HISTO 12: Second Half Notes PDF

MODULE 3 SESSION 12: the two suns: ph-japanese relations before wwii Two suns ○ Japan - one of the few asian states that successfully resisted western imperialism ○ Ph - the first colony in the east and southeast asia that successfully revolted against a colonial powe...

MODULE 3 SESSION 12: the two suns: ph-japanese relations before wwii Two suns ○ Japan - one of the few asian states that successfully resisted western imperialism ○ Ph - the first colony in the east and southeast asia that successfully revolted against a colonial power ○ Both these events overlapped with each other Japan ○ Japan has a similar exp w the ph w regard to imperialism, though it was never colonized by europe, but it was pressured by western powers re: trade and foreign relations ○ In the 1850s comm matthew perry of the us forcefully opened japan’s trade to the rest of the world, but prior, japan like china closed its borders from western traders except for the dutch, making holland quite rich creating trade imbalance in the west In 1853, the United States used gunboat diplomacy to force Japan to sign unequal trade treaties and open its ports to American traders. This led to the abrupt collapse of the tokugawa shogunate which ruled for 300 years, restoring nominally the power of the emperor and his close allies The Meiji government (1868-1912) emphasized the adoption of Western institutions and technology to modernize its economy and strengthen its armed forces. Japan underwent a period of industrialization and westernization over the next few decades. Modernization allowed the empire to reverse the unequal treaties and compete with other imperialist powers in Asia. ○ Sonojoi movement called for the strengthening of japan against western imperialism The Meiji government (1868-1912) Japan successful.y resisted western imperialism by copying western industrialization and maintaining their own culture, making it a model for the rest of asia re: how to integrate west tech into local tradition in order to resist west imperialism ○ Technically japan adopted western institutions and tech to modernize its economy and armed forces, allowing it to industrialize and westernize fo a few decades until it allowed the empire to modernize enough to reverse unequal treaties and compete w other imperialist powers in Asia 1895 - Japan VS China (First Sino-Japanese War) Over Taiwan, making Japan the dominant Asian power in the Far East 1905 - Japan VS Russia (Russo-Japanese War)  Over Manchurria and Korea, making it the first victory of an Asian nation against a European power in warfare By the late 19th century, Japan was ready to be an imperial power PH AND JAPAN rel ○ In the late 19th cent - role model Nationalists like rizal believed that japan was a role model because of how it resisted western imperialism by westernizing its institutions and mod4ernizing its economy while maintaining their culture Rizal was sure that eventually the ph would need to negotiate w japan because its a rising power Perhaps most encapsulated in his affair with osei san ○ His admiration for seiko sui is a reflecion of his admiration for japan Andres Bonifacio and emilio jacinto personally wrote letters to the Japanese government to seek financial and military support for the Philippine Revolution ○ In the first ph rep potential ally During the ph rev and ph-am war, ph sought the help of japan to fight. Malolos rep sent mariano ponce to secure japan’s recognition of ph independence and procure weapons Ponce is seen by many by the more asian representation of the ph in the late 19th century The japanese did not recognize independence but sold us arms, which never arrived because of an american blockade. Japan cant openly recognize our independence but because of their own experience of west imperialism, they were very sympathetic to us ○ In ph-american war - safe haven The sympathy they extended to us eventually led some members of the republic to look to japan as a safe haven An example is artemio ricarte – he is the only major member of the military of the first ph republic who was able to seek asylum to japan and never declare his allegiance to the united states ○ In the american occupation supporter of fringe nationalists Revolutionary millenarian movements such as Santa Iglesia and Colorum claimed that Japan would provide aid to their groups in the advent of a war against the United States. From this, we can see that Filipino nationalists viewed Japan as a potential ally in their struggle for independence and as a model for modernization and economic progress. Japan welcomed Benigno Ramos after the Commonwealth government suppressed the Sakdal Party. Japan's government offered Ramos protection while he established links with Japanese  nationalists and officials. For persecuted nationalists like Ricarte and Ramos, Japan was a haven where they pursue their nationalist projects without interference from colonial pursuers. Politically speaking, japan became a supporter of fringe nacionalists like benigno ramos and sofronio espaniola, providing networks, technical support and media platforms to alternative political parties without local elite sponsorship Important trading partner Not only political relations When the us established its presence in the ph, japanese immigration to the ph increased because of the economic opportunity, providing cheap labor and industrial expertise in key sectors ie abaca industry in davao ○ By the 1930s, the Japanese became the third-largest immigrant group in the Philippines after the Chinese and Americans. Filipinos exported agricultural goods like sugar and abaca while importing Japanese textile and retail goods ○ Japanese-run abaca plantations in Davao were considered the most efficient in the archipelago. The start of Filipino resentment ○ Competition in the retail sector and labor market Though rel is mostly cordial, there is some friction bet w the locals and the japanese (ie. filchi and filos) So by the late 1930s nagkakaroon na ng animosity between them because of the economic competition Most of the developments in key industries were credited to Japanese workers because they offer cheap labor, unique skills, and expertise in industrialization. ○ Soon enough, Filipino workers weren’t just uncredited for their labor, but they were not being sought out anymore. ○ At the same time, farmers, particularly those working in the abaca farmlands in Bicol, were begrudged for competing with Japanese-run plantations in Davao. ⅓ ng abaca galing sa Japanese Increase of japanese businessmen allowed it to dominate two major industries in the ph like the abaca and the fishing industry ○ 8 filipino fishermen = 1 japanese fishermen Filipino workers had to compete w japanese cheap labor in the market while the arrival of japanese capital threatened the fil-chi’s dominance in the retail sector ○ Elite reaction to the Japanese Despite recognizing that Japan was an important market for PH agriculture, many were suspicious because of the Japanese’s connection  to fringe nationalists like Benigno Ramos and Artemio Ricarte, with Quezon calling Japan our for supporting a “subversive group” such as the Sakdal Party The increasing number of immigrants also posed a threat to the ruling order Quezon and Laurel had sojourns in Japan for political or business related interests ○ By the 1940s, Japan became known as a brutal invader Japan’s increasing militarism, its promotion of the greater east asia co-prosperity sphere and its invasion of china in 1933 generated fears of a possible japanese invasion of the archipelago The rape of nanking showcased the brutality of the japanese army and received worldwide condemnation To fully understand why japan became so brutal ○ Change of government After the death of emperor mushihito of the meiji era, he was succeeded by the taisho era under emperor yushihito in the 1920s Yushihito was sickly and only enjoyed a short reign but the era was characterized by the period of democracy and parliamentary politics in japan ○ Amidst this development was the growing political influence of the Japanese navy. The emphasis on strengthening the military capability of Japan during the Meiji Era led to the politicization of its armed forces. While democracy flourished in the 1920s, the decade also saw the military expand its political power and influence He was succeeded then by his son hirohito in the showa era, which was a period of increased militarism rooted in the great depression of 1929 ○ By the time Hirohito succeeded Yushihito, several military officers already occupied government positions ○ Economic downturns By 1933, other great powers were already recovering from the conomic downturn because of their large territories, while other powers with smaller territories had other colonies from which they could source their necessary resources Japan only had taiwan and korea, and to an extent, manchurria, making it hard for japan to recover from the impact of the great depression Japan had little arable lands controlled by the state for agriculture and few colonies to market its products to, so poverty spread to the countryside as agricultural production declined Two solutions Fascism  ○ Disappointed with the performance of the public officials, military men began to replace civilians in the Diet. This completed Japan’s transition into a fascist state ○ The solution offered to each problem was militarization, even in education and healthcare. Every issue in japan was securitized ○ Fascism crept into japan and by the time that wwii started, almost all of their prime ministers were former military men. The prime minister at the start of wwii was a former admiral. Expansion ○ The Japanese government embraced a rudimentary version of Pan-Asianism. Japan established a political bloc called Dai Tōa Kyōeiken or Greater East-Asia Con-Prosperity Sphere (GEACPS) composed of East, South, and Southeast Asian nations with Japan as its de facto leader. In theory, GEACPS allows Japan to replace Western colonial powers as a hegemon in the Asia-Pacific region. The rich resources of India, China, and Southeast Asia will flow to Japan, reviving its economy and resolving its social contradictions. To justify their expansion, japan claimed that they were freeing east and southeast asia from western colonizers, making them the leader of asia ○ Geacps goals: Free asia from western colonizers Asia for the asians Help asians recognize their oriental identity ○ Of course this is just meant to legoitimize their attempts at expansion, which is essentially a replacement of western colonizers to japanese colonizers ○ Japan’s invasion of China (1933) Started after the Marco Polo bridge incident Japanese army captured cities like Shanghai and Peking (Beijing). Rape of Nanking (1936) Nanking was Republican China’s capital and fell three years into the invasion Japanese army was increasingly agitated by the strength of Chinese resistance, so by the time the city fell, soldiers engaged in wanton rape, murder, and public destruction, which was condemned worldwide. ○ World powers condemned this invasion such as the US, France, and Great Britain, punishing Japan by refusing to trade oil, metal and other war materials to curb Japan’s advance on China. Because they cannot continue to go to war without these, the Japanese decided to invade western colonies, but was most cautious of the American navy’s presence in the PH  To cut losses, Japan abandoned its peace treaties with the Allies and allied itself with Nazi Germany and Fascist Itality Philippines and Japan at this point ○ The philippines became afraid of japanese invasion because japan became the real threat to the philippines, because they are an american territory with american bases ○ Japan in 1934 was already promoting the idea that the americans were enemies, and other european powers were preoccupied with handling germany ○ Filipinos felt like they were being involved in a conflict that they could not stand a chance in. Many supported the United States against Japan because of its political indoctrination through the education system and the spread of the atrocities Japan commited against China. Knowing that japan is now a threat to the philippines, manuel l quezon tried to position himself in a place where he could negotiate with the united states and japan, going to tokyo to establish strong relations with japan ○ With the 1941 elections approaching, Nacionalista hopefuls had to win reelection the majority to implement a national defense plan, so Quezon mended political divisions and freed political rivals Quezon formed a temporary truce with the Ganap party and pardoned Ramos He also formed a coalition with the democrata party, ganap party, and the radical party. Other parties did not put up a opposition for quezon, allowing quezon and osmena to win both times because of the 1940 constitution amendment At this point, only PEKAPE was the opposition party to Nacionalistas with Juan Sumulong as their presidential hopeful and Emilio Javier as his running mate, as they followed the strategy of left-wing groups from other countries, establishing a small anti-fascisst front composed of small labor and peasant unions. Quezon won with 81.78%, biggest mandate in history ○ Quezon formed a strong relationship w lt. general douglas macarthur who was sent here by the United States to fortify the archipelago in the event of a japanese invasion. MacArthur served as the supreme commander of the American armed forces in the Philippines. Note that most military training of Filipinos was largely focused on land and not on the navy because the main opponent had been internal rebellions and insurrections, so external threats were relegated to the United States Armed forces Quezon reversed this by introducing ROTC to increase pool of army soliders and officers Proposing a combined military force of the philippines and americans to create a stronghold in light of the threat, formulating war plan orange which contained what the ph should do in case japan decides to invade  Joined forces became USAFE (United States Armed Forces in the Far East) ○ Seperate from armed forces of the commonwealth (commonwealth military + ph constabulary) The national defense plan was called War Plan Orange Assumed that Japan will attack from the north, so artilleries were installed on the coastline of Pangasinan and Aparri If the north falls, USAFFE will converge in the mountains of Bataan, while Commonwealth will leave Manila and seek refuge in Corregidor until US reinforcements arrive ○ War Plan Orange lacked in funds The US could no longer support our national defense plan because they were focusing their assets in the war in Europe, preferring to deal with their issues against Japan diplomatically Quezon responded by announcing the ff in his 7th SONA Commonwealth will support the devaluation of American dollar to maximize PH’s profits from exports Sugar excise tax will be completely dedicated to War Plan Orange This was enough to get the plan rolling but not enough to sustain it, resulting in a struggle of implementation SESSION 13: Under the Rising Sun us-japan war timeline ○ on dec 7, 1941, japan’s masaharu oba or the japanese army attacked pearl harbor in honolulu hawaii great depression hit japan hard and they had a hard time recovering economically unlike us and soviet (big land), and great britain (many colonies), japan only had 2 colonies and didn’t have much land one of the proposals to improve this was to expand japanese territory in southeast asia obstacle: united states’ domination in the pacific ○ on dec 8,1941 japanese bombed davao and clark, the main airports in the ph manila has a lot of japanese people at the time as well as davao becaue of the abaca production, which the japanese dominated United States Congress declared war against Japan ○ on dec 10 - japanese armed forces landed in aparri Germany and Italy declare war on the US Officially, WWII has reached Asia ○ on dec 20 - japan invaded davao Attack from both north and south in a pincer formation was not anticipated by War Plan Orange, opening landing spots for Japanese ○ On dec 25, Japanese landed in Lamon Bay ○ january 2, 1942 - japanese army entered manila  manuel l quezon declared manila as a open city to prevent casualties, so no weapons and the citizens will not deny entrance to the japanese, allowing him, rojas, and osmena to go to the us ○ March 2 - zamboanga fell ○ March 16 - mindoro fell ○ april 9 - bataan fell to the japanese celebrated because its a showcae of heroism even if bataan fell at the time Quezon, rojas and osmena fled to corregidor while the remaining soldiers were forced to march to san fernando, pampanga to be imprisoned, making it down as the bataan death ,arch ○ April 10 - cebu falls ○ April 16- panay falls ○ April 29 - cotabato falls ○ may 6 - corregidor surrender, usaffe disbanded nacionalistas and macarthur fled to the us via australia, with quezon proceeding to go to the us where he’ll die though usaffe disbanded, some members resorted to guerilla warfare for resistance Quezon tasked Executive Secretary Jorge Vargas, House Speaker Benigno Aquino Sr., Senator Jose Yulo, and Justice Secretary Jose P. Laurel to negotiate with the Japanese and secure the safety of the Filipinos. ○ June 1942 - japanese occupation has begun The start of the occupation ○ Jan 3 1943 - Gen. Masaharu Homma, Commander in Chief of the Masaharu Oba in the PH declared the end of US sovereignty in the PH ○ New government declared Martial law and enforced a trade embargo against the US To ensure military rule, the PH constabulary was put under the Japanese military police called kenpetai ○ Legitimized coccupation of the PH by promising Filipinos real and immediate independence emancipate Filipinos from the oppressive domination of the United States, letting you establish the Philippines for the Filipinos as a member of the Co-Prosperity Sphere in the Greater East Asia and making you enjoy your prosperity and culture.” ○ PH executive commission was taked to establish a new political order Vargas and aquino would create a new political party to replace the nacionalista, as all political parties were banned By 1942, Kapinsanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas or Kalibapi was born Laurel will draft new consititution reflecting the ideals of the GEACP Japanese Collaborators from above ○ the japanese knew the immense influence that the elites have in filipino society ○ when they arrived, they decided to collaborate with the elites first, particularly members of quezon’s government ○ before quezon left, he assigned three people to collaborate with the japanese in order to lessen the casualties of the filipinos jorge vargas most important at the start former sec of national defense under quezon tasked to be the head of the philippine executive commission ○ provisional government whose goal is to create a smooth transition from american-sponsored commonwealth to japanese-sponsored govt made him the most powerful filipino from 42-43 when japanese established the respublic, he was assigned to be the philippine ambassador to japan, which was one of the most important roles at the time during war jose p laurel former assoc justice of supreme court and the sec of justice under quezon admit president of the preparatory committee for philippine independence ○ a committe established by japan to recommend provisions for a draft of a new consti for a new independent ph rep chosen to be the first president of the second ph republic ○ by saying that this is the second ph republic, it becomes the successor to the revolutionary govt of emilio aguinaldo benigno aquino sr secretary of agriculture and commerce under the quezon admin appointed as director-general of the kalibapi, then later the chairman ○ same na highest position, nagbago lang yung name after the second philippine republic was established functioned as speaker of the house of the national assembly, unicameral legislative under 2nd republic includes also jose yulo manuel roxas elipidio quirino ramon avacena claro m. recto - critic of quezon, one of the foremost nationalists quintin paredes camilo osias quintin paredes national and local elites collaborated with the japanese  the only 2 presidents of the 3rd republic whose families did not collaborate were magsaysay and macapagal ○ as a fascist state, they were forced to have only one political party of the state, which was KALIBAPI (Kapinsanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bayan ng Pilipinas) logo is emblematic of how the japanese envisioned an oriental philippines It was tasked to undertake the cultural advancement of the Filipino nation, together with the moral and economic progress of the Philippines. These ideas aligned with the Japanese long-term strategy of developing Filipino culture under Japan’s leadership and tutelage. KALIBAPI’s political ideology focused on Filipino nationalism that emphasized voluntary communal cooperation, self-reliance, Filipinism, and Orientalism. japanese framed their invasion as a continuation of the philippine revolution, because they will help filipinos regain their independence from the japanese, which allowed the puppet government to gain legitimacy from the malolos republic filipinos must recover theyr “original identity” a pure oriental filipino without influence of spanish or american colonialism It was worth noting that the party’s romanticized view of the Philippines’ pre-colonial past harkens back to the ideas of Ilustrados like Jose Rizal. No wonder KALIBAPI also viewed Rizal as a party symbol. Rizal’s love for his county (and for Japan), self-reliance, and heroism were used as a model and hallmark of orientalism. ○ 1943 constitution Because japan promised us real and immediate independence, they had to legitimize this by establishing an all-filipino government They could put the philippines under the dictatorship of ricarte or ramos They could also let laurel and the preparatory committee for philippine independence finish their draft of the new constitution ○ Draft was presented in sept 4, 1943, which was ratified by the KALIBAPI general assembly 3 days later the Constitution also embraced fascist ideas. The country is governed by one party, the KALIBAPI, and every aspect of life were militarized Note that there was still separation of power top: commander in chief of the imperial japanese forces in the ph yamashita is most popular because he captured malaysia and after the war, rumors spread that his treasures collected from asia were in the ph officials would claim that their wealth rooted in corruption or bribery were from the yamashita treasure instead Next: kalibapi chairman: aquino sr director general: camilo osas key Nacionalistas such as Jose P. Laurel, Manuel Roxas, Camilo Osias, Jose Yulo, Claro Recto, and Elpidio Quirino formed its executive body. Ironically, the Japanese also put Benigno Ramos in the party’s highest ranks.  2rd: president of the ph – national assembly – supreme court under pres: national planning board ○ President jose p. Laurel declared on oct 14, 1943 ○ responsible for creating economic policies that aligned with the ideas of GEACPS through the National Planning Board, which is the precursor of NEDA ○ cabinet of 9 secretaries under legislative: national assembly ○ Speaker of the house: benigno aquino sr. ○ Unicameral legislature with 54 members led by the speaker of the house elected on sept 20, 1943 and inaugurated in the pre-war legislative building (now natmu) ○ note that culturally we are more appropriated to the unicameral legislative BUT because of the intensity of our political clans, its very possible that the oligarchic rule in the ph will be actualized Under judiciary: supreme court ○ Chief justice: jose yulo ○ Highest court based on this structure, we can prove that the 2nd rep was actually a puppet government Despite giving all of the positions to the filipinos, real political power rested on the Commander-in-chief of the Japanese Army. The Japanese military had direct control over Laurel’s administration and can veto any decision made by Filipino officials. Likewise, the kenpetai occasionally spy on Filipino officials, preventing the administration from creating policies independent of Japanese interests. This is most evident in the Republic’s foreign affairs. As a puppet state, the Philippines was required to join the GEACPS. Laurel was among the participants of the Greater East Asia Conference in Tokyo. ○ At this conference, Japan emphasized its commitment to the Pan-Asian ideal and its role as the "liberator" of Asia from Western colonialism. The Japanese military directed and exercised overall supervision of all political, economic, and cultural programs in the Philippines. However, the implementation of policies was shared with Filipinos through KALIBAPI. Symbols of the second republic flag was similar to first rep, raised by aguinaldo and ricarte in luneta after laurel’s inauguration awit sa paglikha ng bagong pilipinas ○ emphasis on oriental and asian identity of the ph, and the ph being part of the GCEAPS  ○ filipinos should work hard to create and protect the new philippines ○ japan is trying to inculcate the idea that there is an old ph subjected to colonial mentality and they purged the ph of that mentality, making them pure from western colonialism and imperialism, making it the new ph ○ paradoxical because most of the leaders in the commonwealth govt are collaborators in the puppet govt Japanese collaborators from below ○ supporters of ricarte agreed to help in japan’s propaganda efforts, making him a key member of the propaganda corps part of japanese imperial armed forces tasked w convincing the ph to collaborate the symbol of resistance to American and elite rule throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Putting him at the forefront of the Japanese Propaganda machinery provided legitimacy to the new regime a faction of the japanese preferred a ph govt under ricarte’s dictatorship instead of one of the filipino elites because they were already us collaborators and they risked being betrayed when the americans returned, but ricarte will always have the appeal of being anti-american Key in ensuring the collaboration of the veteranos de la revolucion such as leon villafuerte, andres villanueva and emilio aguinaldo ○ supporters of ramos note that sakdal turned ganap could not operate in the imperial govt because we were a one party state but ganapistas were prioritized in the hiring of additional labor (yoin or community workers)needed by the japanese military and the receiving rations most businesses in the war closed down and labor was at a low so having a job was already a lot ○ Yoins provide labor-inducive work for the military in exchange for wages, food rations, and medical supplies. At a time when there was a shortage of goods and livelihood, being a community worker was the best way to survive daily life. ○ MAKAPILI Makabayang Katipunan ng mga Pilipino Formed by Ricarte and Ramos Several disgruntled Japanese officers were disappointed that the military regime failed to give pro-Japanese Filipinos such as Ricarte and Ramos positions in the government. These soldiers committed several assassinations and coup attempts, all of which  failed to materialize. Soon, they tried to organize a volunteer Filipino militia to help the Japanese fight the Americans in case they returned to the Philippines. ○ Commander-in-Chief: Ramos ○ Military adviser: Ricarte voluntary armed group independent from the 2nd PH republic and the kalibapi, functioned as a reserved force during the japanese occupation, with many being ganapistas third force in the ph politics because it was not under the govt or kalipabi head quarters: e rodriguez, christ the king church many were killed in that church meanwhile ust was the american concentration camp during the war, which held the american political prisoners lasalle’s main building and former ateneo and saint paul also saw many deaths in taft avenue Many feel like they were traitors but many were merely members of Ganap and were killed during the war yung nakabarong na nagtuturo nalang ng guerilla, which many people abused (its giving war on drugs list) ○ but also usually attached to the masses ○ the barong is more of a stereotype because it was actually an institution Formation of MAKAPILI created tension between elite n poor collaborators, with many of the elites feeling like they were trying to establish a govt to rival the Japanese Ganapistas on the other hand felt vindicated finally, as ramos and icarte both held government positions, so they saw makapili as the climax of the sakdalistas’ 1930s struggle Both men were hoping to lead the PH after gaining independence from the japan, resulting in a rivalry that saw them competing in offering favors to the japanese But a split was slowly being felt due to the ramos ricarte rivalry, as ricarte supporters felt that ganapistas misused makapili funds while ramos supporters accused ricarte of supporting the elites Resistance ○ everyday resistnce filipino everyday resistance took many forms, not truly putright but mundane some provided intel and resources to guerilla fighters such as food, shelter, and protection others used cockfighting arenas, theatres, and sports venues as a meeting place and a hot bed for espionage w the guerilla fighters sometimes unrelated to the guerillas  Live shows became sites of resistance. News censored by the kenpetai circulated through gossip before the beginning of stage plays. Sometimes guerilla informers used the commotion of stage plays to exchange information. At the same time, komedyas (comedy shows) often poke fun at Japanese soldiers, many of whom were unaware that they were the target of jokes because of their unfamiliarity with the language of tagalog or bisaya. workers often circumvent the 6pm curfew ○ guerillas the more popular image of resistance at the time commonly we see them as a united front but actually they were divided into different groups with many having their own agendas USAFFE ○ ramon magsaysay was actually an officer here and lef the guerrila unit zambales ○ they are the remnants of hte usaffe who refused to surrender to the japanese and did not evacuate the PH ○ goal: prepare ph for the eventual return of the japanese, so they just gathered intel and influenced the food supply hUKBALAHAP  ○ hukbong bayan laban sa hapon ○ peasant unions in central luzon organized multiple guerilla units unified under one organization. not found in any other region ○ most peasants were disappointed because their landlords coorerated with the japanese which left them with no protection ○ note that there were also many peasants in makapili so some ○ nieves fernandez was a former teacher whose husband was kiand decided to join the huks ○ goal: wanted to defeat the japs before americans returned because their return markes the return of the landlord class WHA CHI ○ many were escaping the japanese when they conquered china and sought refuge in th ph but the japanese started to conquere here naman ○ really participated in fighting the japanese esp during the battle of manila Moro ○ specifically sultanates of sulu these guerilla groups had different goals which often put them at odds with each other though they also collaborated with each other, there was also a build up of tensions esp w the commonwealth suppressing the huks, forcing them to rebel against the government ○ Comfort women As a response to the rape of nanking, the masaharu oba established the comfort women policy where a select group of women from their colonies were subjected to sexual slavery, so soldiers could purge their inclination towards sexual violence instead of unleashing it on the general populace Maria rosa henson was one of these women who spoke up in her autobiography called Comfort Woman: A Slave Destny published in 1992 Illegitimate child of haciendero and kasama First raped by japanese soldier in 1942 Arrested at a checkpoint in Pampanga and taken in to be a comfort woman in 1943 Lola Rosa’s story inspired the installation of the comfort woman statue on Roxas Boulevard, Manila (the statue was dismantled by the Philippine government in 2018). ○ Women in the war HUKBALAHAP lacked soldiers and started recruiting women Kumander Felipa Culala (Dayang-Dayang) Kumander Celia Mariano  Kumander Liwayway ○ Remedio Gomez ○ Former beauty queen and daughter of Anao, Pampanga’s mayor ○ Initially joined as a nurse but moved up the ranks ○ Her promotion to commander encouraged more women to join, with her putting lipstick and wearing formal clothes before battle being an iconic depiction but everyone tried to survive ○ censorship ○ encouraged ph to make movies reflective of oriental identity and rejecting american rule, propaganda films made t encourage filipino support for the japanese dawn of freedom: starring fernando poem sr tatlong maria: lost film ○ japanese even used rizal to emphasize support for their regime ○ comics against profiteering SESSION 14: SCARS OF WAR: THE IMPACT OF THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION Wwii radically change key institutions established in the american period Top 2 issues in the japanese occupation ○ education japanese wanted filipinos to use nihongo because using english in the govt is a symbol of western imperialism, and filipinos are part of asia and they should embrace their oriental culture, which could be done by embracing the use of oriental languages encouraged din naman the use of local languages kaya nagfluorish din under japanese occupation theres a disconnect betw filipinos and japanese bc filos cant understand nihonggo and japs cant understand tagalog, so they still ironically use english note that for video sources and propaganda materials, the target audience can easily be idenified by the language and accomodations used ○ food Food shortage during war time Most draft animals used for tilling the land were slaughtered by the invading Japanese forces, guerilla troops, and people desperate for food. The wholesale slaughtering of draft animals and the peasant displacement created food shortages. To solve this Laurel mandated the use of back lots as agricultural land to boost production. The government introduced Japanese Horai rice to  bolster supply and organized the Bigasang Bayan (BiBa) to ration rice to the population. Propaganda aimed at filipinos also encouraged them to go back to the countryside, invest in agriculture, tie themselves to the land and not think about industrialization Economic collapse during wartime ○ Prices of goods and commodities continued to rise in the war, so the japanese military resorted to the rampant printing of money Printing that much money, however, resulted in hyperinflation which devalued the PH peso so much that people started calling it “mickey mouse money” in that its value was almost comparable to toy money People in guerilla towns started to use war notes instead of the peso ○ New economic activities arose The army employed filipinos as yoins to provide employment, but this wasn’t enough so many jobless filipinos joined pro-japanese groups to gain favor in the labor market Filipino entrepreneurs engaged in buy and sell Buying goods and products from customers then selling them for a higher price Allowed the adjustment of market prices to offset the devaluation of the peso Some continued to sell bonds and stocks even if companies and corporations did not necessarily operate. The government addressed and discouraged this through comic strips and propaganda Cultural efforts of the japanese ○ Schools, film theaters, museums, cabarets, and areas for recreational activities reopened to provide a sense of normalcy. Daily tribune and DZRH Manila became mouthpieces for the govt with all stories and messages having to pass through the kenpetai Most propaganda emphasized filo-jap friendship and claimed japanese superiority over the western, presenting america as a failure as it failed to protect the ph ○ Japanese established the propaganda corps to lead the non-combatant activities of the military govt, composed of bunka senshi or cultural warriors intellectuals drafted into the army to undertake the cultural tasks of the military operations. Goals were To engage in propaganda campaigns directed at the local people as well as at enemy soldiers in the occupied areas. To report to the Japanese at home on the state of the occupied areas to sustain morale. To heighten the fighting spirit of the Japanese soldiers in the field.  Main messages Japan is the leader of all asian nations Western colonizers are villains and the real culprit of the war Filipinos should embrace their asian identity, purge western influences and embrace their culture ○ The Propaganda Corps. amplified these narratives through short newsreels titled “New Philippine News”. Each newsreel was shown before every film or theater performance. ○ The propaganda corps was dispersed into multiple groups operating in far flung villages to deliver leaflets Soon they also included notable personalities to give patriotic speeches that were pro-japanese and anti-american, mainly rooting from the experiences and hardships during the philippine-american war, including Benigno ramos Artemio ricarte Emilio aguinaldo ○ Kalibapi echoed these messages but underlined the filipino instead of the japanese, encouraging the masses to study filipino history and culture, focusing on obeying the government, allowing them to create a new filipino culture based on an emerging oriental consciousness Also banned english, declaring nippongo and tagalog as official state languages, sponsoring the training of japanese language instructors The tribute also featured articles to help teach filipinos the basics of katakana ○ But because there was a language barrier between the japanese and the filipinos, propaganda failed because they had to use english and american culture to facilitate communication to “free” filipinos from americanism The ban on english helped tagalog theatre blossom through THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION WAS ABOUT TO END BECAUSE JAPAN WAS LOSING TO THE US ○ US victory in Midway, Guadalcanal, and Guam paved the way for the “island-hoping” liberation of Japanese Occupied states in Southeast Asia. ○ By mid-1944, American forces were nearing the southeast of Mindanao, and able to bomb Japanese positions using long-range bombers. ○ As a response to the renewed American offensive, Laurel put the country under Martial Law in 1944 through Proclamation No. 29. So although laurel declared a state of war but not war on the united states ○ Oct 20 1944 - 2nd rep celebrated first anniversary but then osmena and macarthur returned later the same month in leyte with the united states sixth army From Leyte, American forces advanced northward to Luzon.  USAFFE and HukBaLaHap guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces and carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops. ○ Feb 1945 - Americans already on the outskirts of Manila The liberation of the Philippines is among the most destructive, traumatic, and costly chapters of the Second World War. Nevertheless, the dominant narrative that emerged from this campaign was the heroism of American troops and McArthur’s fulfillment of his promises to the Filipinos (I shall return) This heroism was not echoed by civilians, however, who were traumatized by the deadly campaign for liberation ○ October 17, 1944 - US armed forces began the reinvation of the PH via leyte, just as the 2nd republic celebrates its first anniversary ○ Dec 15 - mindoro falls to the americans ○ Dec 15 - america begins reinvading luzon ○ Feb 3, 1945 to march 3 - battle of manila In the battle of manila, japanese soldiers were actually encouraged to retreat to baguio by general yamashita. Yamashita continued to use delaying tactics to maintain his army in Kiangan (part of the Ifugao Province), until news of the Japanese surrender arrived. but they refused and faced the americans, damaging manila so severely that the only pre-war building still standing was the post office ○ Feb 13 - americans recapture bataan and clark airfield ○ April 26 - baguio is recaptured by americans ○ June 1945 - Japanese leaders agreed that they were already facing defeat but did not know how to end the war ○ August 6, 1945 - bombing of hiroshima and nagasaki ○ August 9 - soviet union began the invasion of northern japan The us was actually supposed to invade it but because of a lack of funds, decided not to September 2, 1945 - In fear that tokyo will be bombed next, japan surrendered September 3, 1945 - end of japanese occupation in the philippines The war traumatized filipinos and left the ph in ruins ○ What happened to collaborators? ○ Will the govt recognize the contributions of the hukbalahap guerillas? Now that they are a threat not only to the govt but to the ruling elites Now the peasants’ military experience will allow them to concretely fight the elites ○ How will the government address the economic concerns of the populace? Limitation of supply in war demanded for hyper inflation What will happen to collaborators? ○ The tribunal that tried war crimes in the asia pacific region was held in manila  Several collaborators were tried, most prominently yamashita, the commanding general Command responsibility – the japanese soldiers who committed war crimes were commanded to retreat but refused. Under the principle of command responsbility, yamashita was still held accountable. Maraming war criminals were executed in manila ○ Many of the members of the KALIBAPI were actually members of the quezon administration, but their collaboration wasn’t really to help the japanese but to mitigate damages made to the filipinos Quezon died from tuberculosis and was succeeded by osmena, who had a bad relationship with macarthur since macarthur did not believe that osmena was the right man to lead us to independence noting that our independence was due in 1945 but was delayed by the war to 1946 Macarthur was the most powerful man in the ph at the time and preferred manuel roxas instead of osmena, since the latter had been too mild-mannered to lead the philippines roxas was also a japanese collaborator, making it a crucial question since the elections are coming up and it is for the THIRD PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC !! Macarthur even lied to support roxas, saying he was one of the prime factors in the guerilla movement in the philippines ○ Roxas was kalibapi and the second ph republic ○ Because of the election, roxas actually accepted this lies, allowing him to win the presidency Because of macarthur’s support, national opinion was polarized between roxas and osmena o put the issue to rest, McArthur offered amnesty to all collaborators except those who committed hideous crimes like rape and murder Other collaborators did not accept this amnesty and fought for their innocence in court ○ Jose laurel ○ Benigno aquino sr ○ Claro m recto 1946 elections ○ One of the most important elections in the ph because ti decided the first president in the third rep ○ So nacionalista party was once again divided, ending the dominance of the nacionalista party since 1935 Osmena wing - nacionalista pa rin Roxas wing - liberal party ○ Thus producing the two most prominent political parties in the philippines from 1946-1972 This is when we got a bi-party government with one functioning as administration and opposition  From 1946-1972, only one of the two lang yung nakaupo Pero both political parties were dominated by the ruling oligarchy and rarely was there a difference in policy Will the govt recognize the contributions of the hukbalahap guerillas? Now that they are a threat not only to the govt but to the ruling elites ○ By the tailend of the second world war, the huks were now working with the usafe to drive out the last japanese forces, but prior to that they were actually collaborating with the makapili which also was formed w the peasantry ○ They made an alliance to drive the japanese forces out together then eventually resist the return of the americans, when japan found out about this, they executed members of the makapili negotiation w he huks ○ So the huks helped the americans liberate several towns in ilocos But prior to this, they were being disarmed and they were arrested for apparently committing war crimes, when collaborators were given amnesty while actual resistance efforts were put into prison. They were widely seen as a “threat” to the public order. So nagkaroon ng purge of huks sa central luzon, encouraging the survivors to take up arms against the government, making their name hukbong magpapalaya ng bayan (hmp or huk) Some naman decided to form an alliance with the osmena wing and run for office in 1946, winning a seat in congress incl luis taruc After winning, they werent allowed to take their seat This further radicalized them against the government How will the government address the economic concerns of the populace? ○ The war radically weakened the philippine state, particularly the central govt in manila couldnt control the troubles of the countryside, so the end of wwii saw a transformation in rural and urban areas A lot of probinsyanos decided to migrate to urban areas but nagkaroon ng overpopulation, so nagkaroon ng maraming urban slums mostly composed of people from provinces escaping the violence and lack of resources Meanwhile the elites started to live in subdivisions patterened after american suburbia, leaving manila and seeking living in makati, san juan, and quezon city which was called new manila Many of the high end subdivisions today emerged immediately after the second world war Amidst this demographic shift was the rise of a middle class that profited from the buy-and-sell system and smuggling that proliferated during the Occupation years. This sudden demographic shift shaped the current urban landscape of Manila. high Weak versus strong state ○ The function of the state (state as composed of government x territory x population x sovereignty)  According to max weber, the state’s function is to monopolize violence within society. They control resources and power within societies through violence, which isn’t just physical but also structural and symbolic. The state is an institution that controls resources and power within a specific territory without needing to complete w other institutions re: its influence over the population (ie. church, corporation) ○ Politically, violence isn’t always bad but is merely a projection of power Physical Physical use of force through the state’s security apparatus to promote peace and order The state is the only institution w a security apparatus for the maintenance, because it monopolizes violencefor the implementation of the law Security apparatus is the militia and the police Structural Control over access to resources through selective recognition ofrights and privileges, who will be given power versus not Ie. women’s suffrage in the early 20th century The state decides who gets rights Symbolic Control over images and stereotypes thatll rationalize and justify the use of physical and structural violence When you talk abt physical and structural violence, you have to ask about the recipient, and the state must establish the enemy of the state to justify how they warrant the exercise of physical and strutural violence (ie. propaganda against bandits during american era) The question of optics and images Joel migdal’s strong and weak state ○ Strong state States that successfully monopolize the legitimate use of violence, so other institutions cannot compete with the state Accompanied by weak society Society wherein other institutions cannot compete w the state ○ Failed state If other institutions such as political and warlord clans with private armies and security apparatusses overpower the state, it is called a failed state, because it fails to control the use of violence within a society See: haiti, countries under civil war because theres competition w regard toi the monopology of violence ○ Weak state States that fail to monopolize the legitimate use of violence, resorting to franchising violence to other institutions in order to collaborate with them in exchange for their loyalty  Accompanied by strong society Wherein other institutions compete with the state for control ○ Franchising violence Example: Spaniards franchising violence to the principales, convincing them to be loyal to the spaniards in exchange for priveleges such as exemption from tributo, etc etc Basically, these institutions borrow legitimacy from the state to operate on their violence After wwii, a lot of political warlords emerged in the countryside with their own private armies. Because the state is struggling post-war, they chose to co-opt their private armies and give them some sense of legitimacy by giving them the brand name of the government, but in exchange they were required to be loyal to the government in their promotion of peace and order in their locality Because of the chaos of the second world war, the political warlords emerged in provinces and gangs emerged in urban areas. In order to not lose full control of the populace and become a failed state, the government franchised violence to these entities, so many warlords eventually entered govt too, establishing clan bvased politics in the third republic ○ Prominent gangs and warlords Nicasio “asiong” salonga from tondo Asiong’s gang during the end of the second world war Goods too expensive, govt imposed price ceiling but still too expensive, so a black market was created from which many of the masses survived upon, usually housing goods smuggled from other countries Gangs were the ones who operated the black market, becoming robin hood like figures, called maton in philippine history and literature Warlords in the provinces Some were a product of the japanese occupation but some were still from the principalia Ramon durano ○ Patriarch of durano family, warlord in danao, cebu, after world war ii ○ Danao’s major export was illegal guns and firearms and its industry started during durano’s era ○ Durano was also duterte’s grandfather ○ He became the city’s mayor and established strict control of the city up until now, making them a prominent clan because they started from a warlordic clan  Duranos of Danao, Dimaporos of Lanao, and Marcoses of Ilocos Norte had become too well-entrenched in their respective localities that it became impossible for the state to control them. SESSION 15 The Price of Progress Third republic ○ On July 4, 1946, the United States granted the Philippines its independence. Manuel Roxas became the first president of the Republic. Filipinos flood the Independence Grandstand (Quirino Grandstand) to watch US High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt read the declaration of independence and Commonwealth President Manuel Roxas take his oath as the head of the independent Philippine state. The Philippine Commonwealth was then reorganized into the Third Republic of the Philippines, eliminating the country’s oath of allegiance to the United States. ○ Disdado Macapagal replaced the July 4 with June 12 para marecognize pa rin yung first republic 6 presidents dominated by landowning elites through the weak biparty system ○ Nacionalista party no longer monopolized politics but was met with personal opposition by the liberal party in both local or national politics ○ ○ ○  ○ Manuel roxas – died in office LIBERAL Succeeded by quirino Kinalaban ni osmena ○ Eplidio quirino – failed to be re elected LIBERAL Magsaysay as defense sec Kinalaban ni laurel 1949 election is considered to be the most violent elections because of the political warlords, which quirino allied himself with, which is also why inayawan ng mga Pilipino si quirino in his election bid Quirino owns abs tapos Fernando lopez (his vp) owned cbn , which were in competition w each other Quirino sold abs to get lopez to vp him creating abs cbn ○ Magsaysay – died in office LIBERAL TURNED NACIONALISTA Campaign supported by the americans because huks were already revolting against the govt In the cold war, the americans needed to support a popular leader among the masses and quirino was a landed family. Americans needed popular leader because ph was in danger of becoming a communist republic Belonged to a political clan via marrgiage (manglapuz from Zambales) ○ Carlos Garcia – failed to be re election NACIONALISTA Kalaban si yulo and si recto (established his own party which collapsed right after [progressive party]) ○ Diosdado Macapagal – failed to be re elected LIBERAL Arguably our closest thing to a philosopher president and the only president to this day who was actually middle class ○ Marcos – established a dictatorship LIBERAL TURNED NACIONALISTA Marcos was senate president under macapagal’s admin but shifted political parties when the liberals supported macapagal’s bid for reelection instead of marcos’ campaign Belonged to local political clan and married into a national political clan His runningmate, fernando lopez shifted parties too The only president to mount a successful reelection campaign was Marcos in 1969. The 1969 elections, however, were one of the most anomalous elections in Philippine history as Marcos reportedly used paramilitary and private armed groups to gain votes. Still about personality politics because ang dali dali lang magpalit palit ng parties ○ In the us we have clear party loyalty but here we have a weak party system according to where their popularity would benefit  ○ This promoted politics through networks, weakening the republic’s democratic institutions Looking at the presidents we had, umiikot lang yung last names ○ They either came from a national or a local political clan except for Macapagal who actually came from the middle class. He was the closest we got to a philosopher president as a diplomat, professors, and a poet ○ Our politicians really just marry into political parties ○ Notice sergio osmena jr. and genaro magsaysay were both liberals but both their fathers were nacionalistas ○ So we don’t have an actual democracy – we just have a elite democracy. Some argue that our current republic is not a return to edsa or to martial law, but to the third republic. There were two main categories of concerns post war were economic and security ○ Economic Slow economic recovery after the war with exports from 1946 to 1949 being less than the imports, accumulating a P1.1 billion deficit in just four years To curb hyperinflation, quirino had to make drastic changes How will the ph engage in the global market without the help oif the united states ? Trade relations between ph and us, how can we be both politically and economically independent Theres a sense of dependency sa us How can the Philippines gain reparations from the united states and Japan Super fucking hard – hanggang ngayon wala pa ring reparations ang comfort women, which is hard because now we are diplomatically allied in terms of economics and military Rehabilitation payments from the US and Japan were used to pay off-budget deficits. People could get by due to the influx of infrastructure money to rebuild physical damages brought by war. If not for the reparation funds paid by Japan and the rehabilitation money provided by the United States, the Philippine economy would have faced a bleaker scenario. Rehabilitation fueled the economy. But it also produced an asymmetrical relationship between the Philippines and the United States. Philippine presidents have to acquiesce to American demands to receive additional funding. The government signed bilateral agreements unfavorable to Philippine interests. Industrialization Technically started during Garcia but trickles of industrialization was more legitimate under Macapagal but never fully industrialized because we are not manufacturing-dominant or agricultural, but a service based economy  The largest export is labor ○ Security Internal Peasant unrest Seperatists movements like the mindanap independence movement ○ MIM was not yet radical at that time, they wanted to achieve it through legal and parliamentary means External Shift of cold warto asia from Europe around the 1950s ○ quite active, sent troops to korean war and sent contingency troops to the vietnam war ○ Korean war Mas involved tayo dito because we sent military attachments ○ Chinese civil war ○ Vietnam man We didn’t say soldiers yung binigay natin but we had an engineering attachments for americans Diplomatic clash with neighbors (saba) ○ We organized mafilindo (Malaysia Philippines Indonesia) Precursor of asean Criticized because composed of predominantly malay which ostracized the minor Chinese population Diplomatic clash betw territories specifically within north borneo Spratly islands ○ Creating a stronger ph state To solve these things the ph entered several treaties with the united states ○ military bases act of 1947 under tydings-mcduffie, the question re: military bases will be addressed post-independence key providions ○ article 1 govt of the ph grant retainment of the use of bases in the ph ○ article 2 rmed forces of the ph may serve in the us armed forces of the us may serve on ph milutary establishments whenever such conditions appear beneficial s mutually determined by forces of both countries ○ article 3  military bases are technically a territory of the us within the philippines the us have military bases controlled by the us and the law followed within these bases will be the law of the us because they are technically territories of the us within the philippines ○ violations will be punished and tried acc to their law in many ways its an infringement of our internal sovereignty, but technically all countries that we enjoy diplomacy with have territories through their embassies, but this is crucial betw us and ph, bc it promotes the image that we are quite visibly dependent on the us mutual defense treaty in theory, an armed attack against the us will be considered as an armed attack to the ph and vice versa. aggressors attacking the us, us can declare war, but aggressors attacking the ph, the ph can only declare a state of war. this means na mas defensive tayo imbis na offensive. this law gives the ph hard power in international relations, power is divided into hard and soft power ○ hard power is military might ○ soft power is cultural influence ie panda diplomacy this agreement gives us some form of hard power in the asia pacific region despite our soft power being very limited may benefits because we always have uncle sam on our side in terms of external security tapos we can use the us as a bargaining chip for diplomacy the us has very strong hard and soft power, so basically what the two laws gave us is hard power but with limitations, because its hard to create a foreign policy when the only line of defense you have is dependent on another country, so more or less lagi tayo nakapanig sa us because di natin sila pwede kalabanin, so there’s a form of neocolonialism palagi the military bases is a representation of the asymmetrical power dynamic between the colonizer and its previous colony but right now what we have rn is very different because laws na natin ang sinusunod sa military bases but usually dinadala na sa embassy we have no capacity whatsoever to defend outsef from external aggression, and allows the afp to focus on internal issues ○ the afp has a bigger army than navy, which is ironic because we are actually archipelagic ○ because we dont have to worry about external aggression, nadelay yung devt ng nacy natin  because of problems in these laws, the third rep actually tried to shorted the period that americans were allowed to stay in the ph specifically in clark pampanga ○ dati 99 years, tas naging 25 years subject to extension Renegotiated by the marcos administration in 1966, with the treaty being renewed in 1975 under tense circumstances ○ encouraged corruption bc everytime theres conflict betw ph and us, the ph wud use the military bases as a pang blackmail ie us pressure to dethrone marcos couldnt be felt bc marcos used the bases to blackmail them ○ eventually nawala naman na sila and was replaced by the cualicatad bases, but the mbp is still in place bc we are incapable of protecting ourselves ○ the problem is dapat short term lang to bc we cant do this forever since di lagi aligned yung interests ng ph w the us ○ philippine trade act 1946 or bell trade act This was the basis for the us to agree to pay reparations, totaling up to $520 million preferential tariffs on us products, making them cheaper and more competitive (lugi) us govt controls dollar-peso exchange rates, fixed at 2 pesos per 1 dollar (lugi) not because of economic conditions but because of government regulation not healthy for the ph because it is controlled by the us govt, limiting our economic independence, so kung kelangan ng us na strong peso or weak peso, sila na bahala dito parity rights given to american citizens (di sure kung makikinabang) americans have equal rights w filipinos re: acquiring and developing natural resources found in the ph this is actually very normal because an economy develops in a linear fashion ○ stars with agriculture then transitions into manufacturing, and that process is called industrialization ○ pag super efficient na yung manufacturing mo na di mo na kailangan ng tao, magiging manufring into service based economy ○ but in the philippines tumalon tayo from agricultural to service, so nawalan tayo ng opportunity to development technology Agriculture in the ph peaked in 1930s and quezon admin implemented programs towards  industrialization, which were interrupted by wwii and crippled by the financial aftermath of the war ○ a good economic foreign transfer engagement transfers technology, because if the us built businesses here, the filos they hire will eventually be trained in the same industry, allowing them to build businesses in the same degree eventually and become globally competitive ○ nanyari sa japan, korea, taiwan but most of our multinational companies are in the food sector ○ n other countries kasi, this transition was spearheaded by the govt encouraging the elites to support the transition, but the ph’s agrarian reform policy is what sets it apart ○ taiwan forced elites to sell land to the govt, and instead of paying them w cash, they paid them in stocks from govt owned corporations, so the wealth of the elites was no longer tied to the land, but to the stocks of govt corporations, so if they want to grow their wealth, they have to develop these corporations and eventually buy them from the government ○ but in the philippines, govt bought the land and paid in cash, which meant that the beneficiaries of the program (farmers) when they couldnt pay na for the land, binenta na and since may pera yung elites sila lang din yung bumili ○ so essentially other countries forced elites to invest in manufacturing raising sugar quota exports to the united states (benefitted only sa landed elites) because of this hindi rin talaga natuloy ang investment to industrialization this became big issue because in the 1945 consti said that all resources in the ph is for ph only, so in order to pass this trade act, the congress has to amend the constitution problematic bc consti is already amended prior to the war and theres always the question of sino ba makikinabang kung magaammend tayo ang tanging beneficiary lang ay ang sugar baron. sila talaga yung elites prior to the fifth republic, aranetas, lopezes, etc this trade act was passed but was unpopular so it was repealled and replaced by the ff agreement ○ laurel-langley agreement of 1955 Established during magsaysay’s term to replace the philippine trade act The question of parity was never resolved, but the new agreement allowed Filipino citizens and corporations to have parity rights over resources found in the United States.  us lost control over the peso-dollar exchange rate, passing control to the ph, floating the peso til the macapagal admin ph goods were given preferentual tariff rates also to the us but not a lot of our products manufcatured were being exported anyway industrialization ○ How does a country industrialize Three phases: AGRICULTURE — MANUFACTURING — SERVICE States begin with an agricultural economy As population increases, so does the demand for goods, forcing the agri culture to mechanize More machines meant production lines must be rationalized. Factories will then emerge to supply machine parts and manufacture goods. As more farms are mechanized, the demand for peasant labor will also decrease. The bulk of the labor force will now migrate to the cities to work in manufacturing plants and factories Then more people with money means the need for more recreation and thus the need for more people in the service industry ○ The process of transition from an agriculture-based to a manufacturing-based economy (see more details above) Increases the number of people with disposable income. This is because employee wages are far higher than peasant income while goods and commodities become cheaper when produced in factories. Extra cash means that more people can vacations, dine out, and do other luxuries. The increased demand for these services (tourism, dining, deliveries) will create new business enterprises that employ workers. Factories will eventually replace employees with machines and robots. This will trigger the shift of the labor force from manufacturing to the jobs created by the service industry. But we never transitioned from an agricultural economy to a manufacturing economy — rekta agad tayo sa service sector This is become of failed industrialization Agriculture production peaked in the 1930s, with the quezon admin implementing programs to industrialize, but then the war came and we were in no shape to initiate industrialization Roxas, Quirino, and Magsaysay administrations focused on balancing the country’s finances and limiting budget deficits. ○ in our economic history, efforts to industrialize began in the carlos p garcia admin through the filipino first policy Praised by entrepreneurs but its benefit was more political than economic his protectionist policy prevented competition, allowing the elites to establish monopolies and orligopolies in telecomm, electricity, water supply, and transpo, heightening the barrier of entry to these industries to  the point that only landed elites had the capital to invest, eliminating all other competition with the elites This rendered the goods needed for industrialization to be too expensive and the transition into a manufacturing economy impossible ○ govt encouraged filos to buy products produced in the ph, while sponsoring corps that will be natl competitiors in the ph ○ this produced one major corporation, which was the nsc, national steel corporation iligan was very rosperous because this was the headquarters of nsc the plan of the garcia admin was to transform us into a ship producing hub, and we alr had a history of ship production given d galleon trade so to make a natl ship building corp we had to establish a natl steel corp, but there was no iron ore in the ph, so instead we used scrap metal which produced weaker steel for a cheaper price, making it more globally competitive it continued to prosper until the 1990s initially started by the govt until it was sold to the jacinto family but the jacinto famil were not on good term w the marcos admin, so marcos took it back and renationalized it, which was managed well naman but korea and taiwan started producing as well so may competition na after the edsa revo, we sold it to an indian company then to a malaysian company which did not know how to manage it one major problem is that in the ph theres a marriage between business and politics, so if you antagonize the powers that be in the ph magdasal ka na. this is also why foreign investors are lukewarm abt investing because the political scene is quite unstable. plus the fact that everything is more expensive in the ph (energy, water, transpo) except for labor, whereas our neighbors are cheap everything. ○ he value of the Filipino First policy, however, was more political than economic. Filipinos have long resented the rent-seeking practices of foreign businesses in the country. Entrepreneurs, particularly American ones, often fund political campaigns to gain favor. This increased the corruption in the government. Small Filipino entrepreneurs were also discontented over the Chinese and Filipino-Chinese domination of the retail sector. Implementation of the Filipino First policy gave Garcia a wide support base for the 1957 election (Garcia replaced Magsaysay when the latter unexpectedly died in 1956). Garcia’s policies did more harm than good to the national economy. His protectionist policy prevented competition, allowing the Filipino elites to establish monopolies and oligopolies in telecommunications, electricity, water supply, and transportation. Because the barrier of entry to these industries was high, the only entrepreneurs that have the capital to invest were the landed elites, American businessmen, and the Chinese and Filipino-Chinese taipans. The Filipino First policy eliminated all potential  competition with the elites. Without competition, goods necessary for industrialization became too expensive, making the transition to a manufacturing-based economy impossible. ○ Macapagal reversed garcia’s protectionist policy in favor of free trade, limiting govt regulation of private enterprises and lifting exchange controls over the peso So even if inflation increased, businesses were booming in the urban sectors because of competition, growing the economy by 5-7% annually Disrupted by the stonehill scandal Because of the stonehill scandal however and the shifting popularity of diosdado macapagal, Filipinos began to believe that free-market reforms would only favor foreign businesses. Public approval for economic protectionism gained traction because magsaysay had lost public credibility ○ Marcos then adapted a more protectionist approach again Increased public spending and govt intervention, going on a spending spree with the platform “rice, roads, and school buildings” New institutions for the state, expanding bureaucracy and building public infra which still failed to industrialize the ph but served only as white elephants for marcos’ reelection bid By 1969, the Philippines suffered from a financial crisis. The treasury was empty, government businesses were bankrupted, and the state defaulted on its debt payment. The Philippine government agreed on the debt restructuring program of the World Bank to settle its debt payments. The impact of delayed industrialization, however, further inflamed tensions in Philippine society. political instability ○ roxas and magsaysay died in office, creating political instability. since we are more personality than policy based, usually our policies are changed from one admin to the next, challenging industrialization because theres no continuity ○ plus there is corruption and other political issues in marcos’ jingle, the chorus had been “wag iboto si macapagal, ang proseso bumabagal,” making the basis of most campaigns a smear campaign when garcia won his presidency, the opposing party’s vice president won, which was macapagal. because of the sturcture of the vice presidential office, wala silang ginagawa, so they are usually appointed a position in the cabinet. but garcia was advised not to appoint macapagal because he was a potential presidential candidate, and appointing him would give him exposure and legitimacy. eventually he was given a job, but in foreign affairs para lagi syang wala ○ the 4 year length of our presidency is also too short. first year ur warming up ur seat, second year usually the most productive, third year you’re planning for your reelection campaign, fourth year youre building your political base ○ plus the corruption scandals attached to presidents the golden arinola is a representation of corruption in the quirino admin because the nationalist party (opposition) accused quirino of shitting in a golden arinola, which was not true. the arinola was made of steel, not gold, but its symbol became prevalent because of the degree to which filipinos believed the rumor which illustrated the political atmosphere at the time stonehill scandal one of the biggest corruption scandals in the 3rd republic namesake: harry stonehill, an american vet staying in the ph who established fortune tobacco stonehill had a ledger w a list of politicians he bribed, with the names of current, past, and future presidents, including garcia, macapagal