Historical Development of Science & Technology PDF

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OBJECTIVES: Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society throughout history Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology....

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OBJECTIVES: Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society throughout history Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology.  OVERVIEW I. PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD III. MEDIEVAL / MIDDLE AGE (Dark Age / Age of Faith) A. Stone Age IV. MODERN PERIOD 1. Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age) A. Early Modern Period 2. Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone Age) 1. Renaissance 3. Neolithic Period (New Stone Age) 2. Scientific Revolution B. Bronze Age 3. Age of Enlightenment C. Iron Age B. Mid Modern Period ( The Age of Invention ) II. ANCIENT PERIOD 1. 1st Industrial Revolution A. Mesopotamian Civilization 2. 2nd Industrial Revolution 1. Sumerian Civilization C. Contemporary Modern Period 2. Babylonian Civilization 1. 3rd Industrial Revolution B. Egyptian Civilization 2. 4th Industrial Revolution C. Ancient Chinese Civilization D. Greek Civilization E. Roman Civilization  PREHISTORIC PERIOD or when there was human life before records documented human activity. It is generally categorized in three archaeological periods: the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_technology  THE STONE AGE 1. Paleolithic (or Old Stone Age) - humans lived in caves or simple huts - they used basic stone and bone tools - they cooked their prey, using controlled fire. Early human ancestors painting a bison inside a cave 2. Mesolithic (or Middle Stone Age) during the Paleolithic Age. Prisma/Universal Images Group/Getty Images -humans used small stone tools that are polished and sometimes crafted with points to serve as spears and arrows; -they often lived near bodies of water -agriculture was introduced which led to more permanent settlements in villages. 3. Neolithic (or New Stone Age) -ancient humans switched from hunter/gatherer mode to agriculture and food production -they domesticated animals and cultivated cereal grains; application of mechanical principles was achieved by pottery-making -they used polished hand axes, adzes for ploughing and tilling the land and started to settle in the plains. -advancements were made not only in tools but also in farming, home construction and art, including pottery, sewing and weaving.  THE BRONZE AGE The first period in which metal was used metalworking advances were made, as bronze, a copper and tin alloy, was discovered advances in architecture and art, including the invention of the potter’s wheel, and textiles Village life in Grimspound, a late Bronze Age settlement situated on Dartmoor in Devon, England. organized government, law and English Heritage/Heritage Images/Getty Images warfare, as well as beginnings of religion  THE IRON AGE iron smelting was a major innovation abundance of cast iron tools allowed farmers to increase agricultural production water systems put into place agriculture, art and religion all became more sophisticated, and writing systems and written documentation, including alphabets, began to emerge, ushering in the Early Historical Period. Home life during the Iron Age. English Heritage/Heritage Images/Getty Images THE ANCIENT PERIOD Mesopotamian Civilization - Sumerian Civilization - Babylonian Civilization Egyptian Civilization https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-technology/ten-amazing-inventions-ancient-times-001539 Ancient Chinese Civilization Greek Civilization Roman Civilization  MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION They invented the first form of writing which is It was in Astronomy where they showed known as Cuneiform, a number system, the first remarkable talent. Babylonians knew the rule that wheeled vehicles, sun-dried bricks, and irrigation solar eclipses could only be possible during new for farming moons and lunar eclipses only during full moons.  EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION known for the construction of PYRAMIDS and other monuments during Egyptian civilization, the value of the mathematical constant pi at 256/81 (3.16) was calculated they contributed the use of paper or PAPYRUS, which are thin sheets that are less breakable and lighter than clay tablets. They developed a system of writing using symbols known as hieroglyphics ANCIENT CHINESE CIVILIZATION Gunpowder, paper, woodblock printing, and the compass are sometimes called the Four Great Inventions of Ancient China Chinese science is linked with ASTROMONY and MATHEMATICS. During the time of Confucius, Chinese astronomers calculated the occurrence of eclipses wikipedia.org  GREEK CIVILIZATION Invention of water mills, odometer that measures the distance travelled by a vehicle, the first alarm clock, basis of Geometry they invented Doric, Ionic and Corinthian columns earliest Practice of Medicine, and Modern Philosophy (in fact the early Greek philosophers were also scientists); they also started the Olympic games  ROMAN CIVILIZATION - the Roman Numeral System is the most recognized contribution - Communic The first newspaper in this civilization is the GAZETTE, which were engraved in metal or stone tablets. - they produced the first books or CODEX, which were made or stacked- up papyrus to form pages of books. - they adopted the Greek architecture and made buildings such as basilica, monumental aqueduct, amphitheater and granary building that are intricately decorative - Amphitheater were used for Roman entertainment  NOTABLE PHILOSOPHERS DURING ANCIENT PERIOD: Archimedes- a Greek Mathematician who founded the sciences of mechanics and hydrostatics, calculated pi precisely, devised the law of exponents, created new geometrical proofs, invented numerous ingenious mechanical devices Pythagoras – a Greek philosopher who made important developments in mathematics, astronomy, and the theory of music. The theorem now known as Pythagoras's https://mathcracker.com/article/who-is-archimedes theorem was known to the Babylonians 1000 years earlier, but he may have been the first to prove it. Democritus – a Greek Philosopher who formulated the atomic theory of the universe https://www.mathopenref.com/pythagoras.html https://ericgerlach.com/greek-philosophy-democritus/  It is the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century to the period of the Renaissance It is also known as Dark Age or Age of Faith in which no scientific accomplishments had been made and the Church became the powerful institution. MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE Inventions include heavy plough, hourglass, and spinning AGE wheel Cathedrals were the largest buildings in medieval Europe, and they could be found at the center of towns and cities across the continent.  Power Source / Agriculture  the invention of the horseshoe, the padded, rigid horse collar, and the stirrup, the horse was transformed as a source of energy Crafts  Spinning wheel was introduced in the woolen cloth industry.  Soap making appeared.  Coal industry developed. Spinning Wheel https://www.britannica.com/technology/his tory-of-technology/China#ref10430  NOTABLE PHILOSOPHERS DURING MEDIEVAL PERIOD: Roger Bacon – an English Philosopher who studied mathematics, astronomy, optics, alchemy, and languages. He was the first European to describe in detail the process of making gunpowder, and he proposed flying machines and motorized ships and carriages. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-Bacon Richard of Wallingford – English mathematician, astronomer, and horologist who designed an astronomical clock as well as an equatorium to calculate the lunar, solar and planetary longitudes, as well as predict eclipses. Paracelsus- He was known for making great advances in medicine, botany, and the periodic table of elements. He was also the first person to used chemicals instead of herbs in making medicines. Paracelsus was also the first scientist to propose the concept of the unconscious. https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/813453/vie w/richard-of-wallingford-english-mathematician https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/paracelsus-142.php  Early Modern Period - Renaissance - Scientific Revolution MODERN ERA - Age of Enlightenment The Age of Invention The Technological Age  EARLY MODERN PERIOD Renaissance Scientific Revolution Age of Enlightenment - It means “rebirth”. - It was the emergence of modern - This grew out of the science with developments in Renaissance, Reformation, and - The most important invention of mathematics, physics, astronomy, the Scientific Revolution the Renaissance, and perhaps in biology and chemistry. the history of the world, was the - It was an intellectual movement printing press ( the Gutenberg - During this period, many which advocated freedom, Bible is the first book printed) instruments were invented such democracy and reason as the as the microscope, barometer, primary values of society. - both the microscope and the and thermometer. telescope were invented and the - European politics, philosophy, first mechanical clock science and communications were radically reoriented  NOTABLE SCIENTISTS DURING EARLY MODERN PERIOD: Evangelista Torricelli- Italian physicist and mathematician who invented the barometer and whose work in geometry aided in the eventual development of integral calculus. https://schoolwor khelper.net/evang elista-torricelli- biography- inventor-of- Michael Faraday - best known for his discovery of electromagnetic induction, his barometer/ contributions to electrical engineering and electrochemistry or due to the fact that he was responsible for introducing the concept of field in physics to describe electromagnetic interaction Otto von Guericke - German physicist, engineer, and natural philosopher who https://www.edn.com/faraday-discovers- electromagnetic-induction-august-29-1831/ invented the first air pump and used it to study the phenomenon of vacuum and the role of air in combustion and respiration. https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclope dia/V/von_Guericke.html THE AGE OF INVENTION A lot of notable inventions were made during this period, especially industrial machines, which made it possible for machines to perform the work that human laborers had been performing before. First Industrial Revolution ( 1760 – 1840) – textile manufacturing and the innovation of the steam engine Second Industrial Revolution (1870 – 1914) – steel production; the automobile and advances in electricity  NOTABLE SCIENTISTS DURING AGE OF INVENTION: Nikola Tesla - He is best known for his development of alternating current electrical systems and his most popular invention was the Tesla Coil which is a circuit that transforms energy to extremely high voltage charges that create powerful electrical fields that is capable of producing electrical arcs. Marie Curie - the discovery of Radium and Polonium allowed us to define the https://www.history.com/news/9-things- properties of radioactivity, a term coined by the researcher herself. It proved that the you-may-not-know-about-nikola-tesla atom was not indivisible. She died because excessive exposure to X-rays caused by her unusual invention: the mobile radiology machine. Alexander Fleming - Scottish microbiologist, pharmacologist, and physician. He is popular for creating antibiotic medicines and his discovery of the penicillin. His discoveries helped mankind in treating certain diseases and bacterial infections. Alexander Fleming https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Curie won a Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1945 for his breakthrough discovery. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander- Fleming  THE TECHNOLOGICAL AGE Known as Information Age (also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age) is a historic period in the 21st century characterized by the rapid shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization, to an economy based on information technology Third Industrial Revolution (1950-1970) – started digitalization as it introduces -Brought forth the rise of electronics including semiconductors -Powerful computing was possible by the development of integrated circuit (IC) in the 1950’s -emergence of nuclear energy Fourth Industrial Revolution Photo Credit: Robertmills.com (“Five Ways You Can Keep Up With Technology) –there is a convergence of digital, biological, and physical innovations -Artificial intelligence (AI), voice-activated assistants, robotics, genetic engineering, augmented reality (AR), robotics, and 3-D printing  NOTABLE SCIENTISTS DURING TECHNOLOGICAL AGE: Martin Cooper- he built the first mobile phone and made the first cell phone call. He is widely regarded as the father of the cellular phone. https://www.britannica.com/biography/ Martin-Cooper Richard Feynman - a Nobel Prize-winning American physicist, particularly known for his contributions to quantum physics, quantum electrodynamics and particle physics, as well as quantum computing and nanotechnology David Baltimore - Baltimore's research on reverse transcriptase led to the discovery of retroviruses, which accelerated the development of treatments for https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/remem bering-richard-feynman-81875 human immunodeficiency virus or HIV and cancer vaccines. Baltimore also influenced public policy and opinion on genetic engineering. https://www.britannica.com/biography/David- Baltimore  EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION The 1st industrial revolution The 2nd industrial In the 4th industrial revolution The 3rd industrial revolution revolution introduced cyber-physical systems will mechanized production using was the digital revolution with mass production with the communicate with one another water and steam. the use of electronics and IT to help of electricity. using the internet of things. automate production.  CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING! HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING! 1. The following are the Four Great Inventions of Ancient China, Except a. Gunpowder b. Paper c. woodblock printing d. Compass e. silk CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING! 2. This civilization is known for its invention of water mills, odometer, the first alarm clock, the basis of Geometry, and different columns: a. Ancient Chinese b. Egyptian c. Greek d. Roman e. Mesopotamian CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING! 3. This period challenged old ideas and wanted to create better societies and better people, therefore, science become more popular. a. Age of Invention b. Renaissance c. Age of Enlightenment d. Information Age e. Scientific Revolution CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING! 4. First Industrial Revolution: Steam engine Second Industrial Revolution: ______________ a. Textile production b. Semi-conductors c. warfare tools d. Steel production e. Robotics CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING! 5. In what specific period (Ancient, Medieval, Early Modern Era, Age of Invention, Technological Age) do you think science and technology had a big leap? a. Prehistoric b. Ancient c. Medieval d. Early Modern Era e. Age of Invention f. Technological Age CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING! 1. The following are the Four Great Inventions of Ancient China, Except a. Gunpowder b. Paper c. woodblock printing d. Compass e. silk CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING! 2. This civilization is known for its invention of water mills, odometer, the first alarm clock, the basis of Geometry, and different columns: a. Ancient Chinese b. Egyptian c. Greek d. Roman e. Mesopotamian CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING! 3. This period challenged old ideas and wanted to create better societies and better people, therefore, science become more popular. a. Age of Invention b. Renaissance c. Age of Enlightenment d. Information Age e. Scientific Revolution CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING! 4. First Industrial Revolution: Steam engine Second Industrial Revolution: ______________ a. Textile production b. Semi-conductors c. warfare tools d. Steel production e. Robotics CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING! 5. In what specific period (Prehistoric, Ancient, Medieval, Early Modern Era, Age of Invention, Technological Age) do you think science and technology had a big leap? d. Early Modern Period Explain your answer. - From the period where no scientific advancement (Medieval Period) was made, the Early Modern Period gave more changes/transformations in both science and technology REFERENCES “Technology in the Modern Ages” www.studocu.com “The History of Science and Technology” Bunch, Bryan and Hellemans, Alexander. Houghton Mifflin Company. “The Prehistoric Ages: How Humans Lived Before Written Records” www.history.com “Science” www.ancient.eu/science/ https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology/Technology-in-the-ancient-world www.ancienthistorylists.com wikipedia.org THANK YOU! -AHI