Cultural Heritage Conservation PDF

#3 COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE FLEX Course Material Cultural Heritage Conservation KAOLYNE GRACE HILARIO Faculty, College of Architecture #1 Terminologies on Conservation ICOMOS and...

#3 COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE FLEX Course Material Cultural Heritage Conservation KAOLYNE GRACE HILARIO Faculty, College of Architecture #1 Terminologies on Conservation ICOMOS and RA 10066 2 Definition of Terms Useful definitions are drawn from THE AUSTRALIAN ICOMOS CHARTER FOR THE CONSERVATION OF PLACES OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE (The Burra Charter), The Singapore Objectives, Principles and Standards for Preservation and Conservation, Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Charter of Brasilia (1996), Appleton Charter, Draft of Philippine Omnibus Cultural Heritage Bill (1994), New Zealand Charter, Conserving Buildings: Guide to Techniques and Materials, Dictionary of Architecture and Construction and, Historic Sourcebook are cited herein; Adaptation - modifying a place to suit the existing use or a proposed use. Addition – a periodic activity: a modification, which involves the introduction of new material. Aesthetic Value- encompasses works representing rare and outstanding contributions in national architecture that are reflected in its design, style, construction, and age. Other criteria may include consideration of architectural design, form, scale, color, texture, material, used and the aesthetic value of a building or groups of buildings that relates both to location and context. Alteration – Any act or process that changes one or more of the exterior architectural features of a structure, including but not limited to, the erection, construction, reconstruction, or removal of any structure or part thereof. Artifactual Value – Sites of the highest cultural significance are to be considered primarily as artifacts, demanding protection as fragile and complex historical monuments. Associations - the special connections that exist between people and a place. Authenticity - It is expressed in the concept of truth, that which is authentic, certain and presents no doubt. Its goal of preserving memory and its cultural manifestations to enrich culture and it is beyond the material aspect. It is the affirmation of the socio- cultural evolution of a nation or a place. Basis – Principal reference for establishing the significance of a heritage resource. Carbonation – the process of loss of alkalinity, consequent corrosion of reinforcement and deterioration of concrete. Compatible use means a use, which respects the cultural significance of a place. Such a use involve no, or minimal, impact on cultural significance. Conservation – means all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance. It is based on a respect for the existing fabric, use, associations and meanings. It requires a cautious approach of changing as much as necessary but as little as possible. The traces of additions, alterations and earlier treatments to the fabric of a place are evidence of its history and uses which may be part of its significance. Conservation action should assist and not impede their understanding. All Processes of looking after a Heritage resource so as to sustain its values and its cultural significance. Contemporary buildings – refers to structures within the historic site built in the 1950’s but part of the historic layering of the evolution of the site/place. Contextual Value- that which conserves the authenticity in terms of its socio-cultural, historical and aesthetic content of a site, monument or landmark. Consolidation – is the physical addition or application of materials that strengthen or support the actual fabric of the monument or conservation building to ensure its continued durability or structural integrity. A process of renovation to secure or strengthen a building or structure by combining material, use, form, size or shape. Culture – Way’s of Living that include behavior patterns, art, beliefs, institutions and all other products of human work and thought shared that reflect the identity of a group. 3 Definition of Terms Cultural Significance – means aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations. Cultural significance is embodied in the place itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects. Places may have a range of values for different individuals or groups. Demolition is confined to actions, which reveal structures or relationships of much greater significance than the structure demolished or what will remove intrusions, which reduce the significance of the building. Documentation Registry- a list of landmarks that are protected by national or local legislation composed of buildings, groups of buildings, sites, cultural landscapes of significance in national, regional or local architecture archeology, engineering and culture. Places included in the Register are considered landmarks. Dwell time – the period of time for poultice and any other application of chemical compounds is left to carry out its cleaning process. Education Interpretation – appropriate ways of making the significance of the place understood consistent with the retention of that of that significance. This maybe a combination of the treatment of the fabric, the use of the place and the use of introduced interpretive material. Educational Value – embraces the qualities of the place as a venue for educational development and innovation. Efflorescence- a powdery deposit of crystals of various salts in the surface of a masonry caused by free alkalies leached from mortar or adjacent concrete as moisture moves through it. Enhancement – The activities of removal or addition are characteristic of measures in support of enhancement of the heritage resource. Exfoliation – peeling, swelling, or scaling of stone or mineral surfaces in thin layers caused by physical weathering. Fabric – means all the physical material of the place including components, fixtures, contents, and objects. Facadism – a conservation approach, when a certain portion of the façade of a historic structure is retained. Funding – a fund for the purpose of conservation, restoration, preservation, reconstruction and protection of built heritage and all activities for the site. Galvanic corrosion – an electro-chemical action which, takes place when two dissimilar metals are in contact in the presence of an electrolyte, resulting in corrosion. Gardens/ Parks – refers to parks and landscapes within the site with cultural significance. Grouting – injecting of fluid mortar or synthetic adhesive materials to fill up voids, joints, cracks and cracks on masonry works. Guidelines/Standards – are building-specific directions based on the overall Principles and Standards for preservation and conservation. Historical buildings - refers to a structure/s where significant development or event occurred, categorized as a Historical Shrine, Historical Monument and Historical Landmark. Historical Value- a place that has influenced, or has been influenced by, a historic figure, event, phase or activity. Identity – It is a way to belong and to participate. It is how we are capable of finding a place, a name, an image, not by contrast but by discovering links that tie us to those others with whom we share one and the same culture. 4 Definition of Terms Integrity – Structural and technological integrity must be respected and will require attention to performance as well as appearance. Interpretation means all the ways of presenting the cultural significance of a place. Interpretation may be a combination of the treatment of the fabric (e.g. maintenance, restoration, reconstruction); the use of and activities at the place; and the use of introduced explanatory material. Intervention – Involves maintenance, stabilization, repair, restoration, reconstruction or adaptation, where appropriate, conservation processes may be applied to parts or components of a structure or site. Intrusive Elements –a disruptive element of slight significance, which tends to devaluate the significance of the other components. Landmarks- a property or structure designated as such by national legislation pursuant to procedures prescribed by the designated authority, that is worthy of rehabilitation, restoration and preservation because of its historic and or architectural significance to Philippine culture. Layering – refers to the components of a historic site or monument or building that pertains to its historical evolution expressed either in layout, style or materials. Maintenance- means the continuous protective care of the fabric and setting of a place, and is to be distinguished from repair. Repair involves restoration or reconstruction. A continuous process of caring for a heritage resource to retard its deterioration. Material – A physical Attribute of a heritage resource that refers to the Physical elements, constituents, or substance it is composed of. Management- a management structure through which the conservation policy is capable of being implemented; identifying those responsible for subsequent conservation management decisions and the day to day management of the place; the mechanism by which these decisions are to be made and recorded; and the means of providing security and regular maintenance for the place. Meanings denote what a place signifies, indicates, evokes or expresses. Monuments - are buildings, structures, sculptures, or historic sites of national historical significance placed under the protection and designation of appropriate authorities for which there is in force a preservation order under national or local legislation. Movable Structures – refers to non-permanent structure/s where significant event occurred or significant personalities in context with the cultural significance of the place. National Cultural Agencies – refers to the cultural Center of the Philippines, Records Management and Archives Office, National Historic Institute, National Library, National Museum, National Commission on Culture and Arts. Occupancy- refers to the intended use of the building or the character of its occupants. Open Spaces – refers to open spaces within the site of historic significance. Period Style – an architectural characteristic; either interior or exterior style representing a given era of cultural significance. Petrographic analyses – the analysis of thin section of rock/stone under a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), to classify rock and determine elements present in the sample. 5 Definition of Terms Poulticing technique – uses an inert powder which may be mixed with water to form a stiff paste and applied to a lightly wetted surface, the moisture absorbs the salts or efflorescence from the surface of masonry once it dries and it is removed from the covered surface. Preservation – means maintaining the fabric of a place in its existing state and retarding deterioration. A process of maintining the existing state of the heritage resource to retard deterioration and prolong its existence. Protection – may involve stabilization; it must involve a continuing program of maintenance. Reconstruction means returning a place to a known earlier state and is distinguished from restoration by the introduction of new material into the fabric. New material may include recycled material salvaged from other places. This should not be to the detriment of any place of cultural significance. Redevelopment- insertion of contemporary structures or additions sympathetic to the setting. A process of drastically changing the material and or form of a heritage resource, in effect renewing a heritage resource often without much regard to its heritage values Rehabilitation – is the process of returning a property to a state of utility, through repair, or alteration, which makes possible an efficient contemporary use while preserving those portions and features of the property which are significant to its historic, architectural and cultural values. Related object means an object that contributes to the cultural significance of a place but is not at the place. Related place means a place that contributes to the cultural significance of another place. Related Sources of Information – the contribution which related places and related objects make to the cultural significance of the place should be retained. Religious Value/ Sacred Value/ Symbolic Value- embrace the qualities of which, as a site has become a focus for a spiritual and religious practice. Reconstruction – A form of repair that refers to the accurate rebuilding of a vanished or irreversibly deterioration heritage resource from a known earlier state and with the introduction of new materials. Repair – A process of putting together what is torn or broken or replacing any part to keep the heritage resource in good condition. Replica – Exact copy of an original Work in all details that is same material, size and form Repointing – the secondary application of mortar or neat finishing of mortar joints which was executed with a point of a trowel or other pointed tool. Restoration - means returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material. A form of repair that returns a heritage resource to a previously known state, done without any conjecture, and without the introduction of new materials to the existing fabric. Reinforcement – A process of consolidation to fortify a heritage resource by adding some strengthening support or material. Reinstatement- A form of restoration that refers to the returning of a component of a heritage resource to its former condition or position. 6 Definition of Terms Replacement- A form of reconstruction that refers to the substitution of a new material, preferably using an equivalent material, to a damaged, depleted, deteriorated, or lost components of a formerly known state of a heritage resource. Renovation – A process of repair to increase the value, utility and or improve the aesthetic quality of a heritage resource. Retention- means the maintenance of a particular component of a historic site/structure with cultural significance. Retrofiting- A drastic form of repair that entails furnishing the heritage resource with new or modified parts or equipment not available or considered necessary at the time of its creation. May involved adding new materials, like mechanical, plumbing, fire safety or electrical equipment or other elements and components, often to meet current code requirements. Scaffolding – an elevated platform use to access the face of the structure or to work or inspect elements above ground level. Scale – The Ratio of the actual measurement of something and those of a drawing, map or model of it. Scientific/ Technological Value – recognizing the rarity and quality of technology available at the time of construction and to the degree which a building, structure or monument reflects a certain period. Setting means the area around a place, which may include the visual catchments. Social Value- embraces the qualities of which, as a site has become a focus for a spiritual, political or national cultural sentiment. Spalling – concrete deterioration indicated by small chips or fragments removed from the surface of the masonry caused by action of the elements. Stabilization – a periodic activity to halt deterioration and to put the existing form and materials of a site into a state of equilibrium, with minimal change. Stakeholders – people for whom the place has a special associations and meanings or who have social, spiritual or other cultural responsibilities for the place. Stereophotogrammetry- a recording technique using photo mosaic in 1:25 or 1:50 scale, use for the analyses of the condition and measurement of historic building and its features. Structure – means any building, equipment, device or other facility made by people and which is fixed to the land. Treatment- refers to the articulation and application of materials and methods or systems of construction. Use means the functions of a place, as well as the activities and practices that may occur at the place. Vista – The panorama that includes the foreground and background elements, either manmade or natural, which, are relevant to the overall context of the view of a historic site/structure. Visual Catchments – The visual inertia that refers to the orientation, position and location of the structure/s natural or manmade that makes the entourage unique in terms of aesthetic significance. Zoning- means designated areas of use/occupancy in a historic site or building. 7 #2 Structure and Resources 8 Structure any builidng, equipment, device or other facility made by people which is fixed to the land Built Heritage - man – made structures of the past that are ofvalue to the community; - an embodiment of the technical and architectural knowledge of the place; - a product of three elements – people, place and time comprising the context of the place. 9  Contemporary Building Refers to structures within the historic site built in the 1950’s but part of the historic layering of the evolution of the site/place. Historic Building Are buildings at least fifty years old and are of general interest because of their aesthetic value, scientific interest or cultural-historical significance categorized as 1. Shrine 2. Monument 3. Landmark. Historic Resources Include historically significant buildings, landscapes and places or objects that possess exceptional value or quality in representing and reflecting the architecture and cultural heritage of the place. This determination should reflect both public perception and professional judgements. 10 Monuments Are builidngs, structures, sculptures, or historic sites of national historical significance placed under the protection and designation of appropriate authorities for which there is in force a preservation order under national or local legislation. Architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combination of these features. (Hoi An Protocol...) Place Site, area, land, landscape, building or other work, group of buildings or other works, and may include components, contents, spaces and views. Landmarks A property or structure designated as such by national legislation pursuant to procedures prescribed by the designated authority that is worthy of rehabilitation, restoration and preservation because of its historic and or architectural significance to Philippine culture. 11 Open Spaces Refers to open spaces within the site of historic significance Gardens and Parks Refers to parks and landscapes within the site of cultural significance Fabric Means all the physical material of the place including components fixtures contents and objects. Intrusive Elements A disruptive element of slight significance, which tends to devaluate the significance of the other components. 12 Layering Refers to components of a historic site or monument or building that pertains to its historical evolution expressed either in layout, style, or materials. Historical evolution expressed either in layout, style or materials. Period Style An architectural characteristic, either interior or exterior style, represents a given era of cultural significance Related Place A place that contribute to the cultural significance of another place Setting the area around a place which may include visual catchments. Vista panorama that includes the foreground And background elements either man made or natural, which re relevant to the overall context of the view of a historic site/structure. 13 Visual Catchments the visual inertia that refers to the orientation, position and location of the Structure/s natural or manmade that makes the entrourage unique in terms of aesthetic significance 14 #3 PRINCIPLES 15 Principles a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning. a general scientific theorem or law that has numerous special applications across a wide field. Moral and Ethical Standards Authenticity Refers to the extent to which the fabric is in its original state and subsequenty the characteristics of the cultural heritage and their meaning – refer to cultural diversity (Nara Charter) Concept of truth, that which is authentic, certain and presents no grounds for doubt. Its goal is to preserve memory and its cultural manifestations to enrich culture and it is beyond commerce of man. It is the affirmation of the socio-cultural evolution of a nation or a place (Charter of Brasilia) Identity It is a way to belong and to participate. It is how we are capable of finding a place, a name, an image, not by contrast but by discovering links that tie us to others with whom we share one and the same culture. Integrity Measure of wholeness and intactness of the natural and/or cultural heritage and its attributes. Measure of the likely long-term viability or sustainability of the values identified, or the ability of the place to restore itself or be restored, and the time frame for any restorative process. Structural and technological integrity must be respected and will require attention to performance as well as appearance (Appleton Charter) 16 #3 SIGNIFICANCE 17 Cultural Significance Refers to the qualities that make a place important; Means aesthetic, historic, scientific, social, or spiritual value for past, present, or future generations. Concept which helps in estimating the value of places, objects, etc. The places that are likely to be of significance are those which help in the understanding of the past or enrich the present and which we believe will be of value to future generations; Refers not just to the physical fabric or appearance of an object It incorporates all the elements that contribute to an object’s meaning, including its context, history, uses and its social and spiritual value. Significance is not fixed, it may increase or diminish over time 18 Degree of Significance Rarity – it demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of the cultural heritage Representativeness – it is significant in demonstrating the characteristics of a class of cultural places of environments Associations - The special connections that exist between the people and a place Aesthetic Value Significant in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics Encompasses works representing rare and outstanding contributions in national architecture that are reflected in its design, style, construction, and age. Other criteria may include consideration of architectural design, form, scale, color, texture, material used, and the aesthetic value of a building or groups of buildings that relates both to location and context Educational Value Embraces the qualities of the place as a venue for educational development and innovation. Historical Value A place that has influenced, or has been influenced by a historic figure, event, phase or activity. Interpretation All ways of presenting the cultural significance of a place. An educational activity which aims to reveal meaning and relationships through the use of original objects, by first hand experience and by illustrative media, rather than simply to communicate actual information Meanings Denote what a place signifies, indicates, evokes or expresses. 19 Social Value It is significant through association with a community or cultural group in for social, cultural, educational or spiritual reasons Embraces the qualities of which, as a site has become a focus for a spiritual, political or national cultural sentiment. Related Sources of Information The contribution which related places and related objects make to the cultural significance of the place should be retained. Religious Value / Sacred Value / Symbolic Value Embraces the qualities of which, as a site has become a focus for a spiritual and religious practice. Scientific / Technological Value It has demonstrable potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the natural or cultural history. It is significant in demonstrating a high degree of technical innovation or achievement. Recognizing the rarity and quality of technology available at the tie of construction and to the degree which a building, structure or monument reflects a certain period. 20  REFERENCES 1 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 2 Appleton Charter, for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment, ICOMOS Ottawa, Canada. 1983. 3. 3 Loren Legarda. Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Senate of the Philippines, Pasay City. 2000. 2. 4 Ibid. 5 Appleton Charter, for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment, ICOMOS Ottawa, Canada. 1983. 4. 6 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 3. 7 Charter of Brasilia (1996). ICOMOS Brazil, 1996. 1. 8 Martin E. Weaver and F. G. Matero. Conserving Buildings: Guide to Techniques and Materials. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1998. 146. 9 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 2. 10 Ibid.2. 11 Objectives, Principles and Standard for Preservation and Conservation Urban Redevelopment Methods Preservation of Monument Board, Singapore, August 1993. 25. 12 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 2. 13The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 6. 14 Loren Legarda. Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Senate of the Philippines, Pasay City. 2000. 3. 15 Martin E. Weaver and F. G. Matero. Conserving Buildings: Guide to Techniques and Materials. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1998. 165. 16 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 15. 17 Cyril M Harris. Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975. 177. 18 Appleton Charter, for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment, ICOMOS Ottawa, Canada. 1983. 4. 19 Op cit. 87. 20 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 2. 21 Cyril M Harris. Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975. 224. 22Loren Legarda. Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Senate of the Philippines, Pasay City. 2000. 2. 23Edgardo Angara and Leticia Shahani, Draft of Philippine Omnibus Cultural Heritage Bill (1999), Senate of the Philippines, Manila City. 1999. 5. 24 Loren Legarda. Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Senate of the Philippines, Pasay City. 2000. 3. 25Charter of Brasilia (1996). ICOMOS Brazil, 1996. 2. 26 Appleton Charter, for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment, ICOMOS Ottawa, Canada. 1983. 5. 27 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1999. 28 The Aotearoa Charter: New Zealand’s Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Value (1992). ICOMOS, New Zealand. 1992. 3. 29 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979.. 30Loren Legarda. Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Senate of the Philippines, Pasay City. 2000. 3. 31 Ibid. 2. 21  REFERENCES 32 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 15. 33 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 3. 34Loren Legarda. Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Senate of the Philippines, Pasay City. 2000. 3. 35 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 5. 36Edgardo Angara and Leticia Shahani, Draft of Philippine Omnibus Cultural Heritage Bill (1999), Senate of the Philippines, Manila City. 1999. 8. 37The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979.. 38 Martin E. Weaver and F. G. Matero. Conserving Buildings: Guide to Techniques and Materials. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1998. 81. 39 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 2. 40 Appleton Charter, for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment, ICOMOS Ottawa, Canada. 1983. 4. 41 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1999. 42Appleton Charter, for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment, ICOMOS Ottawa, Canada. 1983. 4.Ibid. 3. 43 Objectives, Principles and Standard for Preservation and Conservation Urban Redevelopment Methods Preservation of Monument Board, Singapore, August 1993. 27. 44 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 3. 45 Ibid. 2. 46 Appleton Charter, for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment, ICOMOS Ottawa, Canada. 1983. 5. 47 Martin E. Weaver and F. G. Matero. Conserving Buildings: Guide to Techniques and Materials. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1998. 133. 48Op cit. 2. 49 Objectives, Principles and Standard for Preservation and Conservation Urban Redevelopment Methods Preservation of Monument Board, Singapore, August 1993. 47. 50 Loren Legarda. Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Senate of the Philippines, Pasay City. 2000. 4. 51The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 2 52 Loren Legarda. Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Senate of the Philippines, Pasay City. 2000. 4. 53Appleton Charter, for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment, ICOMOS Ottawa, Canada. 1983. 3. 54 Martin E. Weaver and F. G. Matero. Conserving Buildings: Guide to Techniques and Materials. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1998. 4. 55 The Aotearoa Charter: New Zealand’s Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Value (1992). ICOMOS, New Zealand. 1992. Other References: 1. Notes of Ar. WR Solomon 2. Notes of Ar. Rene Luis “Jojo” Mata 3. Hertiage Tree Definitions (2009) UST Center for Conservation of Cultural Property and Environment in the Tropics 4. Notes from Heritage Tourisms: An incentive for Community development (November 11-13,2016) Heritage conservation summit, Guy Hall, Siliman University, Dumagute 22