Rizal's Higher Education at Ateneo (1872-1877)

**Chapter 4: Rizal's Life: Higher Education and Life AbroadAteneo de Municipal** - A college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuit **Escuela Pia (Charity School)** -- Formerly name of Ateneo, a school for poor boys in Manila which was established by the city government in 1817.**June 10, 1872...

**Chapter 4: Rizal's Life: Higher Education and Life AbroadAteneo de Municipal** - A college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuit **Escuela Pia (Charity School)** -- Formerly name of Ateneo, a school for poor boys in Manila which was established by the city government in 1817.**June 10, 1872** - Rizal accompanied by Paciano went to Manila.**Father Magin Ferrando** - He was the college registrar, refused to admit Rizal in Ateneo for two reasons: he was late for registration and he was sickly and undersized for his age.**Manuel Xerez Burgos** -- Because of his intervention, Rizal was reluctantly admitted at the Ateneo. Rizal was first boarded in a house outside Intramuros, on Caraballo Street.- Promotes physical culture, humanities, and scientific studies.- Religiously operate the school- Mass every morning- Classes/subjects are open & close with prayer- Vocational courses on agriculture, commerce, mechanics and surveying. **Students were divided into two:Roman Empire** -- Internos (boarders)**Carthaginian Empire** -- Externos (non-boarders)**Emperor** - the best student in each "empire"**Tribune** - the second best**Decurion** - the third best**Centurion** -the fourth best**Stand-bearer** - the fifth best **Rizal's First Year in Ateneo (1872 -- 1873)** **Father Jose Bech** - Rizal's first professor in Ateneo**A Religious picture** - Rizal's first prize for being the brightest pupil in the whole class.**Santa Isabel College** - He attended during recess to improve his Spanish. He placed seconds at the end of the year although his grades were marked \"Excellent". **Rizal's Second Year in Ateneo (1873 -- 1874)** **The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas** -- The first favorite novel of Rizal which made a deep impression on him.**Universal History by Cesar Cantu** - Rizal persuaded his father to buy him this set of historical work that was a great aid in his studies. **Dr. Feodor Jagor -- A German scientist-traveler** who visited the Philippines in 1859-1860 who wrote Travels in the Philippines. **Travels in the Philippines by Dr. Feodor Jagor** - Rizal was impressed in this book because of1. Jagor's keen observations of the defects colonization.2. His prophecy that someday Spain Philippines and that America would come to succeed her as colonizer. Rizal studied harder, and once more he became an "emperor" after losing his class leadership.At the end of the school year, he received excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal. **Rizal's Third Year in Ateneo (18774 -- 1875)** Shortly after the opening of classes, his mother was released from prison.Rizal grades remained excellent in all subjects but he won only one medal---in Latin.At the end of the school year (March 1875), Rizal returned to Calamba for the summer vacation. **Rizal's Fourth Year in Ateneo (18774 -- 1875)** **June 16, 1875** - He became an internos in Ateneo.**Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez** - Inspired him to study harder and write poetry \"model of uprightness, earnestness and love for the advancement of his pupils".Rizal topped all his classmates in all subjects and won five medals at the end of the school term. **Last Year in Ateneo (1876 -- 1877)** He was truly "**the pride of the Jesuits**".Obtained highest grades in all subjects Graduation with Highest Honors. \"Excellent\" scholastic records from 1872 to 1877.**March 23, 1877** -- Commencement Day, he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts with highest honors. **Poems Written in AteneoDoña Teodora** who was first discovered the poetic genius of her son, and it was also she who first encouraged him to write poems.**Father Sanchez** who inspired Rizal to make full use of his God-given gift in poetry. **Poems Written in Year 1874** **Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration)** - The first poem Rizal probably wrote during his days in Ateneo which was dedicated to his mother on her birthday. Rizal wrote it before he was 14 years old. **Poems Written in Year 1875** **Felicitacion (Felicitationi)** **Y Es Espanol; Elcano, el Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo (And He is Spanish: Elcano, the First to Circumnavigate the World)El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes (The Departure: Hymn to Magellan's Fleet)El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo (The Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo)** **Poems Written in Year 1876** **1. Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town)** - A tender poem in honor of Calamba, the hero's natal town.**2. Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Educacion (Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education)** - Rizal showed the importance of religion in education.**3. Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through Education the Country Receives Light)** - Rizal believed in the significant role which education plays in the progress and welfare of a nation. 4**. El Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de Lucena y Prision de Boabdil (The Captivity and the Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of Boabdil)** - This martial poem describes the defeat and capture of Boabdil, last Moorish sultan of Granada. **5. La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolices en Granada (The Triumphal Entry of the Catholic Monarchs into Granada)** - This poem relates the victorious entry of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel into Granada, last Moorish stronghold in Spain. **Poems Written in Year 1877** **1. El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of Columbus)** - This poem praises Columbus, the discoverer of America.**2. Colon y Juan II (Columbus and John II)** - This poem relates how King Kohn II of Portugal missed fame and riches by his failure to finance the projected expedition of Columbus to the New World.**3. Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great Solace in Great Misfortune)** - This is a legend in verse of the tragic life of Columbus**4. Un Dialogo Aluviso a la Despedida de los Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the Students)** - This was the last poem written by Rizal in Ateneo; it is a moving poem of farewell to his classmate **Medical Studies at the University of Santo ThomasDona Teodora** - "Don't send him to Manila again; he knows enough. If he gets to know more, the Spaniards will cut off his head." **University of Santo Thomas** - After graduating with the highest honors from the Ateneo, Rizal continue for higher studies in this institution. **April 1877 - Rizal Enters the UniversityPhilosophy and Letters** - Reasons for getting the course: Don Francisco Mercado liked it and Rizal was "still uncertain as to what career to pursue".**Father Pablo Ramon**- Rector of Ateneo **1877 -- 1878** - Rizal studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy, and History of Philosophy during his first year term. **1878 -- 1879** - Rizal took up medical course upon the advised of Ateneo's Rector to study medicine. Reason: - To be able to cure his mother's growing blindness. -Father Pablo Ramon, Rector of Ateneo, whom he consulted for a career choice, finally responded to his letter recommending medicine.**Finishing Surveying Course in Ateneo (1878)**Rizal took the vocational course leading to the title of Perito Agrimensor (expert surveyor) while studying at the University of Santo Tomas. **November 25, 1881** - He excelled in all subjects in the surveying course, obtaining gold medals in agriculture and topography. **Relationships with other women**\ Rizal court to a young woman in Calamba shortly after losing Segunda Katibak. In his memoirs, He simply referred to her as Miss L., describing her as "fair with seductive and attractive eyes". After several visits to her home, he abruptly ceased his wooing, and the romance died of natural causes. Rizal boarded at Dońa Concha Leyva's house in Intramuros a few months later, during his sophomore year at University of Santo Thomas. **Leonor Valenzuela** - a tall girl with a regal bearing who was "almost as tall as Jose Rizal. - Daughter of Capitan Juan and Sandey Valenzuela. - Rizal wrote love letters in invisible ink and sent them to her. Water and common table salt were used to make this ink. -Rizal, who was well-versed in chemistry, taught Orang how to read any note written in invisible ink by heating it over a candle or lamp until the lettering appeared. -Rizal did not propose marriage to Orang, as he did to Segunda. **Leonor Rivera** - Lovely daughter of Antonio Rivera. His landlord's uncle of Jose Rizal. Leonor was a student at La Concordia College at the time, where Soledad (Rizal's younger sister) was enrolled.**Leonor was born on April 11, 1876 in Camiling, Tarlac**. She was frail, beautiful woman described as "tender as budding flower with kindly, wistful eyes."They decided to get married. To keep their intimate relationship hidden from their parents and friends, **Leonor signed her letter to Rizal as "Taimis"** **Victim of Brutality by Spanish OfficerIn 1880**, Rizal took the vocational course leading to the title of Perito Agrimensor (expert surveyor) while studying at the University of Santo Tomas. While walking down the street on a dark night, he vaguely noticed the figure of a man. He didn't recognize the person due to the darkness, he didn't salute or say polite "Good Evening". The enigmatic figure was a Guardia Civil Lieutenant. With a snarl, he turned on Rizal, drew his sword and slashed the latter on the back. When Rizal recovered, he informed General Primo de Rivera, the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines at the time, about the incident. But because he was an Indio and the abusive lieutenant was a Spaniard, his complaint went nowhere. "I went to the Captain-General but I could not obtain any Justice; my wound lasted two weeks," he wrote to Blumentritt in a letter dated March 21, 1887.**1879** - Rizal entered a literary contest sponsored by Atistico-Literario (Artistic-Literary Lyceum) and submitted his poem A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth). Fortunately he won first place and was presented with a feather-shaped and gold ribbon-decorated silver pen. In the poem, Rizal implored the Filipinos to rise from their slumber, to let their genius fly faster than the wind, and to descend with art science to break the chains that had long bound the people\'s spirit. For two reasons, the poem is considered a classic: 1.It was the first great poem written in Spanish by a Filipino whose worth was recognized by Spanish literary authorities. 2. IT articulated for the first time the nationalistic notion that Filipinos, not foreigners, were the "true hope of the Fatherland". The Artistic-Literary Lyceum held another literary contest to commemorate the fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes, Spanish author of Don Quixote, to which Rizal submitted an allegorical drama El Consejo de los Dioms (The Council of the Gods). The allegory was inspired by Greek mythology. When Rizal entered the competition, Father Rector of the Ateneo assisted him in obtaining the necessary reference materials. The contest had a number of competitors: It was attended by priests, laymen, UST professors, newspapermen and scholars Fortunately, Rizal received the first prize, a gold ring engraved with a bust of Cervantes. **In 1879**, Rizal published other works, including Abd --el-Azis.Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig), a zarzuela performed by Ateneans on the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, Patroness of the Ateneo, on December 8, 1880. It was written by Rizal while he was the President of the Academy of Spanish Literature.In 1880, Rizal wrote A Filipinas, a sonnet, for the album of the Society of Sculptures. Rizal urged all Filipino artist to glorify the country.In 1881, He wrote Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon, a poem tribute to the Ateneo's rector. **Extra- curricular activities ◦ President of the Academy** of Spanish Literature ◦ Secretary of the Academy of Natural Sciences ◦ Member of Marian Congregation **Compañerismo (Comradeship)** - Rizal founded a secret society of Filipino students in University of Santo Tomas in 1880. **Companions of Jehu** - Members of the society who's after the valiant Hebrew general. **Galicano Apacible** - Rizal's cousin from Batangas who is the secretary of the society. **Unhappy Days at the University of Santo Thomas**The Dominican were hostile to him.The Filipino students were racially discriminated by the Spaniards.The method of instruction was obsolete and repressive. - Rizal, the most brilliant graduate of Ateneo failed to win high scholastic grade. **El Filibusterismo By. Dr Jose Rizal** In Rizal's novel, El Filibusterismo, he described how the Filipino students were humiliated and insulted by their Dominican professors and how backward the method of instruction was, especially in the teaching of the natural sciences. He related in Chapter XIII, "The Class in Physics" **RIZAL'S FIRST TRAVELS ABROAD 1882 - 1887** **Rizal's journey to Spain** To avoid detection by the Spanish authorities and the friars, Rizal's departure for Spain was kept a secret. Even his own parents didn't know because his mother wouldn't let him. Only his older brother, uncle, Sisters Neneng and Lucia, the Valenzuela Family, Pedro Paterno, Mateo Evangelista, the Ateneo Jesuit fathers, and a few close friends were present.Rizal boarded the Spanish streamer SS Salvadora bound for Singapore on May 3, 1882 and he arrived on May 9, 1882. He met the ship's captain, donato lecha, he befriended Rizal.After he embarked Singapore, Rizal was transferred to a foreign passenger ship named Djemnah en route to Europe. They arrived in point Galle, a Seacoast town in southern Ceylon on May 17, 1882. The next day, Rizal already departed as soon he arrived in point Galle on his way to Colombo, Ceylon's capital. **Colombo -- Capital of Ceylon** From Colombo, the Djemnah continued its journey across the Indian Ocean coast, stopping over in Aden, from Aden to Suez, from Suez to port said, from port said to Naples, and from Naples to Marseilles, France. Rizal arrived in Marseilles, France on June 12, 1882. Again, as soon as he arrived in France, he already disembarked on his way to Barcelona, Spain arriving on June 16, 1882. **MADRID, SPAIN\ Higher Education of Rizal\ UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE MADRID** Rizal enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid on November 3, 1882. He enrolled in courses in medicine, philosophy, and letters. He also studied painting and sculpture at the San Fernando academy of fine arts. He took private lessons in French, German, and English. He practiced fencing and shooting at the San Fernando hall of arms.Rizal finished his medical studies in Spain on June 21, 1884. He was rewarded in Universidad central de Madrid with the degree if licentiate in medicine. during the academic year, he studied and passed all of the subject required for the doctor of medicine degree. Rizal did not like Barcelona for he sees the place as filthy, unwelcoming, and unsightly, but then, he saw the beautiful side of the city where the city is filled with a libertarian and free-spirited atmosphere, hence, no control of colony.While Rizal was having his time in Barcelona, he received bad news about the cholera outbreak ravaging in manila, many people died, and more died every day. The bad news was that his beloved Leonor Rivera was becoming thinner as a result of her loved one's absence. Paciano also advised Rizal to continue his medical studies in Madrid, and from there, Rizal already left Barcelona in journey for Madrid. Consuelo Ortiga y Perez - Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey's daughter. The first woman who Rizal had an affair with. Rizal, a lonely man in foreign country far from his birthplace, was drawn to Consuelo's beauty and vivacity. Their love did not blossom because he was still engaged to Leonor Rivera, and Rizal's friend was also in love with Consuelo. **MASONRY**In Spain, Rizal became close to prominent Spanish liberal and republican Spaniards, the majority of whom were masons. Rizal was impressed by how openly and freely the Spanish masons criticized government policies and lambasted the friars.In March 1883, Rizal became a member of the acacia of masonic lodge in Madrid. His motivation for joining was to gain the assistance of freemasonry in his fight against the friars in the Philippines. Rizal was transferred in lodge solidaridad on November 15, 1890, where he became a master mason, he was awarded the diploma of master mason by le grand orient de France. **THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT (The Circular Hispano-Filipino)** In 1882, a new organization called the Circulo-Hispano Filipino was formed (association of Hispanic Filipinos). This new organization was founded by Filipinos and Spaniards who are pushing for government reform.The group also established the Revista Del Circulo Hispano-Filipino to address all of the abuses and harsh treatment meted out to the Philippines, as well as the changes they desired, to the Spanish government authorities.The Circulo Hispano-Filipino was led by a group of Filipino students in Madrid led by Juan Atayde, retired army men. Among those with whom Rizal discussed Philippine issues were the Paternos Pedro, Maximino and Antonio and Gregorio Sangciangco y Goson who made deep impression on Rizal. **School demonstration of Rizal RIZAL'S FINANCIAL PROBLEM**Rizal's two years in Spain were filled with memories, but things did not go well in the Philippines. This caused him financial problems as a result of the low harvest due to drought and locusts. Aside from these, his family in the Philippines faced strict Dominican control due to high rentals on the lands his family cultivated.His father was once unable to give a turkey to a hacienda manager because he feared it would be affected by the locust. As a result of the overcharging of the rentals, Jose Rizal's allowance was sometimes late. During the day, he frequently went without eating. Despite this, Jose Rizal finds a way to earn money by participating in competitions, which he usually wins. **LUNA AND HIDALGO'S VICTORY(Juan Luna and Felix Resurrection Hidalgo)** After the victory of Filipino painters, Juan Luna and Felix hidalgo in the national exposition of fine arts in Madrid, Jose Rizal was invited to speak at the banquet on behalf of the Filipino community in Madrid's restaurant ingles on the evening on june 25, 1884. Hidalgo won 2nd place for his "Christian virgin exposed to the populace" while Luna won first place for his "Spolarium".Rizal was footnoted in his speech that the Spolarium, "embodied the essence of our social, moral and political life: humanity in severe ordeal, humanity unredeemed, reason and idealism in open struggle with prejudice, fanaticism, and injustice. **Rizal's specialization in medicine and his other achievements Across Europe** **FRANCE AND GERMANY** -- continued his studies in ophthalmology.**DR. LOUIS DE WECKER** - the leading French ophthalmologist.**DR. OTTO BECKER** -- Rizal's mentor in university eye hospital.**ARPIL 22, 1886** -- He wrote a poem to the lovely blooming flowers along the Neckar River. His favorite flower was among them: the forget-me-not.**JULY 31, 1886** -- Rizal wrote his letter in German to Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt.**AUGUST 9, 1886** -- Rizal left Heidelberg and travelled to Leipzig, arriving in august 14, 1886. **PROFESSOR FRIEDRICH RATZEL** -- a well-known German historian.**DR. HANS MEYER** -- a German anthropologist.**OCTOBER 29, 1886** - Rizal left Leipzig and travelled to Dresden, another town in Germany.**DR. ADOLPH MEYER** -- the director of the anthropological and ethnological museum in Dresden.**NOVEMBER 1, 1886** -- Rizal left Dresden, travelled to the motherland of berlin.**DR. FEODOR JAGOR** -- the author of travels in the Philippines, a book Rizal admired for its keen observations in the Philippine setting.**DR. HANS VIRCHOW** -- a professor of descriptive anatomy. Son of Dr. Rudolf Virchow. **THE PUBLICATION OF NOLI ME TANGERE IN BERLINNOLI ME TANGERE** - JOSE RIZAL published Noli Me Tangere on March 21. 1887 in berlin, Germany, which means "touch me not" and was taken from the holy bible. During this time, Rizal was sickly and physically suffering.His reading of Harriet Beecher Stowe's "uncle tom's cabin" inspired him to write the novel.Noli Me Tangere was not published during Rizal's stay in berlin, but it was made possible with the help of Maximo viola, who provided Rizal with the funds needed for the publication of the novel.The Noli Me Tangere was published on March 21, 1887. Blumentritt, Dr. Antonio Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and Felix Hidalgo were among Rizal's close friends who received copies right away. There's also dedication on the novel, "to Maximo Viola, my dear friend, the first to read and appreciate my work-- Jose Rizal." **RIZAL'S FIRST HOMECOMING FROM ABROAD** After Rizal came home in the Philippines, he received a letter from Governor Emilio Terrero requesting that he came to Malacañang Palace. He was testified, denying the governor general's accusation against his novel, the Noli Me Tangere. He clarified that it was simply an exposition of truth, and that he did not advocate for radical ideas.The friars were enraged by Rizal's novel. Msgr. Pedro Payo, the archbishop of manila, send a copy of the novel to father rector Gregorio Echevarria of university of Santo Tomas for further examination.The findings were consistent and it was recommended that the novel be banned from being imported, reproduced, or circulated in the Philippines. When the novel was banned in the Philippines, many of his comrades showed their support by defending against Jose Rizal's enemies. But it was reverend Vicente Garcia supported and defended Rizal the best. As a result, Fr. Garcia made the following statement: 1. Jose Rizal was a graduate of Spanish universities and a recipient of scholastic honors. 2. Jose Rizal does not criticize the church or spain because what he criticizes in the novel are bad Spanish Officials, not Spain, and bad corrupt friars, not the church. 3. Finally, the friars believe that those who have read the novel have committed a mortal sin. **RIZAL'S SECOND TRAVELS ABROAD 1888 - 1892RIZAL IN HONG KONG**Rizal was forced to flee the Philippines for the second time, pursued by enemies and threatened by friars. It was February of 1888 at the time. Rizal was an enraged victim of human injustice, a disillusioned dreamer and a frustrated reformer at the age of 27. So Rizal sailed from manila to Hong Kong on the Zafiro on February 3, 1888, after a six-month stay in Calamba and arrived in Hong Kong on February 8, 1888.He was greeted by Jose Varanda, a Spaniard, who was following Rizal's movements in Hong Kong at the time.After Hong Kong, Rizal sailed to the land of cherry blossoms, japan from February 28 to April 13, 1888. **RIZAL IN JAPAN**Rizal's visit to the land of cherry blossoms was one of the happiest times of his life. He was in japan for a month and a half, and while in japan, he also fell in love with a Japanese girl, whose beauty filled his sorrowing heart with joy and romance.Rizal was able to communicate in Japanese on his first day in Tokyo, he struggled to shop because he couldn't communicate and was mocked by children. But then, Rizal decided to learn Japanese as a result of his circumstances. He studied Japanese drama, arts, music, and judo in japan. And now, Rizal was introduced to a lovely Japanese girl, Seiko Usui was her name. Rizal was smitten by Seiko. o-sei-san was his nickname for her. **Seiko usui (o-sei-san)**Rizal saw the qualities of his ideal womanhood in lovely o-sei-san: beauty, charm, modesty, and intelligence. Rizal was almost enticed to settle in japan by 0-sei-san's beauty and affection. In his diary, he expressed his undying love and affection for her:"Your image lives in my memory, and undoubtedly, I am always thinking of you. Your name lives in the sight of my lips, your image accompanies and animates all my thoughts" **RIZAL IN AMERICAOn April 28, 1888**, Rizal arrived in America for the first time. His arrival was marred by racial prejudice, as he witnessed white Americans' discriminatory treatment of Chinese and Negroes. The lack of racial equality left and unfavorable impression. There was racial prejudice, which was incompatible with the principles of democracy and freedom that Americans preach but do not practice.Rizal travelled through Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, and Illinois, and on May 13, 1888. He arrived in New York City. He described New York as a fantastic city in which everything is brand new.Rizal's trip to America began on April 28, 1888 and ended on May 16, 1888. **BACK IN EUROPEFrom May 1888 to March 1889, Rizal lived in London,** he chose London for three reasons: 1. In order to improve his command of the English language. 2. To research and annotate Morag's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas which he heard was preserved in the British museum. 3. London was a safe haven from Spanish tyranny's attacks. **Rizal in London** **Rizal travelled to London on May 25, 1888.** He stayed at the home of Dr. Antonio M. Regidor, a lawyer in London, for a short time. Rizal became a boarder of the beckets.He went to Paris for a week in September 1888 to look for more historical materials in the bibliotheque nationale.On December 11, 1888, he went back to Spain in Madrid and Barcelona for a political situation where he met Marcelo H. Del Pillar and Mariana Ponce, the two titans of the propaganda movement. **On December 24, 1888**, Rizal returned to London and spent Christmas and New Year's with the becketts. During his stay in London, he was elected honorary president of Asociacion La Solidaridad, a patriotic society dedicated to reform.Rizal also published his first article, Los Agricultores Filipinos in the La Solidaridad, a patriotic newspaper founded by Graciano Lopes Jaena on March 25, 1889. **THE PUBLICATION OF EL FILIBUSTERISMO**\ El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the martyrdom of the Gom-Bur-Za, the three priests. El Filibusterismo addresses the topics of great importance to the movement, namely:**Clerical abusesRacism to the Filipino peopleNeed for political reform** **Publication of El FilibusterismoOn July 5, 1891, Riza**l left Brussels for Ghent, where the cost of printing for his novel El Filibusterismo is cheaper. Rizal had limited resources and resided in a low-cost boarding house. Rizal sought out the printing shop that could provide him with the cheapest price for the publication of his novel.Rizal discovered that f. Meyer-van loo press was willing to print his book payments, he pawned all his jewels.Written some four or five years after Noli Me Tangere, the book represents Rizal's more mature judgement on political and social conditions in the islands. **Rizal'S RETURN IN HONG KONG**Rizal left Europe for Hong Kong after the publication of el filibusterismo. From November 1891 to 1892, he lived there. During his voyage en route to Hong Kong, he began writing his third Tagalog novel. Rizal's unfinished novels included Makamisa, Dapitan, and another untitled novel.On Rizal's arrival in Hong Kong, he was welcomed by Jose Basa and lived at 5 d'aguilar street where he also established his medical clinic. He is also reunited with his family in Hong Kong and spent the Christmas together on 1891. **THE SECOND HOMECOMING OF RIZAL IN THE PHILIPPINES.\ ** Rizal made a decision to return to manila in May 1892, in inspite of protests from his family and friends. He gave his friend dr. marques two sealed letters with the inscription "to be opened after my death"Rizal and his sister Lucia arrived in manila around noon on June 26, 1892.On Wednesday, June 6, Rizal returned to the Malacañang palace to continue his series of interviews. The governor-general then handed him some printed leaflet (probres frailes). But then, the authorities had found nothing in possession. Despite his denials and repeated demands for an investigation, but still he was arrested and taken to fort Santiago. **Chapter 5\ Rizal life: Exile, Trial and Death ARRIVAL IN MANILA**Rizal's daring return to Manila in June 1892 was his second home coming. His firm belief that the battleground is in the Philippines.Rizal and his sister Lucia arrived in Manila, on June 26 1892, at 12:00 noon, and in the afternoon, at 4:00 o'clock he went to Malacañang Palace to seek an audience with the Spanish governor general, General Eulogio Despujol.June 27 1892- Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban to visit friends in Malolos Bulacan, San Fernando Pampanga, Tarlac, and Bacolor Pampanga.Jun 28 1892- Rizal returned to Manila by train at 5 o'clock in the afternoon **La Liga Filipina** Rizal's founding the La Liga Filipina upon his return to the Philippines in July 1892.**Liga Filipina**- "A league or association sought to unite all Filipinos of good character for concerted action toward the economic advancement of their country, for higher standard of manhood and to ensure opportunities for education and development for talented Filipino youth.**Andres Bonifacio** - Become one of the organization's founders.**Liga Filipina's Goals** - As stated in the constitution Rizal drafted, to Consolidate the entire archipelago in a single compact, vigorous, and homogeneous body, mutual protection in all times of need. Defense Against all forms of violence and injustice. Encouragement of education, agriculture and commerce and research and implementation of reforms.**July 6 1892**- Just 4 days after the liga was formed. The Spanish authorities were so alarmed that they arrested Rizal. **July 3 1892**- His morning interview with Governor General despujol, Rizal attended a meeting with patriots at home of the chinese-filipino mestizo, Doreteo ongjunco, on Ylaya street, tondo manila on the evening of Sunday.Rizal explained the objectives of liga filipina, "a civic league of Filipinos he wished to establish, as well as its role in the people's socioeconomic lives.Following officers of new league:**President: Ambrosio SalvadorSecretary: Deodato ArellanoTreasurer: Agustin de la RosaFiscal: Bonifacio Arevalo** Liga Filipina motto - UNUS INSTAR OMNIUM "ONE LIKE ALL"It was made up of a president, a secretary, a treasurer, and a fiscal.The liga members responsibilities are as followTo obey the Supreme council's ordersTo assist in recruiting new members To keep the liga authorities decision strictly confidential To have a symbolic name that he connot change until he becomes president of his councilTo report to the fiscal anything he hears that affects the ligaTo behave well as befits a good filipinoTo help fellow members in any way. The liga would soon be overshadowed by another organization," THE KATAAS-TAASANG KAGALANG-GALANG NA KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN, which was formally established a day after Rizal arrest, July 7 1892 By people who were members of the liga, led by Andres Bonifacio, a society they had planned to organize since January 1892 **Exile in Dapitan 1892-1896: Rizal was exiled in Dapitan, Zamboanga Del Norte** and a remote town in Mindanao.He stayed there for four years and his life was monotonous, but he had accomplished a lot.While practicing medicine and pursuing scientific studies, Rizal continued his artistic and literary works. Improving his language skills, stablishing a boy's school and supporting community development projects.Rizal invented a wooden machine for making bricks. His medical practice attracted a large number of low-income patients.Francisco Sanchez- Jose's former Jesuit teacher, assisted him in getting to work. He improved the town plaza by incorporating a large relief map of Mindanao. One of Jose's most impressive projects was his "water system" which he designed and built so that the people of Dapitan could access to clean water. Specimens- Collected by Rizal and father Sanchez, to reduce the occurrence of malaria, he drained the marches where mosquitos thrived.Jose who had been taught the importance of education since childhood, he realized his is childhood dream of opening his own school, where he would implement the educational system he had learn in abroad.The school, including the house servants, Numbered about 20 and was taught without books by Rizal, who conducted recitation from a hammock.English was taught as well as Spanish. **Nature study**- helping the doctor gather specimens of flower, shells, insects and reptiles, which were prepared and shipped to Germany museum. Doctor Karl Von Heller- The director of the royal zoological and anthropological Museum in Dresden Saxony. Also a great friend and admirer of Doctor Rizal.Jose conducted scientific research and collected animal and plant specimens in Dapitan. He sent this specimens to the Europe museum in Dresden. He has amassed an impressive collection of 346 shells from 203 different species as a result of his research. Some of the rare specimens named after him.**Rizal collection of specimens he found in Dapitan** **Flying Lizard (Draco Rizali)** **Small Beetle (Apogonia Rizali)** **Toad (Rachophorus Rizali)** While in Dapitan, Jose studied the bisayan, subanum, and malayan languages and wrote a tagalog grammar. Some of his poems: **A Don Ricardo carniceroHimno a talisay (hymn to the talisay tree)Mi Retiro (My Retreat)El Canto Del Viajero (Traveler's song)** **Jose bought 70 hectares of land in Dapitan and built a house, school and hospital on it** as well as planted fruit trees, corn, coffee, cacao, sugarcane and hempWith the assistance of Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan merchant, Jose was successful in his business ventures in fishing, copra and hemp. He invented the **"sulpukan"** a wooden cigarette lighter the work in the principle of compressed air.He also had an idea for a brick-making machine. Jose's version based on a Belgian model, could produce 6000 bricks per day.But Jose felt empty, he had the impression that he needed someone to re-energize him. As Josephine Bracken arrived in Dapitan, Jose found his answer. She arrived like a ray of sunshine to cheer him up **Josiphine Bracken** - Eighteen year old Irish girl who was slim. Had block hair, blue eyes, and dressed elegantly in a light gayety atmosphere. Born in Hong KongJames Bracken- Josephine\'s father corporal in British garrisonElizabeth Jane MacBride- Josephine's Mother.Jose and Josephine decide to marry, but no priest was willing to marry them. So even without the blessing of the church Jose and Josephine joyfully shared each other's lives in Dapitan. Jose joy was multiplied when Josephine want a child. Due to A twist of fate, the baby only lived of three hours. He named his son "Francisco" in honor of his father. **July 7 1892** - **Andres Bonifacio** established the **Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng Mga Anak ng Bayan**, a revolutionary society, and staged an armed revolt in 1896.Dr. Pio Valenzuela was given the task to informing Jose Rizal of their plans. Dr. Pio was accompanied by Raymund Mata, a blind man, to seek Jose's medical advice.Jose was opposed to the courageous and shocking uprising of Katapuneros. He was convinced they were prepared for revolution. That they lacked the necessary weapons and funds and that it would only result in the deaths of many of his countrymen's.He declined Katipuneros offer to save him. Blumentritt informed Jose of the dire health situation in war-torn CubaSpecially the yellow epidemic and encouraged him to volunteer as an army doctor there to end his exile.On the advice of a friend, Jose sent a letter to governor general Ramon Blanco on December 17 1895, offering his medical services in Cuba.On July 30 1896 he received a letter from Spanish governor informing him of his proposal, which surprised him. According to letter: he would be given safe passage to Spain and then to Cuba.Jose Rizal emotionally left a town he had grown to love on July 31 1896.Many teary eyed Dapitan resident gathered on the beach to say their final goodbyes to man who gave his all for his town. **Trail of Rizal On AUGUST 26 1896 Andres Bonifacio** and his fearless katipuneros cried out in the hill of Balintawak known as "CRY OF BALINTAWAK. They attack San Juan, a city near manila on AUGUST 30, but were pulsed with heavy losses Following the battle of San Juan, Governor General Blanco declared a state of war of the 8 provinces of manila Which are (BULACAN, CAVITE, BATANGAS ,LAGUNA ,PAMPAMGA, NUEVA ECIA AND TARLACJose feared that the raging insurgency would result a great deal of suffering and heinous distraction of human lives and property.On DECEMBER 1ST 1896, charges were read to Jose in his prison cell with his lawyer by his side. He accused of being "the principal organizer and living soul of the Filipino insurgency. The founder of societies, periodicals and books. Jose was not a revolutionary, He acknowledged that he drafted the Liga Filipinas constitution emphasizing that it was merely a civic alliance. General Camillo G de Ploavieja, who replaced General Ramon Blanco as governor general of the Philippines.Jose received his case on DECEMBER 13TH 1896. Rizal trial was a powerful example of Spanish injustice and misrule. His case was prejudge and he was deemed guilty before the trial even beganThe trial of Rizal took place on DECEMBER 26TH 1896. His case is an example of Spanish misrule and justice.Lt. Luis taviel del Andrade, Rizal's counsel works tirelessly to persuade the members of military court not sentence the accused of death Jose appeal was dismissed by the biased military court.The members of the military court agreed to convict Jose and sentenced him to death after a brief deliberation.On DECEMBER 26TH 1896, the military court decision was handed down to Governor General Camillo G. de polavieja.On DECEMBER 28TH 1896, Governor General Camillo signed the decision of the court martial to execute Jose Rizal. This decree was presented by medina (1998)In DECEMBER 28TH 1986 in manila the martial decision in the case which impose the death penalty on the accuse Jose RizalAt 7 am on the 30th of December they shoot him at the bagumbayan field. He died a hero and a martyr for Philippine independence according to them **Teodora's Letter to Governor General Polavieja On December 28 1896 Dina Teodora Alonzo worte Governor Polavieja** asking clemency for her son.Teodora said that her son was innocence and have a generous heart. The advance age of 71 we will have to endure the greteast and most bitter sorrows which is witness the death of my unfortunate son. **Rizal Farewell Message** When you received this letter I shall be dead. I shall be shot tomorrow at 7 am but I'm innocent of the crime of rebellionFarewell to all my friends, I am going to die with clear conscience.Before his execution by firing squad on December 30, 1896, Rizal wrote the poem Mi Ultimo Adios. The poem was 14 five-line stanzas long, unsigned, untitled, and undated.Rizal preferred to be buried in Paang Bundok. Paang bundok or Foot of the Mountain was a common cemetery to the north of the city. **Execution And Death** **On December 30, 1896, at 6:30 a.m. The start of Rizal's journey to death was marked by a trumpet blast at Fort Santiago.** When Jose arrived at the execution site, he noticed a large number of curious people and soldiers waiting for them. After receiving the final blessings, he bid farewell to Fr. March, Fr. Villaclara, and Lt. Taviel de Andrade. Jose's request to be shot facing the firing squad was denied because he had been ordered to be shot in the back.The Firing Squad was made up of Filipino soldiers, with Spaniards behind them, better armed in case they tried to avoid the fratricidal role assigned to them. His last words were "Consummatum Est!"(It is finished!) Above the cacophony of drums was the cold-blooded command "Fuego!"(Fire!), which took Jose's life at 7:03 in the morning.