Health Mid Exam PDF

Becker Rosenstock (1987) revised the HBM and added self-efficacy to the original factors of the model What is wellness: Wellness/ ‫ صحة‬is an active process of becoming aware of and making choices toward a more successful existence Illness/‫ مرض‬is subjective Highly stressed people may be perceived...

Becker Rosenstock (1987) revised the HBM and added self-efficacy to the original factors of the model What is wellness: Wellness/ ‫ صحة‬is an active process of becoming aware of and making choices toward a more successful existence Illness/‫ مرض‬is subjective Highly stressed people may be perceived as being at risk for heart attacks Type A Behavior Pattern: Achievement striving Impatient with delays chronic hostility, anger, aggression, basic distrust of others Sense of time urgency Highly competitive Locus of Control (internal locus of control): people believe that they are responsible for their own destiny and can control their own behavior and therefore their health (external locus of control); people believe that their lives are controlled by external events beyond their control, such as powerful others or fate Five dimensions of illness representations: 1. IDENTITY Label given to the illness and the symptoms experienced Beliefs about associated symptoms Disease prototype 2. PERCEIVED CAUSE OF ILLNESS Biological, psychological, behavioral Cultural influences Internal versus external locus of control 3. TIME LINE Beliefs about the duration of illness 1. Acute 2. Chronic 3. Cyclic 4. CONSEQUENCES beliefs about the impact of illness on their life (physical, emotional, social consequences) beliefs about treatments that result 5. CURABILTY & CONTROLLABILITY Can the illness be treated? How? Extent to which the outcome is controllable by self or external factors Who can control the outcome of the illness (patients themselves, doctors, fate….) ? Self-Regulatory Model of Illness Cognitions:  Developed by Leventhal et al. (1980, 1997) to explain how illness cognitions affect coping strategies Stage 1: Interpretation Stage 2:Coping - symptom perception - approach coping - social message - avoidance coping -> deviation from norm Stage3:Appraisal Evaluating if the coping efforts are effective If not effective, reconsider coping strategies The model is useful in understanding and/or predicting: Emotional reactions to illness Coping with illness Adherence with treatment and lifestyle changes Outcomes of illness Chronic Illness Long in duration Long-term consequences Usually involves multiple causes, including health habits Cannot be fully cured; can only be managed As many as 50% of the population has some chronic condition Emotional reactions to chronic illness o Shock and Denial o Anxiety o Depression Stress: is mental and physical condition that occurs when a person must adjust or adapt to the environment 1. Stress as a stimulus (stressors): focus on the environment. 2. Stress as a response (distress): reaction to stress. 3. Stress as an interaction: relationship between person and the environment. Cognitive Model of Stress made by Lazarus & Folkman Stress response 1. Stage of Alarm Reaction: Body resources are mobilized to cope with threat (stress). 2. Stage of Resistance: The body adjusts to stress but at a high physical cost; resistance to other stressors is lowered. 3. Stage of Exhaustion: The body’s resources are drained and stress hormones are depleted (exhausted), possibly resulting in psychosomatic disease or complete collapse Acute stress Sudden, typically short-lived, threatening event (e.g., robbery, giving a speech). Chronic stress Ongoing environmental demand (e.g., marital conflict, work stress, personality). Major sources of Stress Frustration Conflict Change Pressure How stress affects health Via behavior Via physiology Repeated exposure to stress linked to cardiovascular problems We may act to promote health by: Engaging in wellness activities Getting enough sleep Eating a balanced diet We may avoid ill health by: Not smoking Wearing seatbelts and crash helmets Washing our hands and brushing our teeth Individuals with higher internal locus of control tend to: Cope better with life’s crises Have more social support that buffers them against illness Have a more competent immune system Report feeling more positive emotion