain C. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE D. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Babylonia and Assyria- experience floods and Mesopotamians were superstitious, believers heavy rains which have resulted in the building of of symbolism and also believers of genies and “Ziggurats”. demons. Persia- they have dry & hot climate which resulted in Persian were believers of good and evil. building open type temples. They believe that good usually triumphs in the end.  9/6/2024 SUMERIAN ARCHITECTURE E. SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE An ancient region in southern Mesopotamia, where a number of Babylonians among the three were considered independent cities and city-states were established as early as 5000 extraordinary because they achieved highest BCE. Invented the cuneiform system of writing. degree of civilization. Assyrian and Persian believe The major cities of the Sumerian civilization were Kish, Uruk and Ur. in military superiority thus manifested in their bldgs. Clay/ Mud was their building material and was formed into brick, sun- dried and built into massive walls BABYLONIAN ARCHITECTURE CUNEIFORM SYSTEM The last great Mesopotamian city empire. The most widespread and historically significant writing system in the ancient Middle Temple-building epoch. East. “Man attempted their highest flights of audacity in The writing system takes the name cuneiform from the shape of the strokes that form the symbols (from the way of artificial elevation”. Latin cuneus, “wedge”). the writing system had moved from being pictographic to phonetic writing could communicate abstractions more effectively: names, words, and ideas.  9/6/2024 ZIGGURAT TOWER OF BABEL “Holy mountains”. A type of massive stone structure resembling ZIGGURAT OF UR, CITY OF UR An act of rebellion against God. (present-day Dhi Qar Province, Iraq.) A type of ziggurat with multiple tiers. pyramids and featuring terraced levels. The largest and most protected ziggurat According to Genesis, the Accessible only by way of the stairways. Babylonians wanted to make a (it traditionally symbolizes a link between the gods and the name for themselves by building a human kind, although it also served practically as shelter from floods.) mighty city and a tower “with its top in the heavens.” ISHTAR GATE Dedicated to the Babylonian goddess ISHTAR GATE Ishtar (goddess of fertility, love, war, and sex, Adad was a weather god) The Gate is almost 15 meters high Ishtar Gate at Pergamon Museum: This was reconstructed in Berlin in Burnt-brick entryway located over the main (the exact dimensions are: 14.75 m 1930, using materials excavated from the original build-site. thoroughfare in the ancient city high, 26.41 m wide and 4.38 m of Babylon. thick) Eighth fortified gate in the city. Made the initial list of the Seven The animals represented on the gate are Wonders of the Ancient World. young bulls (aurochs), lions, and dragons (sirrush).  9/6/2024 HANGING GARDENS ASSYRIAN OF BABYLON Ancient gardens considered one of ARCHITECTURE the Seven Wonders of the World and Place-building epoch terminated with the thought to have been located near destruction of Babylon. the royal palace in Babylon PALACE OF SARGON, KHORSABAD The story mentions that King – best example of general type of palace Nebuchadnezzar II had a wife named Queen “Amytis”. and been the most completely studied palace. Dur-Sharrukin, present day Khorsabad, was the Assyrian capital in the time of Sargon II of Assyria. Khorsabad is a village in northern Iraq IMPORTANT PARTS OF THE PALACES LAMASSU A. Seraglio – place proper which -A winged creature with the bearded includes the king’s residence, men’s head of a human and the body of a bull apartment and reception courts or a lion B. Harem – usually designed with private family apartments or - Guardian sculptures, typically women's quarter appearing in pairs, that were often C. Khan – service chamber, it is a placed outside prominent sites. Moslem “inn” for travelers prototype human head, symbolizing intelligence, a bull's body, symbolizing strength; and wings of an eagle to symbolize freedom.  9/6/2024 PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE Having no architecture of their own. Persepolis- one of the important capitals of Persia. “The city of Persia” Throne Hall (also called the “Hundred-Column Hall”), which was started by Xerxes and completed by his son Artaxerxes I (end of the fifth century B.C.).