HND332 Midterm Revision PDF

**[Midterm revision]** **Q1: What is the purpose of outpatient care in acute care facilities?** **Answer**: Outpatient care provides preventative, primary health care (such as treatment for ear infections) and secondary health care (such as treatment for type 2 diabetes). **Q2: What type of care...

**[Midterm revision]** **Q1: What is the purpose of outpatient care in acute care facilities?** **Answer**: Outpatient care provides preventative, primary health care (such as treatment for ear infections) and secondary health care (such as treatment for type 2 diabetes). **Q2: What type of care is provided by urgent care facilities?** **Answer:** Urgent care facilities provide primary care. **Q3: What do skilled nursing facilities offer in post-acute care?** **Answer:** Skilled nursing facilities provide 24/7 nursing care for patients with complex medical needs. **Q4: What is the role of long-term acute care hospitals?** **Answer:** Long-term acute care hospitals provide care for patients with complex medical needs who have longer than average hospital admissions. **Q5: What is provided by residential/assisted living facilities?** **Answer:** Residential/assisted living facilities help with activities of daily living, such as bathing. **Q6: What is a continuing care retirement community (CCRC)?** **Answer:** A continuing care retirement community (CCRC) provides a continuum of care, including independent living, assisted living, and skilled nursing, all on one geographical site. **Q7: What services do rehabilitation/restorative facilities provide in post-acute care?**\ **Answer:** Rehabilitation/restorative facilities offer integrated, multidisciplinary assistance for recovery from acute or chronic illnesses and/or surgical procedures, such as stroke recovery. **Q8: What is the function of adult day care facilities?** **Answer:** Adult day care facilities offer supervision, social and recreational activities, meals/snacks, and provide daily respite for family members. **Q9: What type of care do hospice facilities provide?** **Answer:** Hospice facilities focus on relieving symptoms and supporting patients with a life expectancy of six months or less. **Q10: What distinguishes outpatient care from inpatient care?** **Answer:** Outpatient care is provided to patients who do not require overnight hospitalization, focusing on preventative and primary care, while inpatient care requires hospital admission for more intensive treatment. **Q11: Write the factors that affect Nutritional status.** **Answer:** 1-) Human biological factors 2-) Lifestyle factors. 3-) Food and nutrient factors. 4-) Environmental factors 5-) System factors **Q12: What are Human biological factors?** **Answer:** Human biological factors are factors that determine nutritient requirements as normal, icreased,decreased, change in form,etc. **[Factors such as: ]** - Biological factors (age, sex, genetics) - Physiological phases (growth, pregnancy, lactation, aging) - Pathological factors (disease, trauma, altered organ function or metabolism) **Q13: What are the lifestyle factors?** **Answer:** Lifestyle factors are factors that determine food,phisical activity and related choices. **[Factors such as:]** - Attitudes/beliefs - Knowledge - Behaviors **Q14: What are food and nutritient factors?** **Answer:** Food and nutritent factors are factors that determine the type and amount of nutrients available for use by the body. **[Factors such as: ]** - Intake/composition - Quantity - Quality **Q15: What are environmental factors?** **Answer:** Environmetal factors are factors that External influences that impact consumption and lifestyle. **[Factors such as: ]** - Social (cultural food practices and beliefs, parenting, peer influences) - Economic (household finances, economy of the community/country) - Food safety and sanitation (contaminated or unwholesome food, unsafe food handling) - Food availability/access **Q16: What are system factor?** **Answer:** System factors are factors that have external influences that impact delivery and services. **[Factors such as:]** - Health care system - Educational system - Food supply system (industry, agriculture, institutions) **Q17: What is nutrition care process?** Answer: Systematic problem-solving method used to critically think and make decisions to address nutrition-related problems and provide safe, effective, high-quality nutrition care. **Q18: What are the four steps of nutrition care process?** **Answer:** 1-) Nutrition assessment. 2-) Nutrition diagnosis. 3-) Nutrition intervention. 4-) Nutrition monitoring and evaluation **Q19: What is standardized nutrition language?** **Answer:** Standardized nutrition language refers to a common set of terms used by nutrition professionals to clearly and consistently describe aspects of nutrition assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation. **Q20: What are the 3 components of PES statement?** **Answer:** 1-) Problem 2-) Etiology. 3-) Signs and symptoms **Q21: What are the key features of standardized nutrition documentation?** **Answer:** It should be relevant, accurate, and done on time. **Q22: What are some formats used for documenting nutrition care?** Answer: **[Formats include:]** - **SOAP** (subjective, objective, assessment, plan) - **Focus notes** - **PIE** (problem, intervention, evaluation) - **ADIME** (assessment, diagnosis, intervention, monitoring/evaluation) - Electronic medical records (**EMRs)** **Q23: How is energy intake measured?**\ **Answer:** Energy intake is measured in kilojoules (kJ) or kilocalories (kcal). **Q24: How was energy intake historically determined?** **Answer:** It was historically determined using a bomb calorimeter. **Q25: What is a bomb calorimeter?** **Answer:** A bomb calorimeter is a lab instrument that measures the heat released when a sample is burned. The sample is ignited in a high-pressure oxygen atmosphere, and the heat released is measured, expressed in joules per gram. **Q26: What is Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)?** **Answer:** Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) is the amount of energy the body uses while at rest. **Q27: What factors affect REE?** **Answer:** REE is affected by lean body mass, sex, age, body temperature, energy restriction, the endocrine system and genetics. **Q28: How does sex affect metabolic rates?** **Answer:** Women have metabolic rates that are approximately 5-10% lower than men of the same weight and height. **Q29: What is the Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)?** **Answer:** TEF is the increase in energy expenditure associated with the consumption of food. **Q30: How long is TEF measured after a meal?** **Answer:** TEF is measured for several hours following a meal. **Q31: What processes does TEF encompass?** **Answer:** TEF is required for digesting, absorbing, metabolizing, storing, and eliminating nutrients. **Q32: What percentage of total energy expenditure does TEF account for?** **Answer:** TEF accounts for approximately 10% of total energy expenditure. **Q33: How does the composition of the diet affect TEF?** **Answer:** TEF varies with the composition of the diet, being greater after the consumption of carbohydrates and proteins compared to fats. **Q34: What is the wastage percentage when metabolizing fat?** **Answer:** Fat is metabolized with only 4% wastage. **Q35: What happens to carbohydrates when converted to fat for storage?** **Answer:** When carbohydrates are converted to fat for storage, there is a 25% wastage during metabolism. **Q36: How do spicy foods affect TEF?** **Answer:** Spicy foods enhance and prolong TEF, potentially increasing the metabolic rate by up to 33% more than meals with non-spicy foods. **Q37: What is adaptive thermogenesis?** **Answer:** Adaptive thermogenesis is the process by which the body regulates metabolism to maintain homeostasis. It speeds up metabolism during periods of overconsumption and slows it down during periods of underconsumption. **Q38: How does weight loss affect muscle mass and metabolism?** **Answer:** During weight loss, there is often a degree of muscle loss. This loss of muscle reduces the body\'s energy needs, which in turn decreases metabolism. **Q39: What happens during times of intake restriction?** **Answer:** During times of intake restriction, adaptive thermogenesis occurs, which can lead to a plateau in weight loss. **Q40: What are orexigenic hormones, and what role does ghrelin play?** **Answer:** Orexigenic hormones are appetite-stimulating hormones. Ghrelin is a primary orexigenic hormone that is primarily secreted by the stomach and duodenum. It stimulates hunger, increases body weight, and decreases metabolic weight. Ghrelin levels increase in the blood before meals and fall after meals. **Q41: What are anorexigenic hormones, and what is the function of leptin?** **Answer:** Anorexigenic hormones are appetite-diminishing hormones. Leptin is a primary anorexigenic hormone that is primarily secreted by white adipose tissue. It provides the sensation of satiety, making a person feel full. **Q42: What is body composition?** **Answer:** Body composition refers to the proportion of fat and non-fat mass in the body. **Q43: What is Hydrodensitometry?** **Answer:** Hydrodensitometry is underwater weighing wethod used to measure body fat. (It is one of the most accurate ways to measure body fat percentage) **Q44: What is bioelectrical impedance analysis?** Answer: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a method used to measure body composition. It measures how fast an electrical current travels through the body. **Q45: Why does body fat affect the rate of the electrical current?** **Answer:** Body fat causes greater resistance than lean mass, slowing the rate at which the current travels. **Q46: What is air-displacement plethysmography?** **Answer:** Air-displacement plethysmography, commonly known as BodPod, is a method used to assess body composition. **Q47: How does air-displacement plethysmography work?** **Answer:** An individual is placed in a closed chamber, and the volume of air they displace while inside is measured. **Q48: What can be estimated from body density measurements?** **Answer:** Body fat percentage and overall body composition can be estimated from body density. **Q49: What is dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)?** **Answer:** DEXA is a method used to assess body composition by measuring bone mass, fat tissue, and muscle mass. **Q50: How does DEXA compare to other body composition assessment methods?** **Answer:** DEXA may be more reliable than other methods of assessing body composition. **Q51: Why is body fat distribution important?** **Answer:** Body fat distribution is an important predictor of [health status.] **Q52: How is body fat distribution categorized?** **Answer:** It can be divided into two clinically significant categories: **abdominal/central body fat distribution** and **lower body fat distribution**. (Lower body fat distribution is more commonly found in women) **Q53: What is the risk associated with abdominal/central body fat distribution?** **Answer:** Abdominal or central body fat distribution is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. **Q54: What waist circumference measurement indicates high risk for Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, and Native American males and females?** **Answer:** Males: A measurement greater than 40 inches (greater than 102 cm) indicates high risk. Females: A measurement greater than 35 inches (greater than 88 cm) indicates high risk. **Q55: What waist circumference measurement indicates high risk for Asian males and females?\ Answer:**  Males: a measurement of 35.4 inches (90 cm) or greater indicates high risk. Females: A measurement of 31.5 inches (80 cm) or greater indicates high risk. **Q56: What are waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)?** **Answer:** WHR and WHtR are measurements that help identify health risks related to body fat distribution. **Q57: How do WHR and WHtR compare to BMI?** **Ans:** WHR and WHtR are shown to better identify health risks than BMI alone. **Q58: [ ] How to calculate WHR and WHtR?** **[WHR] =** Waist circimference / Hip circumference **A healthy WHR is :** In men 0.9 or less In women 0.85 or less **[WHtR]** = Waist circumference / Height **Less than 0.5** **Q59: What is the classification for overweight and obese in children and adolescents over age 2?** **Answer:** Overweight is classified as a BMI that is at the 85th percentile or greater but less than the 95th percentile. While, obese children and adolescents have a BMI that is at the 95th percentile or greater. **Q60: How is extreme obesity defined in pediatric classifications?** Answer: Extreme obesity is defined as a BMI that is 120% of the 95th percentile or greater, or a BMI of 35 kg/m² or greater. **Q61: What are some medical factors that can contribute to obesity?** **Answer:** Medical disorders, pharmacological treatments, and smoking cessation can contribute to obesity. **Q62: What is the Socio-Ecological Model?** **Answer:** The Socio-Ecological Model is a framework that helps health professionals understand how different layers of influence intersect to shape a person\'s food and physical activity choices. **Q63: Who is a candidate for bariatric surgery?** **Answer:** Bariatric surgery is for patients with a BMI greater than 40, or greater than 35 with associated risk factors. **Q64: What are the benefits of bariatric surgery?** **Answer:** The benefits include significant weight loss and improvements in obesity-related comorbidities. **Q65: What are the risks associated with bariatric surgery?** **Answer:** Risks include postoperative complications. **Q66: What is one of the four most common bariatric surgery procedures?** **Answer:** One of the most common procedures is the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). RYGB reduces the size of the stomach to create a small pouch. **Q67: How does Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) work?** **Answer:** RYGB reduces the size of the stomach to create a small pouch and connects it directly to the intestine. **Q68: What is laparoscopic vertical sleeve gastrectomy (LVSG)?** **Answer:** LVSG involves separating and removing part of the stomach to make it smaller. **Q69: How does laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) work?** **Answer:** LAGB involves placing a restrictive band on the upper part of the stomach, creating a small pouch that holds food, helping the patient feel full faster. **Q70: What is the duodenal switch, biliopancreatic diversion (DS-BPD)?** **Answer:** DS-BPD is a combination of sleeve gastrectomy and intestinal bypass. **Q71: How does the duodenal switch (DS-BPD) procedure work?** **Answer:** In DS-BPD, part of the stomach is removed, and the remaining small pouch is connected directly to the end of the small intestine, bypassing most of the intestine. **Q72: Who is the duodenal switch (DS-BPD) recommended for?** **Answer:** It is recommended only for patients with a BMI greater than 50. **Q73: What is a significant risk associated with duodenal switch (DS-BPD)?** **Answer:** It carries a high risk of malnutrition. **Q74: What are some medical factors that contribute to malnutrition and weight loss in older adults?** **Answer:** Medical factors include poor dentition, chewing difficulty, oral discomfort, loss of taste and smell, and conditions like emphysema. **Q75: How does emphysema affect caloric needs in older adults?** **Answer:** In emphysema, patients work harder to breathe, which increases caloric expenditure. **Q76: What severe effect can emphysema have on food consumption?** **Answer:** In severe cases, inflated lungs can push on the stomach, limiting its size and causing patients to consume less food. **Q77: What is malabsorption, and how does it affect older adults?** **Answer:** Malabsorption causes deficiencies in both macronutrients and micronutrients, contributing to malnutrition in older adults. **Q78: How is diabetes related to weight loss in older adults?** **Answer:** In type 1 diabetes, excess blood sugar can lead to frequent urination, resulting in rapid weight loss. **Q79: How can a stroke impact nutrition in older adults?** **Answer:** A stroke can lead to dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), depression, and decreased oral intake, all of which can contribute to malnutrition. **Q80: What challenges does Parkinson\'s disease present regarding nutrition?** **Answer:** Parkinson's disease can cause dysphagia, increased caloric expenditure due to tremors, and rigid movements that make meal preparation more difficult. **Q81: How does hospitalization affect nutrition in older adults?** **Answer:** Hospitalization may require assistance with eating, expose patients to unpleasant sights, sounds, and smells, lead to missed meals due to medical tests, and increase nutrient needs. **Q82: What lifestyle and social factors can contribute to malnutrition in older adults?** **Answer:** Lifestyle and social factors include a lack of knowledge about foods and cooking, isolation or loneliness, financial concerns, and lack of access to transportation. **[Check Slide 38]** **Q83: What does muscle wasting indicate in the context of malnutrition?** **Answer:** Muscle wasting indicates a deficiency in energy and protein. **Q84: What does skin xerosis (severe dry skin) and bruising suggest about nutritional status?** **Answer:** Skin xerosis and bruising suggest deficiencies in energy, protein, and vitamins A, C, and K. **Q85: How can hair thinning and pigment changes be related to malnutrition?** **Answer:** Hair thinning and pigment changes indicate deficiencies in energy, protein, and vitamins A, B, and E. **Q86: What is the recommended energy distribution for a high-energy diet?** **Answer:** The recommended energy distribution is 30% of kilocalories from fat and at least 12-15% from protein. **Q87: What happens to individuals predisposed to eating disorders?** **Answer:** Individuals predisposed to eating disorders tend to diet more strictly and develop characteristic psychological, behavioral, and medical problems associated with these disorders. **Q88: What are the risk factors for eating disorder?** **Answer:** 1-) Environmental factors. 2-) Character traits. 3-) Mental health disorder. 4-) Biological factors include genetics **Q89: What childhood factors can increase the risk of eating disorders?** **Answer:** Childhood obesity or a large body size and early puberty can increase the risk of developing eating disorders. **Q90: What is anorexia nervosa characterized by?** **Answer:** Anorexia nervosa is characterized by excessive dieting, severe weight loss, and a distorted body image, along with a pathological fear of being fat. **Q91: What are the two subtypes of anorexia nervosa?** **Answer:** The two subtypes are the restricting subtype and the binge eating/purging subtype. **Q92: Is it possible for individuals to switch between the subtypes of anorexia nervosa?** **Answer:** Yes, crossover between the two subtypes is possible over the course of the illness. **Q93: What is Bulimia Nervosa?** **Answer:** Bulimia nervosa involves frequent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, to avoid weight gain. **Q94: What other compensatory methods are used in Bulimia Nervosa?** **Answer:** Other compensatory methods include the misuse of laxatives and diuretics, fasting, and excessive exercise. **Q95: What is Binge Eating Disorder?** **Answer:** Binge eating disorder involves recurring episodes of consuming significantly more food in a short period than most people would, accompanied by feelings of lack of control. **Q96: What are the two types of Anorexia Nervosa (AN) according to the American Psychiatric Association diagnostic criteria?** **Answer:** [Restricting type:] In the last 3 months, the patient has not engaged in bingeing or purging behavior, and weight loss is primarily achieved through diet restriction. [Binge-eating/purging type:] In the last 3 months, the patient has engaged in recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging behavior. **Q97: How is the severity of Anorexia Nervosa (AN) specified?** **Answer:** [Mild:] BMI ≥ 17 kg/m² [Moderate:] BMI 16-16.99 kg/m² [Severe:] BMI 15-15.99 kg/m² [Extreme:] BMI \< 15 kg/m² **Q98: Can the severity of Anorexia Nervosa be increased? If so, why?** **Answer:** Yes, the level of severity may be increased to reflect clinical symptoms, the degree of functional disability, and the need for supervision. **Q99: How is the current severity of Bulimia Nervosa (BM) specified?** **Answer:** [Mild:] An average of 1-3 episodes of inappropriate compensatory behaviors per week. [Moderate:] An average of 4-7 episodes per week. [Severe:] An average of 8-13 episodes per week. [Extreme:] An average of 14 or more episodes per week. **Q100: What are the physical and health complications related to skin and extremities in patients with Anorexia Nervosa?** **Answer:** Cold hands and feet, dry skin, lanugo (soft fine hair that grows to insulate the body in disturbance of thermoregulation), marked weight loss, carotenosis (yellow or orange-hued skin), alopecia (hair loss), acrocyanosis (blue discoloration of skin extremities), dependent edema, and muscle wasting. **Q101: What are the health complications of Bulimia Nervosa?** **Answer:** The health complications of Bulimia Nervosa are usually the result of regular purging or other compensatory behaviors and are generally not life-threatening. **Q102: What are the health complications of Binge Eating Disorder?** **Answer:** The health complications of Binge Eating Disorder are typically those associated with obesity. **Q103: What is the cardiac cycle?** **Answer:** The cardiac cycle is the repeating contraction and relaxation of the heart. **Q104: What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?** **Answer:** The two phases are systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation). **Q105: What is systolic blood pressure?** **Answer:** Systolic blood pressure is the force exerted on the walls of blood vessels during heart contraction. **Q106: What is diastolic blood pressure?** **Answer:** Diastolic blood pressure is the force exerted during heart relaxation. **Q107: What instrument is used to measure blood pressure?**\ **A:** Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer. **Q108: Is the pressure higher in arteries or veins?**\ **A:** The pressure is higher in the arteries than in the veins. **Q109: What is systolic blood pressure?**\ **A:** Systolic blood pressure is the pressure in the artery during ventricular contraction. **Q110: What is the normal systolic pressure?**\ **A:** The normal systolic pressure is 120 mm of Hg. **Q111: What is diastolic blood pressure?**\ **Answer:** Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in the artery during ventricular relaxation. **Q112: What is the normal diastolic pressure?**\ **Answer:** The normal diastolic pressure is 80 mm of Hg. **Q113: What is considered normal blood pressure?**\ **Answer:** Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm of Hg. **Q114: What is hypertension?**\ **A:** Hypertension is high blood pressure. **Q115: What are the two types of hypertension?**\ **A:** The two types are primary (essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension. **Q116: What is primary (essential) hypertension?**\ **A:** Primary hypertension is idiopathic, meaning its cause is unknown, but it is influenced by lifestyle factors and the body's inflammatory response. **Q117: What is secondary hypertension?**\ **A:** Secondary hypertension is caused by another chronic condition, such as kidney, vascular, or endocrine problems. **Q118: How does hypertension affect blood vessels?**\ **A:** Hypertension restricts and narrows blood vessels, reducing blood flow throughout the body. **Q119: What happens when the blood vessels in the kidneys are damaged due to high blood pressure?**\ **A:** When the kidneys\' blood vessels are damaged, the kidneys cannot remove all waste and extra fluid from the body. **Q120: How does extra fluid in the blood vessels affect blood pressure?**\ **A:** Extra fluid in the blood vessels raises blood pressure even more, causing further damage and potentially leading to kidney failure. **Q121: What is included in a comprehensive plan for treating hypertension?**\ **A:** A comprehensive plan for treating hypertension includes weight reduction. **Q122: How does being overweight affect the heart?**\ **A:** Being overweight puts extra strain on the heart. **Q123: What benefits can result from losing even a small amount of weight?**\ **A:** Losing a small amount of weight can reduce blood pressure, damage to blood vessels, and the risk of heart attack and stroke. **Q124: What is another part of the comprehensive plan for treating hypertension?**\ **A:** Pharmacological interventions, including medications like loop diuretics and thiazides, are used to treat hypertension. **Q125: What do loop diuretics do?**\ **A:** Loop diuretics help the kidneys remove salt and water through urine, reducing the amount of fluid in veins and arteries. **Q126: Can you give an example of a loop diuretic?**\ **A:** An example of a loop diuretic is Furosemide (Lasix). **Q127: What do thiazides do?**\ **A:** Thiazides decrease sodium reabsorption, which increases fluid loss in urine. **Q128: Who are thiazides preferred for?**\ **A:** Thiazides are preferred for patients with normal kidney function because they have a greater antihypertensive effect. **Q129: How can reducing weight help manage hypertension?**\ **A:** Reducing weight and maintaining a normal body mass index (18.5--24.9 kg/m²) can reduce systolic blood pressure by 5--20 mm Hg per 10 kg of weight lost. **Q130: What is the DASH eating plan, and how does it help with hypertension?**\ **A:** The DASH eating plan involves consuming a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products with reduced saturated and total fat. This can lower systolic blood pressure by 8--14 mm Hg. **Q131: What is the recommended daily sodium intake to manage hypertension?**\ **A:** The recommended sodium intake is no more than 2400 mg per day, but further reducing it to 1500 mg per day is desirable for greater blood pressure reduction. **Q132: How much can lowering sodium intake reduce systolic blood pressure?**\ **A:** Lowering sodium intake can reduce systolic blood pressure by 2--8 mm Hg. **Q133: Will reducing sodium by at least 1000 mg per day still help manage hypertension?**\ **A:** Yes, reducing sodium by at least 1000 mg per day can still lower blood pressure, even if the desired daily sodium intake is not fully achieved. **Q134: What is atherosclerosis?**\ **A:** Atherosclerosis is the thickening of blood vessel walls caused by the presence of plaque and loss of vascular elasticity, resulting in restricted blood flow. **Q135: What does atherosclerosis result in?**\ **A2:** Atherosclerosis results in restricted blood flow. **Q136: What health conditions are associated with atherosclerosis?**\ **A:** Atherosclerosis is associated with myocardial infarction (heart attack), cerebrovascular accident (stroke), and peripheral vascular disease (restricted blood flow to the limbs). **Q137: What is peripheral vascular disease (PVD)?**\ **A:** Peripheral vascular disease is a disorder affecting blood flow to the limbs and other areas outside of the brain and heart. **Q138: What causes the thickening of blood vessel walls in atherosclerosis?**\ **A:** The thickening of blood vessel walls in atherosclerosis is caused by the presence of plaque and a loss of vascular elasticity. **Q139: What is the result of atherosclerosis?**\ **A:** The result of atherosclerosis is the restriction of blood flow. **Q140: What condition is known as coronary heart disease (CHD)?**\ **A:** Coronary heart disease (CHD) refers to the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries. **Q141: What can severe CHD or myocardial infarction (MI) lead to?**\ **A:** Severe CHD or myocardial infarction can lead to congestive heart failure (CHF). **Q142: What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?**\ **A:** Congestive heart failure is a long-term heart condition where the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently enough to meet the body's needs. **Q143: What are the goal values for total cholesterol levels in adults over 21 years?**\ **A:** The goal value for total cholesterol levels in adults over 21 years is less than 199 mg/dL. **Q144: What are the goal values for total cholesterol levels in individuals 20 years and younger?**\ **A:** The goal value for total cholesterol levels in individuals 20 years and younger is 75--129 mg/dL. **Q145: What cholesterol level is associated with a lower risk for heart disease?**\ **A:** A cholesterol level of less than 200 mg/dL is associated with a lower risk for heart disease. Levels greater than 200 mg/dL increase your risk. **Q146: What is considered a normal HDL cholesterol level?**\ **A:** An HDL cholesterol level of 40--59 mg/dL is considered normal. **Q147: What HDL cholesterol level is considered protective against heart disease?**\ **A:** An HDL cholesterol level of 60 mg/dL and above is considered protective against heart disease. **Q148: What are the goal values for LDL cholesterol levels for individuals with existing heart disease?** A: The goal value for LDL cholesterol is less than 70 mg/dL. **Q149: What is the goal LDL cholesterol level for high-risk individuals?** A: The goal LDL cholesterol level for high-risk individuals is less than 100 mg/dL. **Q150: What is the goal LDL cholesterol level for individuals at low cardiac risk?** A: The goal LDL cholesterol level for individuals at low cardiac risk is less than 130 mg/dL. **Q151: What is the optimal triglyceride level for all individuals?** A: The optimal triglyceride level for all individuals is less than 150 mg/dL. **Q152: What is laser angioplasty?** A1: Laser angioplasty is a procedure that uses high-powered UV pulses to vaporize blockages in an artery. **Q153: When is laser angioplasty used?** A: Laser angioplasty is used when obstruction in an artery is severe. **Q154: What type of anesthesia is required for laser angioplasty?** A: Laser angioplasty requires full anesthesia. **Q155: What is coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)?** A: CABG, also known as heart bypass surgery, is a procedure used when there is severe obstruction in the coronary arteries. **Q156: How does CABG work?** A: In CABG, a blood vessel is taken from another part of the body (usually the chest, leg, or arm) and attached to the coronary artery above and below the narrowed artery. **Q157: What is the new blood vessel used in CABG called?** A: The new blood vessel used in CABG is called a graft. **Q158: What should a comprehensive nutrition assessment for atherosclerosis focus on?** A: A comprehensive nutrition assessment should be based on the AHA dietary plan. **Q159: What food groups should be emphasized in the diet?** A: The diet should emphasize fruits and vegetables. **Q160: What types of foods should be increased in the diet?** A: The diet should include more legumes and nuts. **Q161: What type of grains should be added?** A: More whole grains should be added to the diet. **Q162: What types of protein should be the focus?** A: The focus should be on lean protein, vegetable protein, and fish. **Q163: What should be limited in the diet?** A: The diet should limit processed meats, refined carbohydrates, and sugary drinks. 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