Muscular-system 1 ANUR 403 Wk 11.pdf

TONGA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF NURSING AND HEALTH SCIENCE QUEEN SALOTE SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY Session: MUSCULAR SYSTEM Course Name: Human Bio Science 1 Course Code: ANUR 403 Date: 20.5.2024 Time: 0900-1030 Lile Tonga T...

TONGA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF NURSING AND HEALTH SCIENCE QUEEN SALOTE SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY Session: MUSCULAR SYSTEM Course Name: Human Bio Science 1 Course Code: ANUR 403 Date: 20.5.2024 Time: 0900-1030 Lile Tonga Taufa  Learning Outcome At the end of the session, the student will be able to: Define the muscular system Explain the functions of the muscles Describe the structure of the muscle Explain the types of muscle tissue Explain the classifications of muscles Discuss how the muscle work Locate specific muscles Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle tissue? a) Smooth b) Cardiac c) Skeletal d) Vascular Answer: D Each cell in skeletal muscle is a: A)Single muscle fibre B)Motor unit C)Myofibril D)Purkinje fibre ANSWER:A During development, groups of……..fuse together to form individual skeletal muscle fibre a) Myoblasts b) Myelinocytes c) Myoglobins d) Myotrophs ANSWER: A What is another name for the cell membrane of a muscle fibre? a) Sarcolemma b) Sarcoplasm c) Sarcomere d) Sarcolayer ANSWER: A ……..produced by an individual muscle fibre or indeed an entire skeletal muscle, can vary widely and can change moment to moment a) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) b) Radiation c) Density changes d) Tension ANSWER: D  A muscle fibre is either contracting (on) or relaxed (off) that is the …………and when a fibre contracts, it does so fully a) on-off principle b) Twitch-response principle c) All-in-none principle d) Motor-unit principle ANSWER: C  Which muscle type does not contract spontaneously? a) Cardiac muscle b) Smooth muscle in digestive tract c) Skeletal muscle d) Smooth muscle in blood vessels ANSWER: C  What is the muscular system? The muscular system consists of ALL THE MUSCLES OF THE BODY. These make up approximately 42% of total body weight, and are composed OF LONG, SLENDER CELLS KNOWN AS FIBERS. The fibers are different lengths and vary in color from white to deep red.  FUNCTIONS 1. Produce movement of the skeleton –By pulling on tendons that then move bones 2. Maintain posture and body position – allows us to stand without falling over 3. Support soft tissues –With the muscles of the abdominal wall and the pelvic floor 4. Guard entrances and exits –In the form of sphincters 5. Maintain body temperature –When contraction occurs, energy is used and converted to heat A muscle is an ORGAN containing Muscle fibers (cells) Connective tissue Blood vessels Nerves THREE LAYERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE 1. Epimysium – covers the entire muscle STRUCTURE 2. Perimysium – -Divides the muscle into bundles called fascicles -Blood vessels and nerves are contained in the perimysium STRUCTURE 3.Endomysium – -Covers each muscle fibre & ties fibers together -Contains capillaries and nerve tissue Structure of the Muscle  Each muscle consists of a group of fibers held together by connective tissue, and enclosed in a fibrous sheath or fascia (FASH ee ah).  CLASSIFICATIONS OF MUSCLES Voluntary: ---Movement of the muscle is under the control of our conscious thought Eg: muscle in our hands as we catch a ball Walking, sitting, running Mostly under voluntary control -Must be stimulated by the central nervous system -Axons Push through the epimysium Branch through the perimysium And enter the endomysium To control individual muscle fibers Involuntary: ---do not require conscious thought to make them move even though their action is still control by the nervous system. Movements that are not under our control. Eg: beating of the heart Wall of the digestive system (peristalsis), blood vessels, bronchi (breathing) uterus (labor) blinking of eyes 3 types of muscle… There are 3 types, classified according to function and appearance: 3 types of muscle… SKELETAL MUSCLES are elastic and work in pairs - one flexing while the other is extending. They are striated, with horizontal markings, and are stimulated to contract by electrical impulses from the nervous system. FAST, WHITE MUSCLE FIBERS contract rapidly, have poor blood supply, operate without oxygen, and tire quickly. SLOW, RED MUSCLE FIBERS contract more slowly, have better blood supplies, operate with oxygen, and do not tire as easily. They are used in ongoing movements, such as maintaining posture.  Skeletal Muscle Have a striped appearance, include voluntary and involuntary, attached to and moves your bones. This is a majority of the muscle tissue in your body. 3 types of muscle… SMOOTH MUSCLE lines most hollow organs of the body, such as the intestines, stomach, and uterus. They help move Smooth muscles contract substances through slower than skeletal muscles, tubular areas such but can remain contracted as blood vessels longer, and are not as and the small dependent on oxygen. They intestines, are stimulated by electrical contracting impulses or hormones, and automatically and use carbohydrates for energy. rhythmically.  Smooth Muscles Involuntary muscles, found in the walls of internal organs and the blood vessels. 3 types of muscle… THE CARDIAC MUSCLE or myocardium are striated like skeletal muscles, but are smaller and shorter. They are stimulated to contract by electrical impulses sent out from small clumps of specialized tissue in the heart… the sinoatrial (sī-nō-Ā-trē-ul) and atrioventricular node (ā-trē-ō-ven-trik-y ə-lər) nodes.  Types of Muscle Connections Bone-muscle-bone Bone-muscle-skin Skin-muscle-skin Parts of a muscle… Each muscle has 3 Body – the main portion parts: Origin – the fixed attachment Insertion - the point of attachment to the part of the body moved by this muscle Body In this picture, the origin of the muscle is the scapula attachment; a tendon provides the insertion on the ulna and radius bones. Parts of a muscle… A tendon is a means of attachment, connecting the muscle to the bone. They vary in length, from less than an inch to more than a foot. A wide sheet-like tendon is called an aponeurosis (ap ah nyu ROH siss).  Major Mastoid muscles… Pectoral Biceps Obliques Abdominal Rectus Femoris Sartorius (Rec tus FĔM er us) (sahr TOR ee us) Tibialis (tib ee AIL us) Gastrocnemius (gas trock NEE mee us) Soleus (SŌ lee us)  Major Trapezius (trah PEE zee us) muscles… Deltoid Latissimus Dorsi (DEL toid) (lah TISS ah mus DOOR sigh) Triceps Gluteus medius (GLOO tee us MEE dee us) Gluteus maximus Hamstrings (GLOO tee us MAX ah mus) Achilles tendon Gastrocnemius (gas trock nee mee us)  Muscles of the Head and Neck Orbicularis oris – Constricts the mouth opening Buccinator – Compresses check to blow forcefully Masseter – Prime mover for chewing Temporalis and pterygoid – Synergists for chewing Digastric – Depresses the mandible Sternocleidomastoid – Rotates head or flexes neck Muscles of the Head and Neck Epicranium, or scalp, contains a two-part muscle, the occipitofrontalis 1.Anterior frontalis 2.Posterior occipitalis Connected by epicranial aponeurosis Platysma – Covers ventral neck extending from the base of the neck to the mandible  Mylohyoid –Supports the tongue Stylohyoid –Connects hyoid to styloid process  Figure 7-12 Muscles of the Head and Neck. Epicranial aponeurosis (tendinous sheet) Frontalis Temporalis Orbicularis oculi Occipitalis Zygomaticus Buccinator Orbicularis oris Masseter Depressor Sternocleidomastoid anguli oris Epicranial aponeurosis (tendinous sheet) Platysma Frontalis Lateral view Temporalis Orbicularis oculi Zygomaticus Masseter Orbicularis oris Buccinator Depressor Platysma anguli oris Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Lateral pterygoid Medial pterygoid Mandible Platysma Lateral view, pterygoid (cut and reflected) muscles exposed © 2013 Pearson Education, Anterior view Inc.  Figure 7-13 Muscles of the Anterior Neck. Mandible Mylohyoid Mylohyoid Digastric Stylohyoid Hyoid bone Sternocleidomastoid (cut) Cartilages of larynx Sternothyroid Sternohyoid Clavicle Cut heads of sternocleidomastoid Sternocleidomastoid © 2013 Pearson Education, Sternum Inc. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Muscles of the Truck External and internal intercostals – Elevate and depress ribs, respectively Diaphragm – Muscle used for inhalation of breath External and internal obliques, and the transversus abdominis – Compress abdomen, can flex spine Rectus abdominis – Depresses ribs, flexes spine  Table 7-6 Axial Muscles of the Trunk © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Muscles of the Pelvic Floor Form the perineum and support the organs of the pelvic cavity Flex the coccyx Control materials moving through the anus and urethra with sphincters  Figure 7-16 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor. Superficial Dissections Deep Dissections Urethra External urethral sphincter Ischiocavernosus Bulbospongiosus Vagina Central tendon of perineum Transverse perineus Levator ani Anus External anal sphincter Gluteus maximus Female No differences between deep musculature in male and female Testis Urethra (connecting segment removed) External urethral sphincter Ischiocavernosus Bulbospongiosus Central tendon of perineum Transverse perineus Anus Levator ani Gluteus maximus External anal sphincter Male © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Table 7-7 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Trapezius – Diamond-shaped muscle, has many actions depending on the region Rhomboid – Adducts and rotates scapula laterally Levator scapulae – Adducts and elevates scapula Serratus anterior – Abducts and rotates scapula Pectoralis minor and subclavius – Depress and abduct shoulder  Figure 7-17 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle. Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Muscles That Position Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle the Pectoral Girdle Trapezius Levator scapulae Rhomboid muscles Scapula Serratus anterior Triceps brachii T12 vertebra Posterior view Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Trapezius Levator scapulae Muscles That Position Subclavius the Pectoral Girdle Pectoralis minor Pectoralis minor (cut) Serratus anterior Pectoralis major (cut and reflected) Internal intercostals Biceps brachii External intercostals Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Table 7-8 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Muscles that Move the Arm Deltoid – Abducts arm, supraspinatus assists Subscapularis, teres major, infraspinatus, and teres minor – Form the rotator cuff Pectoralis major – Flexes the arm at the shoulder Latissimus dorsi – Extends the arm at the shoulder  Figure 7-18 Muscles That Move the Arm. Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Sternum Clavicle Ribs (cut) Muscles That Muscles That Move the Arm Move the Arm Deltoid Subscapularis Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Teres major Biceps brachii Vertebra T12 Anterior view Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Vertebra T1 Muscles That Muscles That Move the Arm Move the Arm Supraspinatus Supraspinatus Deltoid Infraspinatus Latissimus dorsi Teres minor Teres major Triceps brachii Posterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Table 7-9 Muscles That Move the Arm © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Muscles that move the forearm and wrist Biceps brachii – Flexes the elbow and supinates forearm Triceps brachii – Extends elbow Brachialis and brachioradialis – Flex elbow Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, and palmaris longus – Flex wrist Extensor carpi radialis and extensor carpi ulnaris – Extend wrist Pronators and supinators – Rotate radius  Muscles that move the hand Extensor digitorum – Extends fingers Flexor digitorum – Flexes fingers Abductor pollicis – Abducts thumb Extensor pollicis – Extends thumb  Figure 7-19 Muscles That Move the Forearm and Wrist. Humerus Coracobrachialis Triceps brachii Brachioradialis Biceps brachii Brachialis Extensor carpi radialis Brachioradialis Pronator teres Flexor carpi Extensor radialis carpi ulnaris Extensor Flexor Palmaris longus Flexor digitorum digitorum Flexor carpi carpi Abductor superficialis ulnaris ulnaris pollicis Flexor Ulna Extensor retinaculum Pronator pollicis quadratus Supinator Extensor Pronator retinaculum teres Ulna Radius Anterior view of the muscles of pronation Posterior view of Anterior view of and supination when right upper limb right upper limb the limb is supinated © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Table 7-10 Muscles That Move the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand (1 of 2) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Table 7-10 Muscles That Move the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand (2 of 2) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Muscles that Move the Thigh Gluteal group – Includes gluteus maximus, the largest and most posterior; is a hip extensor Adductors – Include the adductor magnus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, the pectineus, and the gracilis Largest hip flexor is the iliopsoas – Made up of the psoas major and the iliacus  Figure 7-20 Muscles That Move the Thigh. Iliac crest Sacrum Gluteal Group Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus medius Gluteus Gluteus maximus Sartorius maximus Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae (cut) latae Rectus Iliotibial tract femoris Vastus lateralis Biceps femoris Gluteal region, posterior view Semimembranosus Plantaris Patella Head of fibula Patellar Lateral ligament view Iliopsoas Group Psoas major L5 Iliacus Adductor Group Pectineus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis Anterior view of the iliopsoas muscle and © 2013 Pearson Education, the adductor group Inc.  Table 7-11 Muscles That Move the Thigh (1 of 3) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Table 7-11 Muscles That Move the Thigh (2 of 3) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Table 7-11 Muscles That Move the Thigh (3 of 3) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Muscles that move the leg Knee flexors are the hamstrings – Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and the sartorius Knee extensors are the quadriceps femoris – Which include the rectus femoris and the three vastus muscles Popliteus muscle – Unlocks the knee joint  Figure 7-21 Muscles That Move the Leg. Iliac crest Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae Iliacus latae Psoas major Iliopsoas Tensor fasciae Gluteus maximus latae Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor magnus Sartorius Gracilis Extensors of the Knee Iliotibial tract (Quadriceps muscles) Flexors of the Knee Rectus femoris Biceps femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Semitendinosus Vastus intermedius (deep to above muscles) Semimembranosus Quadriceps tendon Sartorius Patella Popliteus Patellar ligament Hip and thigh, posterior view Quadriceps and thigh muscles, anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Table 7-12 Muscles That Move the Leg © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Muscles that move the foot and toes The gastrocnemius of the calf is assisted by the underlying soleus – They share a common calcaneal tendon, and are both plantar flexors Fibularis muscles – Produce eversion and plantar flexion Tibialis – Cause inversion of the foot – Tibialis anterior is largest and produces dorsiflexion  Figure 7-22a Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes. Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Ankle Extensors Plantaris Head of fibula Gastrocnemius Ankle Extensors Soleus Popliteus (Deep) Tibialis posterior Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Digital Flexors Gastrocnemius Flexor digitorum (cut and removed) longus Flexor hallucis longus Tendon of flexor digitorum Calcaneal longus tendon Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Calcaneus Tendons of fibularis muscles Posterior views © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Figure 7-22b Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes. Iliotibial tract Head of fibula Ankle Extensors Gastrocnemius Ankle Flexors Fibularis longus Tibialis anterior Soleus Fibularis brevis Digital Extensors Extensor digitorum longus Tendon of extensor Calcaneal tendon hallucis longus Retinacula © 2013 Pearson Education, Lateral view Inc.  Figure 7-22c Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes. Patella Medial surface Patellar of tibial shaft ligament Ankle Flexors Ankle Extensors Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius Soleus Digital Extensors Tibialis posterior Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Calcaneal tendon Retinacula Tendon of tibialis anterior © 2013 Pearson Education, Medial view Inc.  Table 7-13 Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (1 of 2) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Table 7-13 Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (2 of 2) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Table 7-3 Muscle Terminology (1 of 2) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Four Effects of Aging on skeletal Muscle 1. Muscle fibers become smaller in diameter 2. Muscles become less elastic and more fibrous 3. Tolerance for exercise decreases due to a decrease in thermoregulation 4. Ability to recover from injury is decreased The effect of exercise… With aging, muscles decrease in strength, endurance, range of motion, coordination, and elasticity. Exercising the muscles can help prevent a loss of strength.  These voluntary muscles are striated: a)Cardiac b)Smooth c) Skeletal d) Exterior ANSWER: C  Muscles that extend or straighten a body part: a)Extensor b) Flexor c) Tendon d) Smooth ANSWER: A These are the heart muscles: a) Skeletal b) Smooth c) Cardiac d) Exterior Answer is: cardiac  A common connective tissue layer holding together the skeletal muscle bundle is: (a) Aponeurosis (b) Fascia (c) Endomysium (d) Perimysium Answer: (b)  Reference Tortora, G., Derrickson, B. (2012). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (13th ed). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc