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MODULE 6: Rizal's Higher Education and Life Abroad: Rizal's 2. Freemasonry/Freemasons: A secret society known for First Travel Abroad and his Higher Education its criticism of established authorities, which Rizal...

MODULE 6: Rizal's Higher Education and Life Abroad: Rizal's 2. Freemasonry/Freemasons: A secret society known for First Travel Abroad and his Higher Education its criticism of established authorities, which Rizal joined. (This term describes the organization Rizal affiliated with for strategic reasons.) 1. Why did Rizal travel abroad to study? 3. Licentiate in Medicine: A medical degree Rizal obtained in Madrid, though with some incomplete There were several reasons behind Rizal's decision: formalities. (This term refers to Rizal's academic achievement.) Further Education: He wanted to pursue a medical 4. Lodge Solidaridad: A specific Freemason lodge Rizal degree, unavailable in the Philippines at the time. joined later in his time in Madrid. (This term refers to Broaden his Knowledge: He desired a broader a specific branch of the Freemasons.) education beyond medicine, including philosophy, 5. Medical Studies: Rizal's primary academic pursuit literature, and languages. while in Madrid, leading to his medical degree. (This Observe European Society: He aimed to understand term describes Rizal's main area of study.) European culture, political systems, and ways of life. 6. Pastimes (referring to not gambling, drinking, etc.): Activities done in one's free time. (This term refers to 2. How did Rizal keep his departure a secret? behaviors Rizal avoided to focus on his goals.) 7. Pen name/Pseudonym (Rizal on the Spanish steamer): Answer: Rizal feared his parents, particularly his A fictitious name used for anonymity while traveling. mother, wouldn't approve of him going abroad. He confided in (This term describes the disguised identity Rizal used.) only a close circle of friends, family members (excluding his 8. Propaganda Movement: A group advocating for parents), and some Jesuit priests. reform in the Philippines, which Rizal would later 3. What were some of Rizal's academic achievements in contribute to. (This term refers to the movement Rizal Europe? would eventually join.) 9. Secretariat (referring to Freemasonry): The Earned a Licentiate in Medicine from organizational structure of the Freemasons. (This Universidad Central de Madrid (1884). term describes the internal system of the Completed coursework in Philosophy and Letters Freemasons.) with honors (diploma not officially received). 10. Spanish Steamer: The mode of transportation Rizal Learned several languages, including French, used to travel to Spain. (This term describes the ship German, and English. Rizal took.) 4. What sacrifices did Rizal make while studying abroad? MODULE 7: Rizal's Higher Education and Life Abroad: The Propaganda Movement Left his family and friends in the Philippines. Was the Propaganda Movement successful? Lived frugally, 2 budgeting his 3 While they did not achieve their initial goals of money carefully. peaceful reform within the Spanish system, they laid the Endured groundwork for future independence movements. Their loneliness and ideas and criticisms fueled Filipino nationalism and homesickness. inspired a generation of revolutionaries. 5. How did Rizal's time abroad influence his future? 4 What are some criticisms of the Propaganda Movement? His education exposed him to new ideas and ignited his passion for reform. He honed his writing skills and used 5 Limited Reach: Their message primarily targeted them to advocate for change in the Philippines through his Spanish intellectuals and elites, with less impact on the novels and essays. The experience abroad shaped him into the Filipino masses. This was to be expected, because the national hero we know today members themselves are surrounded and formed by Spanish education. 1. Circulo Hispano-Filipino: A social group in Madrid composed of progressive Spaniards and Filipinos. 6 Internal Disagreements: There were debates over the most effective strategies for achieving reform, such as (This term describes an organization Rizal joined.) the pace of change and methods used.  leadership. (This term refers to one side of the internal conflict.) 7 Focus on Peaceful Reform: Some argue their peaceful 13. Spanish authorities: The representatives of the approach ultimately proved insufficient in achieving Spanish government in the Philippines. (This term immediate changes, claiming it wasn’t radical enough. In refers to the ruling power the Propagandists sought order to achieve independence and good governance, change from.) the Philippines, rather than forming a friendly and 14. Wenceslao Retana: A Spanish historian who made collaborative relationship with Spain, must be entirely false accusations against Rizal's family. (This term free from Spanish rule. refers to the individual Rizal challenged to a duel.) 1. Assassination (referring to potential outcome of duel): The killing of a person in a planned or secret attack. (This term describes a possible consequence MODULE 8: Rizal's Higher Education and Life Abroad: Rizal's of the challenged duel.) Specialization in Medicine and his other 2. Cortes (Spanish parliament): The national legislature Achievements of Spain that the Propagandists sought representation for Filipinos in. (This term describes a Focus on Specialization in Medicine: political institution.) Why did Rizal choose medicine? 3. Duel: A formal arranged combat between two people 〇 Possible answers: He witnessed his mother's with deadly weapons to settle a dispute. (This term failing eyesight and desired to cure her. He refers to the traditional method of conflict resolution saw the need for better medical care in the challenged by Rizal.) Philippines. He believed a medical degree 4. Exile: A person forced to live outside their country. would grant him respect and social mobility. (This term describes the situation of some Where did Rizal study medicine? Propagandists living in Europe.) 〇 He began at the Ateneo Municipal de 5. Filipinization: The process of replacing Spanish Manila and later transferred to Universidad people in positions of power with Filipinos. (This term Central de Madrid in Spain. He furthered his describes a specific reform goal of the medical studies in ophthalmology in Paris Propagandists.) and Heidelberg. 6. La Solidaridad: A newspaper published by the What specific medical skills did Rizal gain abroad? Propaganda Movement to advocate for reform. (This 〇 He specialized in ophthalmology, focusing term describes a key publication of the movement.) on eye diseases and surgery. He likely 7. National identity: A sense of belonging to a studied other areas of medicine as well particular nation. (This term describes a concept the during his university education. Propagandists aimed to cultivate.) How did Rizal use his medical skills in the Philippines? 8. Nelly Boustead: A woman who was the object of Rizal 〇 He treated patients in Calamba and and Luna's romantic attention. (This term refers to surrounding areas, particularly focusing on the woman who caused a temporary strain between eye ailments. He potentially introduced new Rizal and Luna.) medical practices learned abroad. Did Rizal contribute to advancements in medicine? 9. Propaganda Movement: A group of Filipinos living in 〇 While there's no record of groundbreaking Europe who advocated for reform in the Philippines discoveries, he might have shared his during the late 19th century. (This term refers to the knowledge with other Filipino doctors and historical movement Rizal was a part of.) potentially influenced medical practices in 10. Propagandists: Members of the Propaganda the Philippines. Movement who advocated for reform in the C. What did Rizal study abroad besides medicine? Philippines. (This term refers to the individuals ○ He studied philosophy, history, languages, involved in the movement.) and literature, broadening his intellectual 11. Retraction (referring to Retana): A statement that horizons. takes back a previous claim, which Retana did to D. How did Rizal's travels abroad influence his thinking? resolve the conflict with Rizal. (This term describes ○ He witnessed European society's progress Retana's action to apologize for the false accusation.) and injustices, shaping his views on 12. Rizalistas (supporters of Rizal): The faction within the Philippine colonialism. Propaganda Movement that supported Rizal's  E. What were Rizal's literary achievements during his 9. R.D.L.M. Redencion de los Malayos: A society time abroad? established by Rizal in Paris with the intention of uplifting the Malay race, signifying his pan- ○ He wrote Noli Me Tangere and El Malaysian sentiment. (This term describes an Filibusterismo, novels exposing the social organization Rizal founded in Europe.) inequalities and injustices in the Philippines. 10. Social and Political Observations: Rizal's critical F. Did Rizal participate in any political activities analysis of the social and political structures in the abroad? countries he visited during his travels. (This term ○ He actively participated in the Propaganda describes Rizal's intellectual activity during his Movement, advocating for peaceful reforms grand tours.) in the Philippines through his writings and associations. G. How did Rizal's life abroad contribute to Philippine MODULE 9: Rizal's Exile, Trial, and Death: Arrival in Manila, and nationalism? the Founding of La Liga Filipina ○ His novels and writings inspired Filipinos to fight for social change and independence. Q: La Liga Filipina sounded serious, but did they have any He became a symbol of national identity secret codes? and reform. A: Yes! Members had symbolic names they couldn't change 1. Disenchantment: A feeling of disappointment or unless they became president of their local council. Pretty disillusionment, used in the context of Rizal's cool, right? perspective after his first return to the Philippines. (This term describes Rizal's emotional state upon Q: La Liga Filipina only lasted a few days, but what were encountering challenges.) their goals? 2. Grand Tour: An extensive and leisurely European travel experience undertaken by wealthy young A: They aimed for a united Philippines, offered mutual adults, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries. protection to members, defended against injustice, and (This term describes the nature of Rizal's travels in promoted education, agriculture, and commerce. They Europe.) were like a self-help club for Filipinos! 3. Heretical: Doctrines or beliefs that contradict established Church teachings, used in the context of the 1. Andres Bonifacio: A key figure in the Philippine Church's reaction to Rizal's novel. (This term describes the independence movement who co-founded the Church's perspective on Noli Me Tangere.) Katipunan after La Liga Filipina was established. 4. Historical Research: The systematic investigation and (This term refers to a historical figure who became a study of past events, used in the context of Rizal's member of La Liga Filipina.) work at the British Museum. (This term describes 2. Doroteo Ongjunco: A Chinese-Filipino mestizo who Rizal's intellectual activity in London.) provided his house as the venue for the founding 5. La Liga Filipina: A civic organization founded by Rizal meeting of La Liga Filipina. (This term refers to the in Hong Kong that advocated for reform through person whose residence was used for the Liga's unity and legal means. (This term describes a establishment.) political organization Rizal established.) 3. Governor-General Eulogio Despujol: The Spanish 6. La Solidaridad: A Spanish-language newspaper official who held the highest position in the published by Filipino expatriates in Europe, which Philippines during Rizal's return. (This term refers to Rizal contributed articles to in order to promote the Spanish authority Rizal met with.) reform ideas. (This term describes a publication Rizal 4. Katipunan: A revolutionary society founded after La used to advocate for change.) Liga Filipina, with a more aggressive approach to 7. Racial Discrimination: The unfair treatment or achieving independence. (This term refers to the prejudice directed towards someone based on their successor organization to La Liga Filipina.) race, experienced by Rizal during his visit to the 5. La Liga Filipina: A civic organization established by United States. (This term describes an experience Rizal to promote reform through unity and legal Rizal encountered in America.) means. (This term refers to the organization Rizal 8. Reform: The process of making changes to a system founded.) or practice to improve it, a core objective of Rizal's activism. (This term describes Rizal's overall goal.)  6. Legal Aid: The provision of legal assistance to those What was the impact of Rizal's who cannot afford it, envisioned as a service of La work in Dapitan? Liga Filipina. (This term describes a potential benefit of Liga membership.) 7. North Borneo: The location for a Filipino colony Rizal's endeavors improved the lives of the local proposal by Rizal, previously rejected by Despujol. people in Dapitan. He provided medical care, (This term refers to the geographical location of education, and promoted agricultural development. Rizal's rejected proposal.) His example of community development and 8. Supreme Council: The governing body of La Liga selfreliance inspired others. Filipina, consisting of a president, secretary, How did Rizal's exile affect his treasurer, and fiscal. (This term refers to the writings? While his freedom of leadership group within La Liga Filipina.) movement was restricted, Rizal continued to write during his exile. He wrote poems, letters, and even MODULE 11: Rizal's Exile, Trial, and Death: Exile in Dapitan started a project to study Philippine languages. Does Dapitan celebrate Rizal's legacy? Yes, Dapitan honors Rizal's contributions to the town. There Why was Rizal exiled to Dapitan? are museums dedicated to his life and work, and the sites Rizal's writings and activism calling for reform in the where he lived and practiced medicine are preserved as Philippines were seen as a threat by the Spanish historical landmarks. colonial government. He was accused of inciting rebellion after the outbreak of the Philippine 1. Bisayan Languages: A group of languages spoken in Revolution in 1896. the central Philippines, including Cebuano, What were Rizal's living conditions like in Dapitan? Hiligaynon, and Waray. (This term refers to a specific Initially, conditions were harsh. He lived in a language group Rizal studied in exile.) small house under heavy guard. However, over time, 2. Community Builder: Someone who actively works to some restrictions were relaxed, allowing him more improve the living conditions and well-being of their freedom of movement within Dapitan. community. (This term describes Rizal's role in How long did Rizal stay in Dapitan? promoting Dapitan's development.) Rizal was exiled to Dapitan for four years, from 1892 3. Compassion: A feeling of sympathy and concern for to 1896. He was then transferred to Fort Santiago in the sufferings of others, motivating Rizal to treat Manila, where he was tried and executed on patients regardless of their financial situation. (This December 30, 1896. term describes an emotional quality that influenced Did Rizal practice medicine Rizal's actions.) in Dapitan? 4. Exile: A forced expulsion from one's native country as Yes, Rizal used his medical skills to treat patients a punishment, in this case, Rizal's banishment to from the local community, both wealthy and poor. He Dapitan. (This term describes the circumstance that even used his knowledge of local plants to create shaped Rizal's life in Dapitan.) affordable medicines. 5. Public Health: The overall health of a community, Did Rizal establish a school which Rizal aimed to improve by draining marshes. in Dapitan? (This term describes an aspect of Dapitan that Rizal Yes, Rizal opened a small school for boys in his home. sought to address.) He taught them various subjects, including science, 6. Relief Map: A three-dimensional representation of a mathematics, languages, and agriculture. land area, likely created by Rizal to aid in What were Rizal's agricultural projects in Dapitan? visualization. (This term describes a specific project Rizal experimented with different Rizal undertook in Dapitan.) agricultural techniques and encouraged the locals to 7. Scientific Research: The systematic investigation and adopt new crops. He aimed to improve farming experimentation to establish new knowledge, methods and increase food production in the exemplified by Rizal's collection of specimens. (This community. term describes Rizal's intellectual activity in exile.) Did Rizal build anything in 8. Subanum Languages: A group of languages spoken in Dapitan? southwestern Mindanao, distinct from the Bisayan Yes, Rizal, with the help of the community, designed languages. (This term refers to another language and constructed a water system to provide clean group Rizal studied in exile.) drinking water for the residents of Dapitan. 9. Sulpukan: A wooden cigarette lighter that worked on compressed air, an invention showcasing Rizal's  ingenuity. (This term describes a specific object Rizal civilian status. (This term describes the court that created during his exile.) tried Rizal.) 10. Thirst for Knowledge: A strong desire to learn and 6. Presumption of Innocence: A legal principle that understand new things, a characteristic that drove holds a person innocent of a crime until proven Rizal's scientific pursuits and language studies. (This term guilty, which was not applied in Rizal's case. (This describes a personal quality that motivated term describes a standard legal principle that was Rizal's violated.) actions.) 7. Uprising: A violent rebellion against an authority or government, which the Spanish government accused Rizal of inciting. (This term describes the act that MODULE 12: Rizal's Exile, Trial, and Death: Trial of Rizal Rizal was charged with.) 8. Verdict: The formal decision of a jury or judge at the 1. Who was the judge in Rizal's trial? end of a trial, in this case, finding Rizal guilty. (This There wasn't a single judge! He was tried by a term describes the outcome of the trial.) military court composed entirely of Spanish military officers. This might seem unfair, considering Rizal MODULE 13: Rizal's Exile, Trial, and Death: Execution and was a civilian. Death 2. Did Rizal get to pick his dream team of lawyers? Nope! While he was allowed to choose his defense Facts: attorney, his options were very limited. He had to pick from a list of Spanish military lieutenants. Talk Denied Last Request: Rizal requested to face his executioners, about a stacked deck! a privilege typically granted. This denial fueled speculation 3. Did Rizal just sit there and take the accusations? about the Spanish authorities' desire to humiliate him further. Absolutely not! Rizal presented a detailed defense, Shot Twice: Initial volleys from the firing squad failed to kill countering the prosecution's points one by one. He Rizal outright. A soldier then approached and finished him off emphasized his peaceful intentions and distanced with a shot to the head, raising questions about the himself from the revolution. competency of the execution. 4. Did Rizal have a chance to call his own witnesses? Secret Burial: Fearing the possibility of Filipinos stealing Rizal's remains as relics, his burial location was kept secret for Unfortunately, no. The trial heavily favored the several weeks. prosecution. Rizal couldn't call his own witnesses or introduce evidence to support his claims. Controversies: 5. What was Rizal's sentence? Despite his defense, the biased court found Rizal Fairness of the Trial: The speed and nature of the trial, guilty of rebellion. The harsh sentence? Death by conducted by a military court, raised concerns about due firing squad. process and political motivations. 1. Civilian: A person not in the military, like Rizal, who Execution as a Catalyst: While intended to quell the was subjected to a military court. (This term independence movement, Rizal's death had the opposite describes Rizal's legal status during the trial.) effect, igniting nationalist fervor and strengthening the 2. Detainment: The act of being kept in prison or resolve of revolutionaries. custody, referring to Rizal's imprisonment upon Retraction Controversy: There's ongoing debate about arrival in Manila. (This term describes the whether Rizal truly signed a document retracting his previous circumstance that initiated the legal process.) writings before his execution. Some believe it was a forgery 3. Exile: A punishment of banishment from one's native or signed under duress. country, which preceded the events in the text. (This Celebratory Atmosphere: The celebratory reactions of some term describes Rizal's experience before the trial.) Spanish officials after the execution stood in stark contrast 4. Inquisition: A formal inquiry conducted by a court or to the grief and anger felt by Filipinos. This dissonance other authority, here referring to the investigation highlighted the growing divide between the two groups. against Rizal. (This term describes the initial stage of the legal process.) Additional Points of Interest: 5. Military Court: A court that administers justice Rizal's Final Words: While there's some uncertainty, within a military system, used to try Rizal despite his "Consummatum est!" (It is finished!) is a commonly cited possibility for his last words. Rizal's Clothing: He was dressed in a black suit and derby hat, 14. Shot of Grace: A shot fired at a wounded person to chosen for their practicality during the extended period ensure their death. (This term describes the actions before burial due to regulations. taken after the initial volley of shots.) Marker of Defiance: Despite the secrecy surrounding his 15. Symbol: A person, object, or action that represents burial, friends managed to place a marble slab with his something else. (This term is not directly used in the reversed initials in the grave, serving as a subtle tribute.ho text but is applicable to Rizal's execution becoming a was the judge in Rizal's trial? symbol of Spanish oppression.) 1. Blindfolded: Having one's eyes covered with a cloth, as done to Rizal before his execution. (This term describes an action taken before the shooting.) 2. Coerced: Forced to do something against one's will, likely the case with the Filipino soldiers in the firing squad. (This term describes the possible motivation of the Filipino soldiers.) 3. Colony: A country or area under the control of another country (in this case, Spain controlled the Philippines). (This term describes the political relationship between Spain and the Philippines.) 4. Colonial Dissonance: The clash between the colonizer's ideals and the reality of their rule in the colony. (This term describes the situation evident in the aftermath of the execution.) 5. Composure: A state of calmness and self-control, displayed by Rizal despite his impending execution. (This term describes Rizal's emotional state.) 6. Execution: The act of killing someone as punishment for a crime. (This term describes the event that the text focuses on.) 7. Execution Squad: A group of soldiers assigned to carry out an execution by firing squad. (This term describes the group that killed Rizal.) 8. Firing Squad: A group of soldiers who shoot someone to death as punishment. (This term describes the method used in Rizal's execution.) 9. Last Rites: Religious ceremonies performed for a person who is about to die. (This term describes the religious act performed for Rizal before his death.) 10. Martyr: A person who is killed or suffers greatly for a cause they believe in. (This term describes how Rizal came to be viewed by many Filipinos.) 11. Propaganda: Information, especially biased or misleading information, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. (This term is not directly used in the text but is relevant to the concept of colonial dissonance.) 12. Rebels: People who fight against the authority of a government or ruler, such as the Katipunan. (This term describes the group fighting for Philippine independence.) 13. Salve: A formal greeting or salutation. (This term is not directly used in the text but might be confused with "salvo" which refers to a gunshot.)