حضارة الرومان - Past Paper PDF

## حضارة الرومان ### تاريخ ايطاليا - **Start of first millennium BC:** marked by the arrival of the Etruscans. Their origins are shrouded in mystery. - **Etruscan rule over Rome**: lasted for many years. - **Etruscans' lasting legacy:** their influence can be seen in Roman life and culture, but...

## حضارة الرومان ### تاريخ ايطاليا - **Start of first millennium BC:** marked by the arrival of the Etruscans. Their origins are shrouded in mystery. - **Etruscan rule over Rome**: lasted for many years. - **Etruscans' lasting legacy:** their influence can be seen in Roman life and culture, but rarely mentioned in Roman literature. ### Etruscan Civilization - **The beginning:** the Etruscan civilization is marked by the discovery of 8,000 inscriptions and various artworks. - **Etruscan Dominance:** gained full control over the region of Latium by the late 7th century BC. - **Impact on the Romans:** the Etruscans introduced the Latin (Roman) language and paved the way for the emergence of the Roman Civilization. - **Advanced civilization:** their civilization reached a high level of development, evident in their elaborate tombs and temples. ### Etruscan Culture - **Elaborate tombs:** highlight the Etruscan belief in the afterlife. - **Temples:** built on elevated platforms, consisting of two parts: a worship hall and an offering area. - **Etruscan art and craftsmanship:** exhibited a high level of skill, yet remained inferior to the Greeks in artistic achievement. - **Etruscan Influence:** served as a critical link between the Greek and Roman civilizations. ### Etruscan Legacy - **A bridge:** connecting Greek culture to the Roman Empire. - **A pivotal role:** contributing to the development of the Roman culture. - **Rooted in Etruria:** traces of the Etruscan civilization can be traced in the Roman cultural landscape.