Science and Technology in the World PDF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE WORLD DR. JULIUS JAY N. RODRIGUEZ, LPT, MAT-SCI KEY CONCEPTS: THREE-AGE SYSTEM SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION INFORMATION AGE KEY CONCEPTS: THREE-AGE SYSTEM – A system of classifying ancient ages into groups based on tool developmen...

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE WORLD DR. JULIUS JAY N. RODRIGUEZ, LPT, MAT-SCI KEY CONCEPTS: THREE-AGE SYSTEM SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION INFORMATION AGE KEY CONCEPTS: THREE-AGE SYSTEM – A system of classifying ancient ages into groups based on tool developmental stages. KEY CONCEPTS: S C I E N T I F I C REVOLUTION – A period of great scientific intellectual achievements that contributed to essential changes KEY CONCEPTS: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION – A period of complex technological inventions that eventually replaced human and animal forces. KEY CONCEPTS: INFORMATION AGE – or digital age; the period characterized by the change from traditional industry to an economy that is founded on computerized of information. ANCIENT AGE: THREE-AGE SYSTEM The Three Age System is widely considered archaeology's first paradigm: a convention established in the early 19th century that said prehistory could be subdivided into three parts, based on technological advances in weaponry and tools. The Three Age system was first fully introduced in 1837, by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen. STONE AGE (2.5 MYA – 3000 BC) The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make tools with an edge, a point or a percussion surface. It is the longest period in the history of science and technology spanning over 3.4 million years, and ended between 8700 BCE and 2000 BCE. Stone Age, prehistoric cultural stage, or level of human development, characterized by the creation and use of stone tools. It is the period of weapons made of stone, wood, bone or some other materials aside from metals. It is usually divided into three separate periods—Paleolithic Period, Mesolithic Period, and Neolithic Period—based on the degree of sophistication in the fashioning and use of tools. STONE AGE (2.5 MYA – 3000 BC) 1. PALEOLITHIC (“OLD STONE”) PERIOD It is known to be the longest phase of human history which began approximately two million years ago and ended between 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. Throughout the Paleolithic, humans were food gatherers, depending for their subsistence on hunting wild animals and birds, fishing, and collecting wild fruits, nuts, and berries. Paleolithic archaeology is concerned with the origins and development of early human culture between the first appearance of human beings as tool-using mammals.  THREE SUCCESSIVE DIVISIONS OF PALEOLITHIC PERIOD A. LOWER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD The behavioral changes seen during the Lower Paleolithic are ascribed to the evolution of the hominin ancestors of human beings, including Australopithecus, and especially Homo erectus / Homo ergaster. A. LOWER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD Stone tools of the Paleolithic include Acheulean handaxes and cleavers; these suggest that most humans of the earliest period were scavengers rather than hunters. Lower Paleolithic sites are also characterized by the presence of extinct animal types dated to the Early or Middle Pleistocene. Evidence seems to suggest that the controlled use of fire was figured out sometime during the LP. A. LOWER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD A. LOWER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD B. MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD The Middle Paleolithic period (ca 200,000 to 45,000 years ago or so) is the period during which Archaic humans including Homo sapiens neanderthalensis appeared and flourished all over the world. Handaxes continued in use, but a new kind of stone tool kit was created--called the Mousterian, it included purposefully prepared cores and specialized flake tools. The living method in the Middle Paleolithic for both Homo sapiens and our Neanderthal cousins included scavenging, but there is also clear evidence of hunting and gathering activities. B. MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC PERIOD C. UPPER PALAEOLITHIC PERIOD The Upper Paleolithic (40,000-10,000 years BP) was a period of great transition in the world. The Neanderthals in Europe became edged out and disappeared by 33,000 years ago, and modern humans began to have the world to themselves. While the notion of a "creative explosion" has given way to a recognition of a long history of the development of human behaviors long before we humans left Africa, there is no doubt that things really got cooking during the UP. C. UPPER PALAEOLITHIC PERIOD 2. MESOLITHIC (“MIDDLE STONE”) PERIOD The Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age is an archaeological term used to describe specific cultures that fall between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic Periods. The use of small chipped stone tools called microliths and retouched bladelets are the key factor to identify the Mesolithic as a prehistoric period. Mesolithic people likely continued the art forms developed during the Upper Paleolithic Period, including cave paintings and engravings , small sculptural artifacts , and early megalithic architecture. 3. NEOLITHIC (“NEW STONE”) PERIOD The term Neolithic or New Stone Age is most frequently used in connection with agriculture, which is the time when cereal cultivation and animal domestication was introduced. Because agriculture developed at different times in different regions of the world, there is no single date for the beginning of the Neolithic. BRONZE AGE Bronze Age, third phase in the development of material culture among the ancient peoples of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, following the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods (Old Stone Age and New Stone Age, respectively). The term also denotes the first period in which metal was used. The date at which the age began varied with regions; in Greece and China, for instance, the Bronze Age began before 3000 BCE, whereas in Britain it did not start until about 1900 BCE. Bronze Age, period in the development of technology when metals were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons. Pure copper and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at first; this early period is sometimes called the Copper Age.  IRON AGE The Iron Age brought the Bronze Age to an end. Iron was greatly used during this age for tools and weapons. Men learned to work with higher smelting process. Iron’s melting point is 1,538oC, much higher than bronze. Iron, also, is stronger than bronze. IRON AGE Iron was first utilized in the Middle East as precious metal because of its rareness, and in southeastern Europe about 1200 BC. In China, this age began in about 600 BC. Metallurgy of iron spreads widely. Alloying iron to create a stronger material were also a technology during that time. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. The abundance of iron and its strength replaced bronze tools permanently. IRON AGE With iron, structures became more permanent. In farming, iron sickles and plow tips made the toiling of hard soils easier. In effect, productivity increased. People have more time for other activities like trading and making other products. Artistic expressions were also enhanced by iron. Due to the ability of iron to be molded, personal ornaments, pottery and design were made by men. MIDDLE AGE The Middle ages, or Medieval Period is between the 5th and 15th century. This period in history began in 450 A.D. and lasted until 1450 A.D. It is subdivided into two smaller ages: – Dark Middle Age (450-1000 A.D.) – High Middle Age (1000-1450 A.D.) DARK MIDDLE AGE The DARK AGES is a term often used synonymously with the Middle Ages. I t r e f e r s to th e p e r i o d o f t i m e between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Italian Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. DARK MIDDLE AGE During the early part of the Middle Ages, the Dark Age, there were no scientific accomplishments. It was referred to as the time of intellectual darkness. Actually, that term was being rejected by scholars of the 20th century because of its negative connotations. It characterizes the Middle Ages as a time of violence and lack of progress. Edward Gibbon, an 18th century English historian called this age as “barbarism and religion”. HIGH MIDDLE AGE The HIGH MIDDLE AGES were a time of tremendous growth in Europe. Historians sometimes refer to the period between approximately 1000 and 1300 CE as the “high” Middle Ages to emphasize its dynamism, creativity, and importance in setting the stage for subsequent historical developments. During the high Middle Ages the European economy greatly expanded, leading to a revived cash economy and widespread trade and commerce. Towns and cities grew, and with them new centers of learning emerged. While still highly decentralized by the standards of later periods, kingdoms did start the gradual process of transforming into more highly organized states. Europe also re-engaged in significant ways with its neighboring regions, leading to both an influx of foreign trade goods and, unfortunately, tremendous bloodshed in the form of the crusades.  MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN SOME PARTS OF THE WORLD DURING THIS PERIOD  CHINA Science Agriculture and Economy – Farming largely began in Huang Ho and Yangtze Rivers. – Large-scale silk production started. – Bronze production became more sophisticated.  CHINA Science Astronomy – Calendars with 365 and ¼ days in a year were developed. – Circle was divided into 365 and ¼ degrees. – Stars, planets, comets, meteors, and eclipses were catalogued and described. – Various models of the universe were presented.  CHINA Science Mathematics – Numbers were expressed in decimals. – Knowledge on determining square roots was introduced. – Sliding calipers were widely used in artisan works solutions on cubic, quadratic, and intermediate equations were presented. Major Chinese technological advancement during the Middle Ages: 6. H y d works r a u l i c e n g i n e e r i n g 1. Paper 7. Wheel barrow 2. Seismograph 8. G u n p o w d e r , g u n s a n d 3. Animal harness cannon 4. Water-power 9. Printing press 5. Mechanical clock 10. Magnetic compass and stern-post rudder  EUROPE Economy Feudal system fully developed in Europe and had defined its economic history. It depended on local agricultural and handicraft production and was characterize by having the following hierarchical ranks in the society: Peasant Lord Lay or clerical Overloads Kings and bishops Pope or emperor  EUROPE Education Cathedral schools, which then became universities, were established to address the societal need for intellectual advancement. Some of these universities arose in the following Europe areas: – Paris (1160) - Oxford (1170) – Cambridge (1209) - Padua (1221) – St. Andrew (1410) - Napples (1224) – Salamanca (1227) - Prague (1347) – Vienna (1367) Major discoveries and inventions in Europe during the middle ages: 1. Horse-collar 2. Clock/watch 3. Magnetic compass 4. water-mill and windmill 5. Lenses with spectacles 6. Gunpowder and cannon 7. Paper and printing  EUROPE Medicine Superstition and dogmatism flourished. Diagnosis was generally limited of urine inspection. Medical therapy involved magic, prayer, charms, faith healing and the use of different herbs. There was poor hygiene and sanitation in  INDIA Science Information on diseases and drugs, and astronomical bodies were gathered. A year was divided into 12 months with a total of 360 days. Knowledge on solving square root and linear equations and the use of zero and decimal place values was practiced. Medicine was naturally based and not supernatural, in which diagnoses were based on symptoms and appearances. Metallurgy was developed.  PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA Mayan (Ancient natives of central America) Civilization Economy – Cocoa beans were used as monetary units Astronomy – Mayans used decimal notations with zero represented by an oval shape, while other numbers with dots and dashes. – Mayan solar calendar was developed consisting of 365 days in a year, comprising 18 months of 20 days. – Positions of different heavenly bodies were observed and recorded.  PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA Aztec (pre-Columbian Indians of Mexico) Civilization Infrastructure – High temples were built for their deities Astronomy – Decimal notations were used, in which zero was similarly represented by an oval shape and other numbers by dots and dashes. – A social calendar was developed with 365 days for a total of 18 months.  PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA Incas (pre-Columbian of Peru) Civilization Agriculture – Farming was practiced in terraced field with canals for irrigation. – Chili and avocado were widely cultivated. – Clothes from Ilama and alpaca wools were made. Astronomy – Decimal system of counting was used. – A calendar of 365 days was developed. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1440-1690 AD) – The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. – 'Scientific Revolution' refers to the period between Copernicus and Newton.  TOP 13 IMPORTANT THINKERS IN THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 13. ANDREAS VESALIUS (1514–1564) Spent years dissecting corpses and drawing detailed illustrations of the human body Contributed a lot to the study of human anatomy, but eventually got grossed out by all the dead bodies and just became the personal doctor to Charles V, king of the Holy Roman Empire 12. GIORDANO BRUNO (1548–1600) An Italian Monk who spread Copernicus’ beliefs about a heliocentric universe governed by science He was burned at the stake by Catholic authorities for spreading heresy 11. ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632–1723) “Father of Microbiology” who discovers bacteria because he loves playing with microscopes Observes bacteria as “little animals or animalcules…This was for me, among all marvels that I have discovered in nature, the most marvelous of all” 10. WILLIAM HARVEY (1578–1657) Dissected a bunch of animal bodies and obsesses over the heart as an important physical and spiritual centerpiece of the body Discovers how the heart works like a pump, sending blood throughout the body with valves and heartbeats 9. ROBERT BOYLE (1627–1691) Called the “Father of Modern Chemistry” due to his advanced experiments and use of experimental method Discovers Boyle’s Gas Law about gas pressures and volumes and believes in the existence of atoms 8. PARACELSUS (1493–1541) A doctor who has the crazy idea not to treat people’s “imbalance in the humors” with leeches and traditional remedies, he instead looks at the chemical causes behind sicknesses to treat patients Big supporter of Hermetic Doctrine, and also studies stuff like alchemy and other ways of getting closer to God through science. 7. TYCHO BRAHE (1546–1601) Was the one major Scientific Revolution physicist who believed in a geocentric universe, rejecting Copernicus’ idea that the Earth revolved around the Sun Had the king of Denmark build him a really sick laboratory that he used to make 20 years of detailed observations, proving that the stars in the sky were not fixed. 6. JOHANNES KEPLER (1571–1630) Tycho Brahe’s assistant, who used his master’s data to confirm that the earth revolved around the sun Used his master’s data to develop the 3 Laws of Planetary Motion 1. planets rotate in ellipses, not perfectly divine circles, around the sun 2. how fast the planets are moving depends on how far they are from the sun 3. proved that the orbits of planets can be calculated mathematically (more info here) 5. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473–1543) The first guy to prove that the earth was not stationary in space and revolved around the sun. Was a member of the church and waited until the year of his death to publish his findings, which started the so-called Copernican Revolution. 4. FRANCIS BACON (1561–1626) An English Politician who had an influential philosophy that rejected reliance on authority in favor of developing one’s world view based on one’s own concrete observations. Bacon became a supporter of the empirical method and inductive reasoning where people piece together truths from their own experience. 3. GALILEO GALILEI (1564–1642) Promoted experimental physics and observational astronomy by discovering more about inertia and discovering new moons and planetary laws with his mad telescope skills Galileo challenged the church by promoting a heliocentric universe where the sun and moon had blemished surfaces Even though he had his book approved by the church, Galileo was ultimately forced to renounce his scientific discoveries in the Roman Inquisition. 2. RENÉ DESCARTES (1596–1650) Mathematician and Philosopher who wrote Discourse on Method (in French, rather than Latin so that more people could read it), where he promoted the practice of deductive reasoning. Descartes thought we shouldn’t assume anything unless it could be proven through a chain of reasoning and the scientific method. Famously said, “I think, therefore I am” which meant that because Descartes was able to think, he knew he existed, but he was hesitant to assume anything else. 1. ISAAC NEWTON (1642–1726) Discovered calculus and 3 Laws of of Motion in Physics 1. Inertia (An object in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced, outside force) 2. Force = mass x acceleration 3. Action & Reaction: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction His vast discoveries in physics, mathematics, and astronomy led to the view of the Newtonian Universe, where the infinite universe could be described through mathematics that analyze matter in motion THE ENLIGHTENMENT The Scientific Revolution was the single most important event that fostered the creation of a new intellectual movement in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries called the Enlightenment, or, sometimes, the Age of Reason—a time period defining the generation that came of age between the publication of Newton’s ideas in 1687 and the death of Louis XIV in 1715. The Enlightenment’s core tenet was that natural law could be used to examine and understand all aspects of society THE ENLIGHTENMENT The Enlightenment’s leaders believed that by using scientific methods, they could explain the laws of society and human nature. It was an optimistic creed—armed with the proper methods of discovering the laws of human nature, enlightened thinkers were convinced they could solve all problems. They believed it was possible to create a better society and people and that progress was inevitable. They were free from the restraints of religion and focused instead on improving economic and social conditions. Consequently, the movement was profoundly secular. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were technological, socioeconomic, and cultural. The technological changes included the following: (1) the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel, (2) the use of new energy sources, including both fuels and motive power, such as coal, the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combustion engine, (3) the invention of new machines, such as the spinning jenny and the power loom that permitted increased production with a smaller expenditure of human energy, INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were technological, socioeconomic, and cultural. The technological changes included the following: (1) the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel, (2) the use of new energy sources, including both fuels and motive power, such as coal, the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combustion engine, (3) the invention of new machines, such as the spinning jenny and the power loom that permitted increased production with a smaller expenditure of human energy, INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION There were also many new developments in non-industrial spheres, including the following: (1) agricultural improvements that made possible the provision of food for a larger nonagricultural population, (2) economic changes that resulted in a wider distribution of wealth, the decline of land as a source of wealth in the face of rising industrial production, and increased international trade, (3) political changes reflecting the shift in economic power, as well as new state policies corresponding to the needs of an industrialized society, INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (4) sweeping social changes, including the growth of cities, the development of working-class movements, and the emergence of new patterns of authority, and (5) cultural transformations of a broad order. Workers acquired new and distinctive skills, and their relation to their tasks shifted; instead of being craftsmen working with hand tools, they became machine operators, subject to factory discipline. Finally, there was a psychological change: confidence in the ability to use resources and to master nature was heightened. INFORMATION AGE The Information Age began around the 1970s and is still going on today. It is also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age. This era brought about a time period in which people could access information and knowledge easily. THANK YOU!