Communication Concepts PDF

Triangle of Meaning Explains relationships between referents, thoughts, and symbols. Referents Actual things that symbols represent. Symbols Words or visuals triggering images or concepts. Denotative Meaning Literal meaning found in the dictionary. Connotative Meaning Personal or emotional meani...

Triangle of Meaning Explains relationships between referents, thoughts, and symbols. Referents Actual things that symbols represent. Symbols Words or visuals triggering images or concepts. Denotative Meaning Literal meaning found in the dictionary. Connotative Meaning Personal or emotional meaning of a word. Concrete Words Words that can be experienced with senses. Abstract Words Words that cannot be sensed directly. Arbitrary Nature of Words No inherent meaning connects referent and symbol. Culture-bound Language Meanings of words vary across different cultures. Semantics Study of words and their meanings. Symbolic Interaction Theory Society is bound by common symbol usage. Nonverbal Communication Behaviors creating meaning beyond spoken language. Kinesics Study of body movement and gestures. Eye Contact Functions Cognitive, monitoring, regulatory, and expressive functions. Proxemics Study of personal space and distance. Territoriality Use of space to communicate ownership. Haptics Study of touch in communication. Emblems Nonverbal cues with specific meanings. Illustrators Nonverbal behaviors that accompany verbal messages. Affect Displays Nonverbal behaviors communicating emotions. Regulators Nonverbal messages controlling communication flow. Adaptors Nonverbal behaviors satisfying personal needs. Intimate Space 0 to 1.5 feet for personal interactions. Personal Space 1.5 to 4 feet for conversations. Social Space 4 to 12 feet for group interactions. Public Space Beyond 12 feet for public speaking. Appearance Influences perceptions based on body and clothing. Interpersonal Conflict Expressed struggle between interdependent individuals. Conflict Elements Expressed struggle, interdependence, incompatible goals. Interdependence Mutual reliance between two or more people. Incompatible Goals Conflicting objectives that lead to disagreements. Scarce Resources Limited availability of desired items or benefits. Conflict Process Stages of conflict: source, beginning, middle, end, aftermath. Frustration Awareness Recognition of growing relationship differences. Active Conflict Expressed struggle brought to others\' attention. Resolution Stage Efforts to manage and settle the conflict. Aftermath Dealing with emotions post-conflict. Constructive Conflict Conflict that fosters insights and relationship growth. Destructive Conflict Conflict that harms relationships rather than strengthens. Conflict Triggers Factors that initiate conflict, like criticism. Perceived Fairness Belief in equal treatment affecting conflict. Dialectical Tensions Simultaneous needs creating internal conflict. Conflict Myths Common misconceptions about the nature of conflict. Pseudo Conflict Conflict due to misunderstandings of meaning. Simple Conflict Disagreements based on differing ideas or goals. Ego Conflict Personal attacks complicating the disagreement. Conflict Management Styles Patterns used to handle disagreements. Avoidance Sidestepping conflict to prevent confrontation. Accommodation Yielding to others\' demands to maintain harmony. Competition Winning-focused approach at others\' expense. Compromise Finding middle ground by giving up something. Collaboration Joint problem-solving for mutual benefit. Manage Emotions Control emotional responses during conflicts. Interpersonal Communication Mutual influence in managing relationships. Impersonal Communication Treating others as objects, not individuals. Other-Oriented Awareness of others\' needs while maintaining integrity. Human Communication Creating meaning through shared verbal/nonverbal messages. Mass Communication One message delivered to many simultaneously. Public Communication Speaker addresses an audience with interaction. Small Group Communication Interaction among 3 to 15 people for common goals. Intrapersonal Communication Self-dialogue and personal reflection. Source Originator of a thought or emotion. Message Elements of communication assigned meaning. Channel Pathways through which messages are transmitted. Receiver Decodes the message from the source. Feedback Response to the received message. Context Physical and psychological environment for communication. Noise Interference that impacts communication clarity. Linear Model Communication viewed as a one-way action. Communication as Interaction Sender and receiver exchange messages and feedback. Communication as Transaction Simultaneous exchange of messages in conversation. Interpersonal Communication Principles Guidelines governing effective personal communication. Content Message Information and ideas intended to be shared. Relational Message Cues about emotions and attitudes in communication. Irreversible Communication Cannot be taken back once expressed. Complicated Communication Symbols have varied meanings and interpretations. Asynchronous Messaging Communication not occurring in real-time. Perception Process of selecting, organizing, interpreting stimuli. Selective Perception Focusing attention on specific stimuli. Thin Slicing Generalizing from a small sample of behavior. Listening Complex process of understanding verbal and nonverbal messages. Hearing Physiological process of decoding sounds. Listening Styles Different approaches to receiving and interpreting messages. Relational Listening Focus on feelings and emotions of others. Analytical Listening Focus on facts before forming conclusions. Critical Listening Evaluating information critically as it is heard. Task-Oriented Listening Listening with the intent to act on information. Listening Barriers Obstacles that hinder effective listening. Self-Concept Subjective self-description influenced by perceptions. Attitude Learned predisposition to respond positively or negatively. Beliefs Understanding of reality shaped by experiences. Values Personal ideas of right and wrong. Mindfulness Conscious awareness of actions and responses. Looking-Glass Self Self-concept formed through others\' reflections. Self-Esteem Evaluation of personal worth and value. Self-Efficacy Belief in one\'s ability to perform tasks. Family Communication Patterns Model includes: conversation and conformity. Consensual families with a high orientation toward both conversation and conformity. Pluralistic Families: high conversation, low conformity Protective Families low conversation, high conformity Laissez-Faire Families: low conversation, low conformity Traditional Couples: married partners who are interdependent and who exhibit a lot of sharing and companionship Independent Couples: married partners who exhibit sharing and companionship and are psychologically interdependent but allow each other individual space Separate Couples: married partners who support the notion of marriage and family but stress the individual over the couple Mixed Couples: married couples in which the two partners each adopt a different perspective (traditional, independent, separate) on the marriage Upward Communication communication that flows from lower to higher levels in an organization Pelz Effect: Subordinates\' feeling more satisfied in their jobs the more their supervisors are able to influence higher-level decisions Downward Communication: communication that flows from higher to lower levels in an organization Example of Downward Communication: manager sending a letter to explain how the new sick leave policy works Example of Upward Communication: telling a manager about progress toward a goal Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX) theory that supervisors develop different types of relationships with different subordinates Horizontal Communication: communication that flows among managers and workers who are at the same organizational level Outward Communication: communication that flows to those outside an organization (such as customers) Quid Pro Quo Harassment: Type of sexual harassment that occurs when employee has to perform sexual favors in order to receive a promotion, raise\... Hostile Environment: Occurs when unwelcome sexual conduct has the effect of unreasonably interfering with job performance or creating an intimidating or hostile, working environment Workplace Bullying: a repeated mistreatment of another employee through verbal abuse; conduct that is threatening, humiliating, or intimidating MUM Effect: the tendency to avoid communicating unfavorable news to others Friendship-based intimacy: a type of intimacy based on feelings of warmth, understanding, and emotional connection Passion-based intimacy: a type of intimacy based on romantic and sexual feelings Friendship: a significant relationship between two people that is based on trust, caring, and consideration Triangular Theory of Love: intimacy, passion, commitment Compassionate Love: feelings and behaviors that are focused on caring, concern, tenderness toward supporting, helping, and understanding the other. Eros: Sexual love based on the pursuit of physical beauty and pleasure. Ludus: Game-playing love based on the enjoyment of others Example of Ludus: Teasing, flirting, laughing Storge: describes love among family members and friendships, based on trust and care Mania: obsessive love based on mutual needs Pragma: practical love based on mutual needs Agape: selfless love based on giving of yourself for others Commitment: to promise or pledge Secret Test: behavior designed to indirectly determine a partner\'s feelings Unrequited Romantic Interest: feelings created when one partner desires a more intimate, romantic relationship than the other partner would like Affinity-seeking strategies: Strategies we use to increase others\' liking us Uncertainty Reduction Theory: people seek information in order to reduce uncertainty Relationship Specific Social Decentering: other-oriented skills based on the knowledge and understanding gained in a specific intimate relationship Tact: to request change while respecting other person\'s face and feelings Rejection Sensitivity: a tendency to expect rejection from others Example of Emblems: thumbs up Example of illustrators: holding up your hands really wide to emphasize how big a fish was when fishing example of territoriality: elevators; maximize personal space Example of affect displays: hitting the table when mad