Ottoman History PDF

SECTION I THE OTTOMANS: FROM A PRINCIPALITY TO EMPIRE l) In 16th and 17th Centuries, the most poweful state on the eastern front that the Ottomans had to cope with was the lranian---------------state. a) Sasanid b) Memeluk c) Candarlid C:=51vafid...

SECTION I THE OTTOMANS: FROM A PRINCIPALITY TO EMPIRE l) In 16th and 17th Centuries, the most poweful state on the eastern front that the Ottomans had to cope with was the lranian---------------state. a) Sasanid b) Memeluk c) Candarlid C:=51vafid e) Lusignan 2) What was the effect of the Battle of Ankara (1402)? a) The Ottomans pushed the Mongolians out of Anatolia b) An Ottoman-Byzantine federation was established in Anatolia The Ottoman State entered into a period of Interregnum d) The Mongolians destructed the Byzantine Empire e) The Ottomans defeated the Mongolians and captured Iran 3) Before the Ottoman conguest of it in 1453, Constantinopolis had been the political center of............ ___) Byzantine Empire C b) Tsarist Russia c) Memeluk Sultanate d) W estem Roman Empire e) Catholic Church  4) Ottoman SultanMurad I, who ruled betwe en 1362 and 1389, conguered the city of...............in 1369 and made it the new capital. ( J dime (Adrianople) b) Bursa c) iznik (Nicea) d) istanbul e) Ankara 5) The Turcoman Principalities emerg ed in Anato lia after the destruction of the Anato lian Selju k State by the........ in.......... a) Mongolians/1640 b) Byzantines/1453 C::::-) Mongolians/1243 d) Memeluks/1516 e) Bulgarians/1402 6) The first Ottoman capital city was.................. , captured by Orhan bey in 1326? a) istanbul ( )) Bursa c) iznik d) Edime e) Ankara  7) What was the name of the Battlein which the Mongolians led by Temarlene(Timurlenk) d,~feated the _ _ Ottomans led by Sultan Bayezid I? Ankara (1402) b) Kosovo (1389) c) Varn a(144 4) d) Zenta (1689) e) Dardanelles ( 1540) 8) Who cong uered the Constantinople in 1453? a) Mura d I b) Meh medl c) Osm an I ') Mehm ed II e) Selim I 9) Cons tantin opoli s conguered by the Ottomans led by Sulta n Meh med I in 1453 , had been the capital city of.................... for nearl y 1000 years? a) Anat olian Selju kid State b) W estem Rom an Empi re c) Mem eluk State........... _:__) Easte rn Rom an Emp ire e) Mon golia n Emp ire 10) After the conq uest of Cons tantin opoli s in 1453 , the Ottom ans renam ed it as................ a) izmi r \ ) istan bul c) Anka ra d) Edim e e) Burs a  11) During Selim I's rule, the Ottomans conguered............ and. · ·······, and destructed the..........in the first quarter of 16th century. a) Cyprus-Crete-Byzantine Empire b) Rhodes-Cyprus-Venetian State - - Syria-Egypt-Memeluk Sultanate d) Constantinopolis-Thessaloniki-Pontus Roman State e) Kosovo-Tiran-Albanian Kingdom 12) With the conguest of........... and............ , the Ottoman sultans became the protectors of the holy lands, Mecca and Medina in Hijaz. a) Cyprus-Crete b) Bagdad-Crimea c) istanbul-Edime Crimea-Azarbaij an Syria-Egypt 13) Which of the following gives correc tly the places conguered by by Suleiman I( the Magnificent)? a) Vienna -Cypru s-Iraq..__.- ---:-- Belgrade-Central Hungary-Iraq c) Malta- Vienna -Egypt d) Cyprus-Crete-Rhodes e) Vienna-Belgrade-Iraq  14) In 1571, the Ottomans captured Cyprus from the............... a) Lusignans -- ( ) Venetians c) Arabs d) Byzantines e) Iranians 15) Who was the sultan when the Ottomans conguered Cyprus in 1571? a) Suleyman I b) Selim I c) Murad II ( - - -) Selim II e) Selim III 16) By conguering...............in 1571 and...............in 1574 the Ottomans became the supreme power in Mediterranean. a) Syria-Cyprus Cyprus-Tunisia c) Cyprus-Rhodes d) Crete-Cyprus e) Dardanelles-Cyprus 17) Which of the following was conguered by the Ottomans in 17th century? c------)) Crete b) Cyprus C) Kosovo d) Syria e) Egypt  18) Which of the following is a wron g statement? a) The Second Ottoman siege of Vien na took place in 1683. By the the Treaty ofKa rlow itz (1699), the Ottomans lost all prov inces in the Balk ans c) The Second Ottoman siege of Vien na prov oked a major rescue operation on the part of Euro pean Christian states. d) Habsburg empire, Poland, Lithu ania, Veni ce, Papacy, and Russia were the mem bers of the united international coali tion faigh ting again st the Ottomans during the years e) An international coali tion of the Habs burg empire, Poland, Lithuania, Veni ce, Papa cy, and the Russ ia defeated the Ottomans and mana ged to re-ca pture most of historic hung ary in 1699. 19) Which of the following was the Euro pean state that in 16th century the Otto mans coop erate d with again st the Austrian Habsburg Emp ire? a) Holy Rom an Germ en Emp ire C:~ -;:t France c) Spain d) Britain e) Germany 20) Whic h of the followi ng was neve r been occu pied and ruIed by th e Ottomans? Iran b) Anatolia c) Bagh dad.............., e)Syria d) Bulg aria  21) In 1352 the Ottomans established their first bridgehead in the................. , on the European shores of Dardanelles. Balkans b) Anatolia c) Africa d) Asia e) Caucasia 22) The Ottoman-French alliance in 16th century was formed against..................... which was the arch- enem y of both states. a) Britain b) Iran c) Nethe rland Habs burg Empire e) Portu gual _ 23) By the treaty of Kasrz~irin (1638) the borderline betwe en the Ottoman Empire and............... was decided. c___ Iran b) Afghanistan c) Russia d)Ha bsbur Empi re e) Georgia 24) Whic h of the follow ing was the Nava l Battle that an unite d Euro pean Chris tian powe r (crusade) defeated the Ottom an navy imme diate ly right after the conguest of Cyprus in 1571? a) Galli poli Lepa nto c) Alaia d) Bragadino e)Trep izond  25) Which of the following was NOT one of the countries conquered by the Ottoman Empire? a) Bosnia-Herzegovina b) Greece c) Syria d) Bulgaria _,,,,;;J) Italy 26) Which of the following was one of the nations that the Ottomans fought before the 15th century? r ---) Bulgarians b) British c) French d) Americans e) Dutch 27) In 1516-17, Sultan Selim I defeated the Mameluk state, sultanate of................. a) Iran and Iraq b) Afghanistan and Iran c) Iran and Mongolia c---·) Egypt and Syria e) Anatolia and Greece 28) The Ottomans besie d. l ?th. ge ······ two times in 16th and ~-- c~ntunes, but could not capture it. ___. Vienna - - - - --rb) Belgrade c) Cyprus d) Crete e) Rhodes  29) In 1430, the Ottomans captured the city of Thessaloniki from the........... a) Gre eks b) Bu lga rian s Ve net ian s d) Ser bia ns e) Hu nga ria ns 30) Th e Ott om an Sul tan Ba yez id I (13 89- 140 2) con tinu ed the Ott om an exp ans ion on bot h continents, ext end ing his rul e up to the ban ks of the riv er............. (Tu na) in the Ba lka ns and the river........... (Frrat) in Me sop ota mi a. '\ Da nub e/E uph rat es b) Sav a/T igr is c) Ind usNellow d) Potamia/Red e) Long/Yellow  SE C TI O N II ET Y AN D OTTOMAN STATECRAFT, SO CI IN ST IT UT IO NS IN CL AS SI CA L AG E W ha t alphabet did the Ot tom an s use in their official 1) written language? a) Latin b) Sanskrit c) Aramean ")) Arabic e) Russian W ith the co ng ue st of............. , M eh me d II be ca me the 2) Th e Ottomans most prestigious Muslim leader. ic so ve rei gn since regarded him as the greatest Islam ic W or ld came to the first Four Caliphs, and the Islam ard Ho ly W ar as the gr ea tes t so ur ce of po we r and reg influence. Constantinople b) Syria c) Egypt.: , a) d) Cyprus e) Tunisia W ith the po sse ssion of Contstantinople, Mehmed the 3) itimate heir conguerer regarded himself as the only leg of the.............. a) Persian Empire -- "" 1 Roman Empire c) Bulgarian Empire d) British Empire e) Umayyad Dynasty  11 4) Who of the following was the Ottoman ruler bearing the title of Sultan for the first time, and as a token of independence struck the first Ottoman Coins?. a) Murad I b) Murad II c_ ·) Orhan d) Mehmed I e) Bayezid I 5) Which of the following did not belong to Ruling Military (askeri) class? a) The military personel(seyfiyye) b) Palace officials (Miilkiye) c) Religious Scholars (ilmiye) C::::: The merchants (tiiccar) e) Administrative Cadres(kalemiye) 6) During the reign of Selim I, the status of the sultan changed radically. By annexing....................... , the old heartland of the Caliphate, to the empire, Selim became more than simply a gazi sultan on the frontiers of the Islamic world. a) Bagdad- Crimea-Ukraine b) Cyprus-Crete-Bagdad c) Trepizond-Crimea-Syria d) Tunisia-Algeria-Albania '°') Syria, Egypt and Arabia  7) Sultan Orhan's son,............... , assumed the title of Hudavendigar-Emperor-and Sultan-i Azam-the most Exalted Sultan-Which the Seljuk sultans before him had used and which indicatated his claim to the title of Empire. a) Ahmed b) Mehmed c) Osman II ~) Murad e) Mustafa 8) According to Islamic sunni doctrine, the caliph had to be from the Kuraysh, the prophet's tribe and, furthermore, the classical concept of a single caliph for the whole Islamic community had had no force since the 13th century. Thus............... a) The Ottomans assumed the caliphate of the whole L Islamic world , It is not true that Abbasid caliph, al-Mutawakkil, surrendered the office of caliph to Selim, or that Selim claimed to be, in the classical sense, caliph of the whole Islamic world. c) The Ottoman sultans had no right to bear the title of "Caliph". d) The whole Christian world recognized the Ottomans sultan as the single caliph e) None of the statements above is true  lJ 9) Which of the following statements about the Ottom an Access ion to throne is NOT TRUE ? a) According to Islamic tradition, the sultan had to be a male of full age and sound mind, but there was no law or custom regulating succession. b) In six centuries of rule the Ottom an family produc ed 36 sovereigns. In his kanunname,Mehmed the congu eror codifie d a practice giving priority to the oldest male memb er of the Ottoman dynasty in access ion to throne. d) Accord ing to old Turkish beliefs the appoin tment of the sovereign was in the hands of God and, therefore, to establish a fixed law of succes sion or actively to change the enthroned sultan was to oppose the will of God. e) Whichever Ottoman'"prince (~ehzade) succee ded in securing the empire 's capital, treasu ry and archives and in winning the suppor t of janissa ries, Ulema (religious scholar), bureau cracy and Palace officials, was the legitimate Sultan. 10) Which of the following was NOT a compone nt. element in the process of institu tionali zation of the Ottoman state? Austrian b) Turkish-Mongolian c) Indian d)Iranian e) Islamic  11) Inherited from the Near eastern state tradition.............. became the basic principle of Ottoman' Statecraft. According to this; " To control the state requires a large army. To support the troops requires great wealth. To obtain this wealth the people must be prosperous. For the people to be prosperous the laws must be just. If any of these is neglected the state will collapse". Justice Fratern ity c) Solidar ity d) Equali ty e) Freedo m 12)............... ,as the basic principle of Ottoman Statecraft, means the protect ion of subjects against abuse from the represe ntative s of authority and in particular agains t illegal taxation. if Justice b) Fraternity c) Solidarity d) Equali ty e) Freedo m 13) Which of the follow ing was the Ottoman central Imperi al counci l in the classic al age? a) Meclis -i Mebus an b) Meclis-i Ayan c) Divan-1 Me~veret d) Divan-1 Kebir - - ~ J Di v :::tn-1 l-li1ni~, n1n 14) Who of the following was the official that served as the sulta n's absolute deputy and head of government, assum ed the the role of chairing the Imperial Council? a) Kadi b) Treas urer c) Muft i ·,Gran d Vizie r e) Seyh iilisla m 15) Who was the head of the Ottoman Navy? Kapu dan Pasha b) Sadr-1 Azam c) Kadl asker ofRu melia d) Seyhiilislam e) Drag oman 16) Toe basic administrativ~-~lit3?7 unit in the Ottoman Classical Provincial administration was............. a) Kaza )) Sanc ak c) Eyale t d) Nahi ye e) Vilay et  17) Which of the following statements about the classes in Ottoman Society IS NOT TRUE? °'a) Since the Ottomans had an very liberal views for the societal organization, they commonly welcomed the passing from reaya to military status. b) Release from reaya status and entry into the military class required a special and rarely granted decree from the Sultan. c) For the son of a peasant to enter the the military class he normally had to have certain connections with that class or fight as volunteer on the frontier or in the Sultan's campaigns. d) For a man to pass from reaya to military status was considered a breach of the fundemental principles of state, since the reaya were essential as produces and tax-payers. e) Although there were some exceptions, theory was that only the Muslims could occupy a state post, and thus be a member of military class 18) With the rapid expansion of the Ottoman territory, need to control the sancaks ruled by (? s:,r1cakbeyis, paved the way to the appointment of..................... over the sancakbeyis. a) Mukhtars b) Mutasarrifs c) Beylerbeyis (governors) d) Kadis e) Mutesellims  19).................. was intended to provide troops for the sultan's army, by maintaining a large, centrally controlled cavalry force. a) The Madrasa system b) The Devshirme C )Timar System d) The iltizam system e)The Justice System 20) Who was a Sipahi? a) Ottoman Judge C -j Ottoman Cavalryman 1 c) Ottoman Elementary School teacher d) Ottoman professor in the Madras as e) Ottoman mayor governing the city 21) The provincial administrative unit established to administer a group of sancaks, was called................ a) Baladiya b) Mukhtarlik ( ) Beylerbeylik (Eyalet) d) Kaza e) Nahiya 22) One of the classification within the Ottoman society is that it was divided into two classes: The Rulingor aske rf and the Ruledor............ n) Reaya C b) Beylerbeyi c) Murabaha d) Devshirme e) Nahiya  23) All of the below were the comp onents of Reaya class in the Ottoman Society, EXCEPT............... a) Peasants b) Fanners C. c) Janissaries d) Guilds e) Merchants 24) The Ottoman Empire named after................ a) Osman, the first Caliph after the death of prophet Muhammad b) Osman, the founder of the Ottoman Dynasty c) Osman, the founder of Seljuk State d) Osman, the famous Mongolian ruler e) Osman, the founder of the Memeluk state in Syria and Egypt 25) Which of the following describes the Devshirmecorrectly? a) The poll-tax paid by the non-Muslims in Islamic states b) The chief officer of the Janissary Corps c) A name sometimes given to the elders of various dervish groups d) The levy of christian children to be trained for posts in the palace, administration or kapzkulu military corps. e) An unit of agricultural land, varying in size from 60 to 150 doniims  26) Which of the following was the religious order (Tarigat) that the Janissaries were closely connected with? a) Mevleviyah b) Melami r ' Bektashi d) Kadiri e) Nak~bendi 27) The ottoman law system was based on Shariat (Islamic law) and Sultanic Law called................. a) lizya b) Gazi c) Kadi 4JKanun/Orf e) Hutbe 28) Which of the following was the official assisting the Kadi in execution of the municipial services? - - " Muhtesib b) Mufti c) Sancakbeyi d) Mimarba~i e) Grandvizier 29) When were the Janissary corps organized formally? C.- -u) During the time of Sultan Murad II in the first half of the 15th century b) During the Mahmut I sultanate in the 17th century c) During the Orhan Bey's period in 14th century d) During the Mehmed II' s period in the 15th century e) During the Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century. f both Seriat and Kanun was 30) The execution ° the J. udge called... ······ performed bY a) Seyhiilislam h'\ Kadi c) Muhtesib d) Mufti e) Muderris 31) Which of the following was not a member of the ilmiye (religious scholars) class? ) Grandvizier b) Mufti c) Kadi d) Seyhiilislam e) Miiderris 32) Who interpreted the Islamic law for Kadi and the responsible government officials when required? a) Seyhiilislam b) Miiderris c: - - ~ Mufti d) imam e) Headphysician (Hekimba~i) 33) Who interpreted the Islamic Law for the Ottoman Sultan and issued fetva(legal opinion)? a) Kadi Seyhiilislam c) Muderris d) Sadrazam e) Kapudan Pasha  21 34) Who appointed the Muftis to the major cities? a) Grandvizier b) Kadi c) Kapudan Pasha $eyhiilislam e) Muderris 35) What were the secondary and higher education institutions in Ottoman Classical age? a) Mekteb b) Lycee - Madrasa d) Devshirme e) Muhtesib 36) With the conguest of Syria, Egypt and Arabia, sultan Selim I became the protector of the holy cities, a) Damascus-Bagdad b) Riyad-Tehran Babylon-Antioch ~ ) Mecca-Medina e) Medina-Tehran 37) The Ottomans inherited the Madrasasystem from the............... a) Byzantine Empire b) Sasanids c) Memeluks C J Seljuk Turks e) Mongolians  22. appomte d Gen nad ius to the ed the Congueror. l 454 and bro ugh t to 38) Mehm. rchate in.. Gree k Orthodox Patn a.. patn arc h Thi s md1 cated that Istanbul the Annen1an he...... ·.. ·.. _ _ Chn.sttan. 1 ty the offi cial religion a) Sougt to malce tne of the empire. ty with out the christian. b) a1me d to create a new soc1e elements. d in his own per son the c) claimed to ha~e umted Roman traditions of Islamic, Turkish an universal sovereignty· d) became a Christian. c.. h e). sought to make the Christianity the dom man t ia1t in Ottoman society 39) Which of the followin g-statements abo ut the Otto man Madrasas is NOT TRUi..._ f? _ a) After the conguest of inst anb ul, Sul tan Me hme d the conguerer (Fatih)built a mos que com plex (kiilliye) where 16 madrasas wer e situ ated. b) The Ottoman madrasas in Cyp rus wer e of University education level. c) The first Ottoman mad rasa was was crea ted in iznik (Nicea)by Orhan Bey. d) In the Siileymaniye mos que com plex , bes ides four general madrasas, a had ith mad rasa and a Med ical Education Madrasa (Dar-el-T1b) wer e esta blis hed. e) Siileymaniye medicine (Da r el-t ibb) and had ith madrasas were rank ed at the hig her leve l than the Fatih Madrasas.  23 40) Who was the teacher and administrator of a Madrasa? a) Seyhiilislam Miiderris c) Muhtesib d) Kadi e) Sancakbeyi 41) What was the poll-tax paid by the non-Muslims? a) i~pence b) U ~r c) ihtisab d) Zecriyye )Jizya 42) The Ottoman government officials used the term "millet"to refer to the............... - Religious communities b) Ethnic identities c) Islamic orders d) Protestant sects e) Islamic sects 43) Which of the following statements is not true about the Ottoman non-Muslim subjects? a) A non-Muslim man could not marry a Muslim woman There was no barrier for a non-Muslim subject to.,...-- occupy a official post c) A Muslim man could marry a non-Muslim woman d) The non-Muslims having a holy book were treated by the Ottoman state as dhimmis(protected minorities) e) The non-Muslims were exempted from military service in return for paying Jizya  24 44) Which of the following could not be classified as a separate millet? a) Orthodox Christians b) Catholic Christians Turks d) Gregorien Armenians e) Protestant Christians 45) The Ottoman state institutions developed through the influences of..............elements. a) Chinese-Japanise-American-Iranian-Islamic '-' Turkish-Mongolian,Indian, Iranian, Islamic and Byzantine c) Russian, Indian-German-French-Islamic d) Islamic-Mongolian-British-Dutch e) American-Russian-Mongolian-Spanish-Italian 46) Within the Ottoman classical state mechanism,............. was an official in charge of finances. a) Kadi b) Mufti c) Grandvizier d) Seyhiilislam _) Defterdar  25 47) The.............. became the stablished practice to assign state agricultural revenues to the troops, who collected them directly, in place of salary. a) Millet System Tunar (fief) c) Tax-Farming d) Justice e) Divan-1 Humayun 48) Under the......... system the cavalryman-sipahi-resided in the village that was itself his source of income, and was easily able to collect the tithe, a tax on crops, paid in kind. Thus the soldier replaced the tax farmer, and on him fell the responsibility of converting the tithe into cash. 1 Timar (fief) b) Millet c) Tax-Farming d) Justice e) Divan-1 Humayun 49) The timar-holding............kept his own horse; he was armed with a bow, sword, shield, lance and mace. ) Sipahi b) Grandvizier c) Kadi d) Mufti e) Kapudan Pasha  follo wing is. N O T ~m ong the 50) Which of th e of the O ttom an R uh ng C la ss m Classical components Ottoman Society? a) Palace officials (Miilkiye) b) Military personeI(Seyfiye) en).../ Foreign Residents (Miistem iye) d) Administrative cadre (kalem e) Religous scholars (ilmiye) M uslim or N on -M us lim ,a nd along occupational 51) Being in to th e ru ral an d ur ba n population, all the lines su bjec ts pr oduc in g an d pa ying taxes to the Ottoman e re ga rded as............, m eaning flock or state wer subject. a) Askeri ~1 Reaya c) ilmiye d) Seyfiyye e) Kalemiyye T 52) In the Classical Ottoman ax Sysytem, who paid Jizya l-tax)? (pol a) Only Christians b) AU Muslims c) Nomadic People ; All Non-Muslims e) Only Orthodox Christians 53) In the class · 11y the ical era,. for the Ottomans , 1·deol og1ca... main cnte na ofbe 1ng a member of ruling class serving the Sultan was being a.............. a) Turk b) Arab _/ Mus lim d) Mem ber of Otto man dynasty e) Irani an 54) Who was the the highest religious official in Ottoman empire? ~\ Seyhk-ul islam b) Muft i c) Kadi d) imam e) Gran dviz ier 55) Whic h of the following statements about the classical Otto man socie ty is NOT true? a) A Mus lim wom en could not marry a non-muslim man The Turks were the most privileged people c) The non-Muslims (excluding the exceptions) could not accu py a post in the state bureucracy d) Muslims constituted the main element in the Ottoman army e) Jizya was a tax paid by the non-Muslims  28. during th e classica th n Empire l age, e O ttoma. the ha nd s o f th e... 56) In was 1n........... Muslim educatio n called Ulema. Religious Scholars..., Non-Muslim Elites b) c) Rich People d) Tradesman e) Interpreters 57) Who was the fundemental function o f the K a d.1?. ,.. \ Judiciary b) Legislative c) Executive d) Military e) Educational 58) The............ was the alphabet that the O tt om an s us ed in their official language. a) Latin b) Cyrillic fu ab ic d) Cuneiform e) Sanskrit 59) Who were the hum an sources for th e D (recruitment) sysytem in evshirme the ·Ottoman Classical a) Sunni Muslims b) A age? lawi Mus i ) Christians e) Iranians lims c) Turks 60) What was the fundem ental function o f Muhte a) Military b) Legisla sib? tive c) Judiciary Municipal e) Executive  SECTION III: OTTOMAN DECLINE, REFORM AND DISINTEGRATION 1) Which of the following was one of the factors for the corruption of Janissary Corps? a) Their family connections and vested interests within the socio-economic fabric became more important than loyalty to the Sultan b) The main mode of recruitment, the Dev~irme, had already lost its dominance with the relaxation of the non-marriage rule, and sons of Janisarries (kuloglu) gained favored admission to the corps. , c) Reduction of the real salary payments by debasing the currency. The policy, as before, caused widespread unrest and occassional rebellions led by the janissaries. d) The decrease in Acemi (recruit) training combined with the recruitment of kuloglus (sons of the slaves-dev~irmes) and urban youth. All of the choices above are true 2) With the Peace Treaty of.................. in 1699, the Ottomans withdrew from more or less all of Hungary, Croatia and Slovenia. This meant that Ottoman domination of Eastern Central Europe was thus coming to an en'\ a) Lausanne " Karlowitz c) Ankara d) Sevres e) Mudros  31 3) Which of the following was not one of the 18th century military reforms? Abolishment of Janissary Corps b) Use of Printing Press with moveable scripts c) Foundation of a salaried Corps of Bombardiers(Ulufeli Humbaractlar ocag1). d) Foundation of a school of Geometry (Hende,shane) to teach the Bombardiers the basics of Geometry. e) Foundation of New Engineering school (Miihendishane-i Cedide) to educate the the bombardier and miner corps. 4) Who brought the Printing Press to the Ottoman empire in 18th century? a) Bar on de Tot t b) Bonneval c) Koc;i Bey ibra him Miiteferrika e) Mim ar Sin an 5) In 18th century Ottoman empire was not a centralized state any more. The notables called................, became real rulers of som e areas in Balkans and Anatolia. a) Iltizam b) Miiltezim c) Sek ban C ) Ayan e) Yenic;eri  32 6) Who established the Ottoman permanent embassies... ? lll important european cities. a) MahmudII b) Abdiilmajid I i Selim III d) Mustafa III e) Ahmed III 7) What was the Vaka-i Hayriye(Beneficiary event)? a) The opening of the first modem secondary schools by Mahmud II b) Creation of Nizam-z Cedid army / Abolishment of the Janissary Corps by Mahmut II d) The foundation of the Engineering school e) The defeat of the Ottoman armies by Mehmed Ali Pasha of Egypt 8) Which of the following was not one of the educational reforms of Mahmut II? a) The opening of the Milit~ry Medical School 1 The foundation of the first University " - ~ (Dariilfiiniin) in istanbul c) The foundation of first modem secondary schools (Ru~tiyes) d) Foundation of the Military academy e) Sending of a small group of students to Europe for education for the first time  33 9) What was the name of the army replacing the Janissary Corps? a) Nizam-1 Cedid ) Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye c) Sekban-1 cedid d) Sipahi corps e) Levends 10) What was the practice that the Ottoman Government rented or sold the right to collect the state revenues for 2-3 years to the private businessman? a) Tim ar b) Devshirme c) Janissary d) Sipahi CJ iltiz am 11) Which of the _following statements about the peace treaty of Kii9iikKaynarca (1774) is NOT TRUE.? a) It recognized the independence of the Crimea,.)~ It recognized the annexation of Crimea by the Russians c) It gave Rus sia a secure foothold on the shore of Blac k Sea, d) It gave the Russians the right of navigation in the Blac k Sea e) It ascribed to the Empress of Russia a right of protection over the Greek Orthodox Church in the Ottoman Lands.  34. f h £ Bowing was the first Ottoman 12) Which o t e o newspaper? a) Tercfunan-1 Ahval b) Havadis c) Hiirriyet ) Takvim-i Vekayi e) Cumhuriyet 13) Who gained independence first from the Ottoman empire? a) Armenians b) Jewish c) Albanians u) Greeks e) Serbians 14) What was the Nizam-1 Cedid? a) Mahmud H's new army replacing the Janissary Corps b) The first newspaper published in Mahmud II period c) The first secular school founded by Mahmud II Selim III' s reform program and name of his new army e) The first military medical school founded by Mahmud II 15) What did Mahmut II do to fight the epidemics? a) He founded the military medical school b) He send students to abroad for higher education c) He employed the foreign doctors in all provinces d) He founded the first civil medical institute -' He established the Qurantine System r 35 16) Who was the governor( Vali) of Egypt, who challenged sultan Mahmut II' s authority? -\ Mehmed Ali Pasha o) Siileyman Pasha c) Sokullu Mehmed Pasha d) ismail Pasha e) Adiilhamid Pasha 17) To strengthen the.................... sultan Mahmut II parcelled out the absolute powers formerly delegated to Grandvizier, among the grand vizier's subordinates. In this way a cabinet system was initiated. a) Provincial Government b) Position of Ulema Central Government d) Efficiency of the Janissary Corps e) Naval Forces 18) Which of the following was the most important central advisory body established to deal with the growing burden of legislation that Sultan Mahmut II's reforms entailed. ) Meclis-i Vala-i Ahkam-i Adliye b) Divan-1 Hiimayun c) Divan-1 Kebir d) Meclis-i Me~veret e) Meclis-i Ayan  19) Which of the following gives ~\ mai n threats to Ottomans in 17th and 18th cenr unes. a) Bulgaria-Macedonia b) Venice-Greece c) Britain-Germany ·) Habsburg Empire-Russia e) Italy-France 20) Which of the following WAS NOT a reform initiated by sultan Mahmutll? a) The launching of the first Ottoman newspaper, or more exactly official gazette, Takvim-i Vekayi( calendar of events) in 1831 1 Removal of the legal uneguality between the Muslim and non-Muslim Subjects c) The first population census (only the male heads of households counted) between the years 1831- 1838 d) The introduction of a postal system, e) The establishment of a quarantine system 21) Which of the following did not take place among the reforms that Ottoman sultan promised his subjects in the edict of TANZjMAT? a) A just taxation System b) Guarantee for life, property and honour of the subjects c) Abolishment of Tax-farming (j/tizam) system d) Eguality between the Muslim and non-Muslim Subjects before Law \ A parliamentary and constitutional regime 22) What is the historical period of 1839-1876 called in Ottoman/Turkish historiography? ') Tanzimat (reform) period b) First Constitutional (me$rutiyet)period c) Second Constitutional (me$rutiyet) period d) Interregnum (Fetret)Period e) Classical age 23) What did Mahmut II aim when he had brought the holdings of religious foundations (Evkaj),under government control through the institution of a separate directorate of religious foundations? a) To control the foreign ambassodors in istanbul b) To create a military alternative to the Janisaries c) To allow Ulema to be the absolute agent of the Sultan -~ ·, To limit Ulem a's power within the state mechanism e) To strengthen Ulema's economical resources 24) After the...................... (1854-1856), Th Ottoman Sultan issued a Ferman to enforce the reforms, particularly the Muslin-non-Muslim Eguality, promised in 1839. Crimean War b) Ottoman-Russian War c) First Balkan War d) Second Balkan War e) First World War  j~ 25) Whi ch of the following was not of the rennovations in Tanzimat Period ? - 1 The abolishment of Madrasas b) Foundation of the first Civil Medical School c) The establishment of the first telegram lines d) The foundation of the tribunals of commerce e) The Opening of the first mod em Secondary School (Rii§tiye) for the Girls 26) Which of the following statements about the Tanzimat period reforms is NOT TRU E? a) Through the 1864 and 1871 regulations the advisory councils where the Mus lim and non- Muslims had seats, were opened in the provincial administrative units. b) The first Civil Service School (Mek teb-i Mulkiye) was founded in 1859. c) In 1844, the death penalty for apos tasy from islam, a provision of Seriat, was abolished. ,-l'\ The Madrasas were rono vate d in a way that they turned into the institutions offering secular education at university level. e) 1864 Law introduced a com plete hierarchical system of provinces and subdivisions, from the vilayet(province)thro ugh sanc ak (county) and kaza (district) to the nahi ye (rural community) and kariy e (village).  27) Who were the Young Ottomans? a) A reformist group who thought the best political model for the Ottoman society was absolutism b) The young students in the madrasas who worked for the complete removal of shariat from the Law system. \ The pioneers of Ottoman Muslim intellegentsia, who opposed the Tanzimat reforms and were pro constitutional regime. d) The militiant Armenians who fought for the independence of Armenia e) The revolutionist Greeks who supported a Greek- Ottoman Federation 28) What was the Kura (Lot) system about? a) Occupation of official posts 1--\ Conscription for the army c) Promotion in the Judiciary System d) Promotion in the Educational posts e) Marriage betwen the Muslim and non-Muslims 29) Which of the following was the first newspaper in Ottoman Turkish to be privately owned and published? a) Takvim-i Vekayi ,,....._~-/ Terciiman-1 Ahval c) Tasvir-i Efkar d) Muhbir e) Ceride-i Havadis  40 30) Which of the fallowing was one of the member of young Ottoman Movement,. who created new vocabulary, in which old words such as vatan(patrie)and hiirriyet(freedom)were given new. meanings..? -) N am1k Kemal b) Ali Siiavi c) Ziya Pasha d) Mustafa Faztl Pasha e) Sinasi 31) Which of the fallowing was the secret society founded by the Young Ottomans in 1865? a) Kuvva-yi Milliye b) Meclis-i Mebusan c) _ittihat ve Terakki (Union and Progress) -- ittifak-i Hamiyet (Alliance of patriotism) e) Carbonari 32) What was the main political ideal of the Young Ottoman Movement? a) Maintaining the Tanzimat reforms - / Establishing a constitutional, and parliamentarian government c) Overthrowing the Ottoman sultan and proclaiming Republic d) Abolishing the sultanate and establishing a dictatorial rule e) Restoring the Classical institutions  33) Which of the following was NOT one of the lead ing Young Ottomans? a) Nannk Kemal b) Ziya Pasha c) Ali Suavi d) Mustafa Faz1l Pasha J Enver Pasha 34) After the 1877-1878 Russian-Ottoman war whi ch ended with the victory of Russians, the Peace treaty of -----------(Ye~ilkoy), a disaster for the Ottoman s was signed on March 1878. a) Berlin b) Ankara ,,,) San Stefano d) Adrianople e) istanbul 35) Having bee n defeated in the 1877-1878 by the Russians, the Ottomans had to accept the independence of.............. ? a) Albania-Serbia-Greece 1 Montenegro-Roumania-Serbia ' c) Macedonia-Serbia-Greece d) Cyprus-Greece-Malta e) Croatia-Serbia-Slovenia  42 I' (l 8?8) which revised the treaty In the treaty of Ber in. d 3 6) A tr·a-Hungary occup1e...... of San Stefano, us -) Bosnia-Herzegovina b) Cyprus c) Malta d) istanbul e) Greece 37) In return for supporting the Ottoma~s in the Ber~in Conference and protecting them against the Russian threat in the east, the island of Cyprus was ceded to the................... in1878. ~\ British b) French c) Germans d) Italians e) Americans 38) What was the main political goal of the Community of Union and Progress (jttihat ve Terakkki Cemiyeti? a) Establishing a Ottoman-Greek Federal State b) Establishing the Ottoman republic Reinstating constitution and parliam ent d) Establishing a Ottoman -Armen ian Confederation e) Removing all the secular element s from the state mechanism 39) The first use of telegram line in the Ottomans was during the..................... ? : Tanzimat Period b) Mahmu d II Period c) Selim III period d) Abdiilh amid II period e)First World War 4o) Which of the following statements about sultan Adiilhamid II is NOT TRUE? a) Both First and Second Constitutional Periods coincides with his rule b) He followed a Pan-Islamist policy both in internal and external political affairs c) The first Ottoman University in real sense was opened during his reign d) During his reign The Ottoman empire continued to loose territory He closed down all the modem schools opened during the Tanzimat period 41) What was the juihad-z Osmani Cemiyeti (Ottoman Unity Society)? a) The secret organization that cooperated with Abdiilhamid II to restore absolutism b) The secret organization aimed at the independence of Armenia c) The secret organization aiming at a autonomous Kurdistan in Ottoman Empire d) The Albanian underground organization fighting for the Albanian independence... J The first organized opposition to Abdiilhamid II regime? , 42) The first railway line in the Ottoman Empire was built during the................. Period? a) Abdulhamid II b) First Constitutional c)Second Constitutional '.....Tanzimat e)Mahmud II  44 43 ) Who represented the liberal ideals in th e yo un g Turk Movement? a) Nam1k Kemal b) Ah me tR.lz a c)Mizanc1 Murat \ Prince Sa ba ha tti n e)Ali Si.iavi 44) Which of the following sta tements is NO T TR UE about the first Ottoman Constituti onal Re gi me ? a) The parliament ha d tw o ch am be rs, Meclis-i Mebusan and Meclis-i ayan ) The non-Muslim subjects we re no t all ow ed to have seats in the Meclis-i Mebusan c) The presidents of bo th cham bers we re ap po int ed by the sultan d) The first constitutional re gi me en de d wh en Abdulhamid II su sp en de d th e co ns tit ut io n and closed the parliament in 1877 e) The members of the M ec lis -i Ay an were appointed by the sultan, wh ile th e me mb er s of the Meclis-i Mebusan we re su pp os ed to be ele cte d by people 45) W ho rounded the Society of Ot to ma n Li be ra ls and Society fo r Private Initiative an 1906? d De ce nt ra liz at io ni n a) Nam1k Kemal 1 ' Prince Sabahattin c) Ahmet Ri za d) Dr. Naz1m e) Bahaeddin Sakir 46) The sultan............ , on the night of 23 July 1908 restored the Ottoman constitution after an interval of 30 years. a) Abdiilmajid I b) Mahmut II Abdiilhamid II d) Selim III e) Abdulaziz 47) After the suppression of the counter-revolution by the action army in 1909, the two chambers of parliament sitting together, deposed sultan........... , who was succeded by his younger brother Mehmet re~at. a) Mustafa III b) Selim I c) Mahmut II J Abdiilhamid II e) Abdulmajid I 48) The Ottomans lost Tunisia to................in 1881. ~, France b) Britain c) Italy d) Russia e) Germany 49) Which of the following annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908? a) Britain b) Germany c) Russia - 1 Austria-Hungary e) Greece  1 t Tripolitana (modern day.Libya), 50) The Ottomans os · ·ng land in Nort h Africa, to their last rema1ru...................in 1911. a) Germany b) France / Italy d) Russia e) Britain 51) Which of the following states did not fight against the Ottoman Empire in the First Balk an War (1912)? ' Roumania b) Serbia c) Greece d) Bulgaria e) Montenegro 52) Through a armedCoup (Bab-z Ali coup)in 1913,......... seized the pow er and estab lishe d a dictotarial regime lasting until the end of the First World War. a) Ahrar F1rkas1 b) Saviour Officers c) Party of Free dom and Und ersta ndin g ·) Community of Unio n and Prog ress e) Ottoman Socialist Part y 53) The Ottoman empire took part in the First Wor ld War as the ally of................... a) Britain b) Fran ce c) Russ ia d) USA Germ any 54) Which of the following ended the First W 1 or d War for the Ottoman Empire? a) Treaty of Sevres b) Treaty of Lausanne c) Armistice of Mudanya d) Treaty of Versailles 1 Armistice of Mudros 55) During the Second Balkan War (1913), the Ottomans took Edime back from the............... , who captured it in the First Balkan War. a) Greeks _, Bulgarians c) Armenians d)Rumanians e) Serbians 56) What happened in 1915 about the Armenians of Anatolia? a) All the Armenians in the War zone were recruited for the Ottoman army b) All the Armenians were allowed to settle in Russian territories ) The Ottoman government, on the initiative of of the Interior minister, Talat Pasha, decided to relocate (tehcir) the entire Armenian population of the War zone to Zor in the Syrian desert. d) All the Armenians voluntarily fought for the Ottomans against the Russians th e) The ottoman government decided to allow e t Armenians to establish their own state in EaS em Anatolia  48 57 Which of the following WAS NOT of the Community ) of Union and Progress (CUP)'s reforms towards secularization? a) In 1916, the ~eyhiilislam was removed from the cabinet b) In 1917 the ~eri (religious law) courts were brought under the control of the Ministry of Justice All the madrasas were closed / d) In 1917, the madrasas (religious colleges) were brought under the Ministry of Education e) The ctpriculum of madrasas was modernized 58) Which of the following was not of the fronts that the Ottomans fought in the First World War? _/ Spain b) Galicia c) Gallipoli/Dardanelles d) Suez Canal e) Palestine 59) Which of the following was the first Muslim territory the Ottomans lost in 1774? a) Cyprus b) Syria ") Crimea d) Egypt e) Palestine 60) For the Ottomans/Turks the victory ove th B.... r e ntish 1n the battles of............ 1n 1915-16 becam. ea source of tremendous national pride. a) Palestine b) Suez Canal c) Galicia J ) Gallipoli e) Macedonia 61) Which of the following statements about the social,economicaland legal status of Ottoman Muslim women during the 1913-1918 period is NOT TRUE? Polygamy was prohibited b) Their right to take the initiative for divorce was expanded c) Under the family law of 1917, brides had to be aged over 16 d) The Young Turks encouraged women to take part in social life, and women started to appear in public with their husbands and go to theatres and musical performances. e) Primary education was made compulsory for Girls in 1913 62) Which of the following was one of the Turkists who in his article work Or; Tarz-z siyaset (three types _of policy) compared the merits of Islami st, Ottomantst and Turkist policies, advocating the last.? ,,\ Yusuf Ak9ura b) Z1ya. G"k o aIP c)Ahmet Midhat d) Agaoglu Ahmet e) Mehmet Akif Ersoy  50 63) During the First World War, the British promised............. the support for the establishment of an Arab Kingdom, in exchange for an Arab revolt against the Ottoman authority? ; Sharif of Macca b) Egyptian Khediv c) Seyhiilislam of Medina d) Governor of Beirut e) Governor of Damascus 64) Which of the following describes the ideal of Ottomanism? a) An ideal based on regeneration of the empire on the basis of Islamic practices and of solidarity b) Union of Turkic peoples under the Ottoman flag c) The movement to adopt European techniques and ideas, which they contrast with Islamic traditionalism / An union of the different communities around the Ottoman throne e) A movement aiming at a Federal Ottoman state where the different communities have a political autonomy 65) Which of the following was not among the Ottoman Islamists during the second constitutional period? a) Mehmet Akif b) Sayyid Nursi c) E~refEd ip d) Sait Halim Pasha Yusuf Ak9ura  51 p the First.World War the Entente 66) During. south-western Asia Minor to prorrused Treaty of London (April 191S)......................under the a) Greece b) Albania ' Italy d) Russia e) Rumanians 67) The............ agreement between the French and British in 1916 envisaged the annexation of southern Mesopotamia by Britain and of the Syrian coast by France. a) London b) Lausanne Mudros 7 Sykes-Picot e) St. Jean de Maurienne 68) Who was the British foreign secretary that promised the leader of the Zionist movement in Britain in 1917, Lord Rothschild that Britain would support the t establishment of a' jewish national home in PaleS ine? a) Woodrow Wilson Arthur Balfour c) Churchill d) Eisonhover e) Adam Smith  52 69) Whi chof the following annexed Cyprus in 1914? a) France b) Greece c) Ottoman Empire Britain e) Russia 70) By which of the following secret agreements (191 5), the French and British recognized the occupation of Eastern Anatolia, Istanbul and the straits by the Russians? London b) Lausanne c) Sykes-Picot d) Sevres e) Constantinople 71) TheOttoman-Italian War in 1911 resulted in captu re of............... by the Italians. a) Cyprus b) Crete c) Rhodes d) Tunisia Tripolitana 72) Which of the following was the land lost to the French in 1881? a) Cyprus b) Algeria c) Egy pt ·~Tunisia e) Bag hdad  ) Wh ich of the following gives the countries the 73 tury? Ottomans lost to the French in 19th cen a) Crete-Rhodes b) Egypt-Syria , Algeria-Tunisia d) Syria-Egypt e) Damascus-Erbil ds the Ottomans 74) Which of the following gives the lan lost to the Bri tish in the 19th century? ) Egypt-Cyprus b) Syria-Crete c) Eg ypt -M oro cco d) Rh ode s-C ypr us e) Ma lta -Ir aq the independence 75) Which of the following resulted in of Crimea in 18th century? a) Ott om an- Fre nch Wa r Ott om an- Ru ssi an Wa r c) Ott om an- Ita lia n Wa r d) Ott om an- Ira nia n Wa r e) Ott om an- Ge rm an Wa r lands the Ottomans 76) Which of the fol low ing giv es the captured fro m the Ve net ian s? a) Ba gh dad -D am asc us b) Sy mi ma -C ret e ) Cy pru s-T hes sal oni ki d) Be lgr ade -V arn a e) Ma lta -A dri ono ple  54. h f the following was.the. firstl oppo sition 77) Wh IC O. aw the const1tut1ona regim. e an movement that s. 1 need to keep the non-mushm subJects loyal essentla to the Ottoman state? '1 Young Ottoman b) Socialist Ottoman c) Ottoman Workers Union d) Ottoman Jihadist e) Ottoman Patriotist 78) Which of the following was NOT one of the movements/historical developments that laid the foundations and rise of Modem Europe in 15th and 16th centuries? a) Geographical Explorations b) Humanism c) Renaissance d) Reformation Feudalism 79) Which of the following was NOT one of the members of the international coalition that defe ated Ottoman army and recaptured most of the historic Hungary in 1699? a) Habsburg Empire b) Russia c) Papacy d) Venice 'J Britain  55 ) Who used the phrase "sick man of Europe" to refer to 80 the political and economical weakness of Ottoman Empire in 19th century? a) Otto Von Bismarck(German Prime minister) b) Churchill(British Prime minister) c) Wilson(American President) 1 Nicholas I (Russian Tsar) ' e) Sultan Abdiilhamid II(Ottoman Sultan) 81) Who was called "the sick man of Europe" in 19th century? a) Russia b) Habsburg Empire ' Ottoman Empire d) France e) Britain 82) In diplomatic history, the............... refers to the strategic competition and political considerations of the European Great Powers in light of the political and economic instability in the Ottoman Empire from the late 18th to early 20th centuries. a) Beneficiary Event (Vaka-i Hayriyye) / Eastern Question (Dogu Sorunu) c) New Order (Nizam-1 Cedid) d) The edict of Tanzimat (Tanzimat Ferman1) e) The Ottoman National Question  Medical School was opened in 1827 durin 83) An ArmY g the reign of Sultan........ · a) Abdulmajid I b) Selim III c) Osman II d) Abdulhamid II Mahmut II 84) In the Ottoman empire, for the fir st time a group of students were sent to Europe for training in 1827 during the reign of.......... a) Selim III \tlahmud II c)Mustafa IV d) Selim II e) Mahmud I 85) One of the reforms of Sultan....... was opening of a Translation Office (Terciime Odas1) in 1833. - Mahmud II b) Osman I c) Mahmud I d) Selim III e) Abdulhamid I 86) Who was the Ottoman sultan When Cyprus was ceded to Britain? a) Vahideddin Abdiilhamid II c) Selim III d) Mahmudll e) Abdiilmajid I 87) Which of the following was one of the rennovations of 18th century? a) Opening of the first Ottoman University b) E stablishment of Quarantinee System c) Opening of the Military Medical School d) E stablishment of the permanent embassies in European centers 1 ___ Foundation of a school of GeometrY (He ndeshane) to teach the Bombardiers tbe basics of Geometry  When the local consultant council 88) s compos d Muslim and Non-Muslim membe e of both. rs Were e t b. in the provinces for the first time? s a hshed a) Mahmud II period b) Selim III period --" Tanzimat Period d) Abdiilhamid II period e) Second constitutional period 89) Which of the following was not of the Ottoman Sultans ascending the throne in 19th century? a) MahmudII Suleyman the magnificent 1 c) Selim III d) Abdulmajid I e) Abdulhamid II 90) The Ottoman Sultan............ ascended the Ottoman throne in the year (1789) that the French Revolution outbroken a) Osman I b) Mahmud II c) Abdulhamid II d) Selim II J Selim III