HNU 2102 Medical Physiology 1 Exam Jan 2021 PDF

DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2021/2022 ACADEMIC YEAR FIRST YEAR, FIRST TRIMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING HNU 2102: MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY I DURATION:...

DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2021/2022 ACADEMIC YEAR FIRST YEAR, FIRST TRIMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING HNU 2102: MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY I DURATION: 3 HOURS DATE: TIME: INSTRUCTIONS 1. Please indicate your REGISTRATION NUMBER on all the answer sheets: DO NOT WRITE YOUR NAME. 2. The paper consists of THREE (3) sections. 3. SECTION I consists of MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS. Attempt ALL the questions by choosing the BEST choice among the statements. Clearly indicate any corrections made. 4. SECTION II consists of SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS. Attempt ALL the questions. 5. SECTION III consists of TWO (2) LONG ESSAY QUESTIONS. Attempt ALL the questions. 1|Page SECTION I: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (20 MARKS) 1. Double pain sensation that is occasionally felt following painful stimulation of the skin is due to: A. Repetition of the painful stimulus B. Presence of dual pain pathways C. Perception of pain at two different higher centers D. Application of two painful stimuli simultaneously at two different sites E. Perception of pain at the thalamus 2. The greatest percentage of blood volume is found in the: A. Heart B. Aorta C. Distributing arteries and arterioles D. Capillaries E. Venules and veins 3. In a positive feedback system, what effect does the response to the stimulus have on the stimulus A. Decreases the stimulus B. The stimulus is not involved C. Exaggerates the stimulus D. Both increase and decrease stimulus E. Does not affect the stimulus 4. Calcium binds to which protein during skeletal muscle contraction: A. Troponin B. Actin C. Calmodulin D. Myosin E. Tropomyosin 2|Page  5. A cell is recognized by other tissue membrane as ‘self’ by its surface: A. Glycolipids B. Phosphate groups C. Glycoproteins D. Ketoglutaric acids 6. Pain sensation: A. Is evoked by strong stimulation of specific receptors B. Produces reactions that block transmission of pain impulses C. Arises from small encapsulated receptors D. Occurs when the stimulus causes damage of the sensory receptors 7. The deepest layer of the epidermis is: A. Stratum spinosum B. Stratum corneum. C. Stratum lucidum D. Stratum granulosum E. Stratum germinativum 8. Gap junctions: A. Are absent in cardiac muscle B. Also called zonula occludens C. Are present but of little functional importance in cardiac muscle D. Connect the sarcotubular system to individual skeletal muscle cells E. Are present and provide the pathway for rapid spread of excitation from one cardiac muscle fibre to another 3|Page  9. Cellular organelles that replicate themselves include: A. Nucleus and cell membrane B. Mitochondria and ribosomes C. Lysosomes and peroxisomes D. Peroxisomes and mitochondria E. Ribosomes and lysosomes 10. The inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters in the central nervous system are: A. Glutamate and glycine B. Glutamate and aspartate C. GABA and Glycine D. Aspartate and glycine E. GABA and Aspartate 11. A gardener was accidentally poisoned by a weed killer that inhibits acetylcholinesterase.Which of the following alterations in neurochemical transmission at brain cholinergic synapses is the most likely results of this poisoning: A. Blockade of cholinergic receptors B. A pileup of choline outside the cholinergic neuron (in the synaptic cleft) C. A pileup of acetylcholine outside the cholinergic neuron (in the synaptic cleft) D. A pileup of acetylcholinesterase outside the cholinergic neuron (in the synaptic cleft) E. Increased synthesis of cholineacetyltransferase outside the cholinergic neuron (in the synaptic cleft) 12. In negative feedback control: A. The response of the system is in opposite direction to the change in the controlled variable B. Changes in the controlled variable level are prevented C. Sensors feedback information to the controlled system D. Fluctuation is an advantage E. Simplicity of design is a disadvantage 4|Page  13. A refractory period is: A. Brief time when a neuron is able to conduct a nerve impulse B. The same as resting membrane potential C. The opposite of depolarization D. The short time the myelin sheath provides insulation from another impulse E. Brief time when a neuron is unable to conduct a nerve impulse 14. The cells of the eye that are most sensitive to light are the: A. Rods B. Cones C. Retina D. Sclera E. Pupil 15. The total human genome comprises of: A. 2.6 × 106 base pairs, half of which are coded B. Approximately one million genes C. 500,000 nucleic base bridges D. About 30,000 genes E. About 10,000 genes,10% of which are mitochondrial 16. Diffusion can be characterized by: A. Occurs rapidly over long distances B. Is an active process in which molecules move from a region higher concentration to one of lower concentration. C. Is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration D. Is an active process in which molecules move from a region lower concentration to one of higher concentration. E. Is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration 5|Page  17. Which of the following is the fluid compartment of least size? A. Intra-cellular B. Interstitial C. Intravascular D. Trans-cellular E. Total body fluid 18. Which of the following statement is true regarding the ABO blood system? A. People who have the A antigen normally would not produce the anti-A antibody. B. People who are type AB normally produce both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. C. The only ABO type blood that normally does not have either A or B antigens is AB. D. People who are type O normally produce A and B antigens E. People who have the B antigen normally produce the anti-B antibody. 19. What is the basic structural unit of the body? A. Tissue B. Cell C. Organ D. Organelle E. Organ systems 20. Low density lipoproteins (LDL’s or bad cholesterol) are taken up in “bulk” into the cytoplasm of a cell. This process is an example of____ A. Endocytosis B. Exocytosis C. Molecular transport D. Osmosis E. Diffusion 6|Page  SECTION II: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (40MARKS) 1. State six (6) functions of membrane proteins (6 marks) 2. Differentiate between primary and secondary transport, give two examples in each (4 marks) 3. Explain the transduction pathway of G- protein acting via phospholipase C (5 marks) 4. With the aid of a diagram, explain the action potential of a nerve tissue (5 marks) 5. Explain the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation (6 marks) 6. Briefly, explain the mechanical events of cardiac cycle (8 marks) 7. The blood pressure of a male patient is 140/80mmHg. a) What does the above figures mean (2 marks) b) Calculate the Pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure (MAP) (4 marks) SECTION III: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (40 MARKS) 1. Concerning muscle physiology: a. Outline ten (10) difference between skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles (10 marks) b. Describe the steps in excitation–contraction coupling in smooth muscles (10 marks) 2. Describe the autonomic nervous system under the following subheading: a) Receptors of the autonomic nervous system (5 marks) b) Synthesis of norepinephrine, epinephrine and acetylcholine (12 marks) c) Degradation of norepinephrine, epinephrine and acetylcholine (3 marks) 7|Page