Bad Romans PDF

Emerance of Rome Geography of Italy Apennine mountains - surging through italy from north to south - Separates west from east Adriatic sea - From the east Tyrrhenian sea - From the west Plains of Latium - Where Rome is River Tiber - Nor...

Emerance of Rome Geography of Italy Apennine mountains - surging through italy from north to south - Separates west from east Adriatic sea - From the east Tyrrhenian sea - From the west Plains of Latium - Where Rome is River Tiber - North of Etruria, - Naturally safe point for Rome - Access to sea and good farmland - Acted like a gate from north to south The Greeks Primarily settled in the South Colonies of Campania and Sicily Passed on their alphabet and spread their architecture, sculptures and cultures The Etruscans Primarily settled in the North Possible emerged from the region of Lydia Started to expand across italy, becoming the dominant economic power Society - Ruled by a military ruling class and whose cities were autonomous - Lived with many people such as the Sabines, Greeks and the Romans - Divided into lords and servants - Woman could have property and participate in public life but not in social - Lived in walled cities and adopted greek alphabet Economics - Where maritime traders - Grain, copper, iron - Exportation leading to contact with Greeks and Phoenicians - Built a lot infrastructure example; The sacred way, first roadbed across the city-state of Rome Religion - Polytheism, the greek gods - Urns, sarcophagi and sculptures Then power started to decline and their territory was limited to city-states of Etruria Eventually was invaded by the Ghouls and finally the Romans, yet they had already littered most of northern Italy with cities and urbanised areas. Early Rome Rome, a city of men - Virgil and Livy - Legend of Romulus and Remus - Born of a vestal virgin impregnated by the war god Mars - Sent to be killed river-style - Rescued by a she-wolf - Taken care of by some shepherds - Both wanted to build their own cities - The twins argued over location - Then Romulus killed Remus and started his kingdom which eventually became Rome. Reality - Story most likely just invented to give Rome a noble ancestry - Umbri - The word Rome was Umbrain, meaning town of flowing rivers - Rumon, ancient name of the tiber river - Settled into Etruria - Rome ruled by 7 kings, Last 3 were Etrsucans - Royal Rome - Rome Integrated into the Etruscans civilization and turned it into a city - Made of 7 hills with marshy land - Pomeria, the walled city that comprised of Rome - Etruscans imposed Latin and their culture - Primarily traded using the Tiber River - Got richer and town population increased - Roman monarchy - Ruled by elected kings - They had absolute power - But was replaced during Interregnum by the senate and assembly - Assembly - arms bearing citizens who gave the king's power - Senate - Heads of the families who selected the kings - Curie, council which accepted the selection of kings - Lifelong tenure - 300 members - Patricians, (descendants of fathers) - Basically nobles - Made up the Gentes - Descendants of 100 peoples who were supposedly advised by Romulus - Plebeians - Basically commoners - Patricians have political power and plebeians don’t - Marriage between Patricians and Plebeians was denied  - 509 bce, Rome suddenly did not like monarchies and overthrew the Etruscans King, Tarquinius Superbus with the help of four aristocrats. - Then Rome rose to power and overtook all of the Etruscans. Impact of the Etruscans - Adopted their Insignia and Fashion - Fasces - the axe symbol of fascist Italy - Latin alphabet, modified by the Etrsucans which was adapted from the Greeks The Roman republic The Patricians - Controlled the government and set its rules - Consuls - Consuls were elected by the Patricians - They replaced the kings - There were always 2 of them - 1 year term could not run again for 10 years - Praetors - Lead when the Consuls are away - Concerned with the execution of justice and the protection of the city - Imperium - “The right to command” - Supreme command of the consuls and the praetors - Dictator - In times of need the Patricians could elect a Dictator - A rule of absolute power for 6 months - Cincinnatus - Popular dictator who came out of his farmland and lead Rome to victory against various enemies then went back to farming - Questors - Oversees finance - Censors - Remove senate members and makes taxes - Senate - “Council of elders” - Primarily consisted of the Patricians - Appointed by the consuls - Consisted of 300 men who ruled for life - Cannot make laws - Acted as the advisory for elected office-holders - Concerned with finance, civil administration and foreign affairs - Comithia centura - Elect consuls - Declares wars and laws - Concilium plebis - Enact laws - Represents the plebs  The plebians - Produced food and labour - Supplied the roman military - Peasants, shopkeepers and traders - No marriages between plebs and patricians - The roman military - Threatened by enemies from all corners like the Gauls and Carthienans - Embarked on a course of military expansion for defence - Lead to the conquest of all of Italy and soon the whole of the mediterranean - Consisted of a three main ranks of infantry - Used throwing spears and swords - Council of plebs - Response to inequality between plebs and patricians - Presided over tribunes - Tributes - Acted in the interest of plebs - Concerned with the rights of the plebeians - In 287 bce, they were recognised as part of the constitutional body via the tribal assembly Roman law - The twelve tables - Basic rights of all romans - Concerned with marriage, family, property, inheritance and slavery - Gave plebeians more rights - Appeal to death sentence - Veto power against laws which harm them - Marriage between both classes - Abolition of enslavement via dept - Allowed plebeians to gain political power - one consulship reserved for the plebians Senatus Populusque Romanus - Emblem of the republic - Polybius - Greek Philosopher - Stated that Rome was a combination of democracy (voting), oligarchy (the senate), and monarchy (the consuls). Roman economy - Trade, Farms and Slaves - Staple crops: grapes, grains, olives Religion - Lives controlled by the Gods derived from greek mythology - After Augutsus, the emperors were also treated as divinity Sociatey - Paterfamilias - Head of the family, primarily always male - Family, and family names, were incredibly important in rome  - Clientage - People with no means of protection seek help from wealthy patrons - Patrons gave their clients protection and political assistance in exchange for labour, military service and votes. - Eventually lead to vote buying - Clans - Basically political factions based on family The Punic wars Roman expansion was fueled by fear and defence of its enemies The expanding defence - Divine victory in self-defence - Took the Samnites, the remaining Etrsucans and Magna Graecia who had help from the Greeks but still lost. The Carthagenians - Pheonician peoples in north Africa - Carthage - Most powerful city in mediterranean Punic - Derived from Pheonician - Romans saw themselves as the Protector of Italy and its land - The Carthagenians wanted Sicily In Sicily - Messina vs syracuse - Romans defended Messina while carthage sided with Syracuse - Both romans and carthage soon met in battle - Romans convinced syracuse to join them - Rome declares war on carthage First punic wars - Hamilcar Barca - Cartheginian Governor of Spain - Father of Hannibal - Carthaginian superior Navy - The weird ahh boats with bridges - Romans had no navy so they salvages ruined carthaginian boats and used them - Defeated the Romans all the way to Drepana but withdrew and lost - Result: Roman occupied Sicily, Corsica and sardinia and Carthage was mad Second punic wars - Hannibal - Declared war on Rome - Crossed from Spain and across the Alps with fucking elephants - Still lost lmao - Publius Cornelius - Took over spain - Defeated Hannibal in Zama  - Results: carthage lost its navy and maritime empire but still had their northern territory Third punic wars - Carthage started to recover its territory and might and Rome did not like that - Rome invaded, burned Carthage and turned it into a province which paid 200 in dept - They then continued to the Corinth and took over Greece The end of the Republic As the empire grew, its governance became even more factional and self-serving leading to a plethora of civil wars, revolts and associations Revolts - Spartacus - slave/gladiator who instigated an assault on Rome - Social wars - Other conquered Italians wanted citizenships and revolted Tiberius and Gracchus - The Gracchi brothers - Members of the plebeian class - Elder Tiberius - Land reforms - Rome had a lot of new land but did not share it equally between all citizens - There was a law for this but was not enforced and thus Patricians get more land - Tiberius managed to succeed in his reforms and runned for Tribune - I tried to run for Tribune again but was associated by a bunch of angry senators with chairs - Younger Gracchus - Past more reforms to help poor like cheaper stuff - Allied with Equestrians to enact this reforms - Tried to give citizenship to non-romans - Lost popularity, deemened enemy to democracy after a protest, and was killed by the senate Marius and Sulla - Marius - General and consul - Headed the Populares who were against the dominant oligarchies - Sulla - Another general who let the Optimates, the oligarchy and most of the senate who also participated in the assignation of the Gracchi brothers - Sulla eventually marched on Rome and took out Marius - Refused to relinquish command of his armies and sized Rome - Matched an army across the sacred Pomerium - Took control of rome by force and became dictator, providing a hit list of political enemies The first Triumvirate - Triumvirate  - Political office ruled by three people - Goal: rule rome - Julius caesar - Noblitas - Inherent excellence confirmed in the present - Familial prestige based on doing something great - Caesar wanted to confirm his Nobiltas by being consul - Struck a deal with two Marcus and Pompous to passed laws that favour them - Marcus Crassus - Richest man in rome - Controlled the praetorship and took down Spartacus - Bribed Caesar into the consul - Gnaus Pompous - Greatest Generals in rome - Defeating most nefarious enemies of rome - Married Caesar’s daughter - Caesar achieved total imperium but his term was about to end and many wanted him dead - Gain imperium back by becoming a governor with the help of Marcus and Pompous who coerced the republic - With his governorship, Caesar gained his four legions and his imperium plus a bunch of support after conquering all of Gaul - Back home, Marcus and Pompous became consul and campaign eastward where Macrus died in Parthia - Pompous then rescinded the governorship of Caesar and told him to return to Rome without his armies - Caesar ignored it and brought the 13 legions across the Rubicon and into Rome - Pompous and the rest of the senate fled to Greece and Caesar, together with support of people, became Dictator - Caesar then defeated Pompous’ army and Greece and he fled to Egypt to seek help from Ptolemy, however Egypt was going through a civil war and he was decapitated. - Caesar went to Egypt, made a deal with Cleopatra not to conquer Egypt in return for food and also did her roman style. - Afterwards Pompous’ army and himself were pardoned and Caesar passed a bunch of law of help the common people and stabilised rome for a time - Reformed roman calendar - Limited the power of the senate - Building projects which connected more provinces to Italy - Ultimately did a lot for Rome and its people but did so via bloodshed and political corruption. The Assassination - Caesar named himself dictator for life, effectively making him a King - In march 44 bce, Cassius and Brutus together with 60 senators, (all of whom Caesar pardoned and protected), in the theatre of Pompous, stabbed Caesar 23 times.  - They then fled to Greece to build an army due to public hate after what they did - The reason for assassination - To liberate Rome from Caesars continual growth of power - They don't like kings - If Caesar was king, the aristocracy would lose power - Senators really hated Caesar because they want that power lmao - In the end, Caesar ultimately destroyed the republic by providing how breakable it was - Bribed into power, forced reforms and killed fellow Romans - Yet he proved that the system was shit, with its civil unrest and uprising, and many commoners supported him for his reforms. - Abused the institutions but saved Rome Rise of the second triumvirate - Marc Anthony - Brutus, Crassius and the other senate were hated in rome so dipped to greece - Most of senate was gone, power vacuum, Anthony Became consul - Wanted to avenge Caesar, people liked that, Senate did not - Gauis Octavian - Scrawny ass dude you returned rome after Caesar's death - Read Caesar's will and got his name - Octavious, before caesar's death - Octavianous, after caesar's death - Augustus, as emperor of rome - Lepidus - Appointed as predator and dictator - Proconsul of spain then of what remained of Carthage - Didn't do much lmao - After Anthony's term ended he fled to Gual - Senate named him enemy of state after he tried to kill one of the assassins - Octavain joined the senate acquiring their army then marched towards Anthony - Octavian won and re-allied with Anthony and kept the army he received from the senate - Both of them marched to rome and booted most of the senate to Greece - Octavian and Anthony met with Lepdus and formed the second triumvirate - The triumvirate was not met to last as all three saw themselves as the inheritor of rome - The Senate did not like this and so the second triumvirate pulled a Sulla and made a hit list with a majority of the Senate and the Patrician class. - anti-caesars were killed and their money was taken - The triumvirate now powerful marched onto the Greece and killed Brutus and Crassius - Anthony got Greece and parts of Asia minor, Octavain got Italy, Spain and Gallia, and Lepidos got Carthage. Anthony vs Octavian - Era of peace was short lived  - The current consuls spoke ill of Octavian and he assaulted them - Senate fled to Greece with Anthony - Anthony started to mingle with Cleopatra - Octavian took out Lepidus - Octavian saw the will of Anthony which made look like simp for Cleopatra - Octavian painted Anthony as seduced by Cleopatra which made the roman people ally with Octavian - Battle of Actium - Agrippa - Close friend for Octavian - Created the new roman navy and Defeated the son of Pompey who had control of the navy - Helped Octavian defeat Anthony in the battle of Actium - Octavian took Egypt - Anthony and Clepoatra killed themselves instead of face capture The empire of Rome Augustus - Octavian changed his name to Augustus - Augustus meaning the “increased one/most high” - Assemble Rome into one piece - The republic was officially destroyed, senate nothing but a rubber stamp - 25 bce, Augustus was a declared “the first citizen”, Emperor for life and pontifex maximus, high priest. - Did not change the institution just controlled them completely - Master of propaganda - Named himself as the saviour of rome - Rome after, many civil wars, agreed - The senate did not have much power or the reason to assassinate him - Senate now simping for Augustus A city of bricks to a city of Marble - Nationalised the Army - Created the praetorian guard - Promotions and wages - Legions as the backbone of the army - Supported by taxes - Infustrature - Restored and improved infrastructure and temples which also improved his divine image - Pomeria, the city of rome, pretty lacklustre compared to places lt owned like Alexandria - Built fire departments and police departments - Used a bunch of marble - Extended citizenship - Built a lot of libraries for the increase in literature - Sundial outside of Pomeria - First major public baths - Improved cities water and sewer system  - Naval arena in honour of Agrippa - Laws - Promotion of marriage - Tax reforms which helped the army - Penalised adultery - Social structure - Woman as wives, devoted to child bearing and housekeeping - Woman could be educated but only elite families - Economy - Silk road - Main route to trade with China - Exportered stuff from all around the mediterranean Pax Romana - Era of peace which lasted for 200 years - Ended after Marcus Aurlius Emperors after Augustus - Dictated by heredity - Augustus did not have a clear heir. Many of kids also died oops - The family games - Cludians - Oldest families in rome married into the family of Augustus - Livia Dusilla and Augustus - Julio-claudian period - Tiberius, Caligula, Claudios, Nero - Tiberius - Stepson of Augustus - Capable general who extended and strengthened the empire - Caligula - Son of a general - Caligula meaning “little boots” - Was a really bloodthirsty motherfucker - Got killed by praetorian guard - Claudius - Rose to power due to ties with Caligula - Conquered britain, yuck - Opened the senate to provinces - Made a census of the population - Nero - Mother, poisoned Claudius - Was ok at first bet went mentally insane - Killed his mom, his brothers and anyone who he didn't like - Accused of the burning of rome in 62 bce - Killed after everyone he knew left him alone in his palace - The four emperors - Quick fire round - Four emperors in quick succession Peak Rome - Flavian dynasty  - Vespasian - Last of the four emperors - Built the colosseum - His son, titus, took out a jewish revolt - The five Good emperors - Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antinous, Marcus - Tajan - From spain - Expanded the empire to maximum length - Public works programs - Hadrian - Hadrian’s wall in britannica - Took out another Jewish revolt - Marcus Aurelus - The stoic emperor - Generally good guy but his son wasn’t The fall begins Commodus - Son of Macus - “The roman psycho” - Fucked up rome - Eventually assassinated - Followed by the chaotic year of the five emperors Severian dynasty - Six emperors who tried to restore peace in rome Crisis of the third century - Started after the assassination of the Severus Alexander - Combo of Barbarians, diseases, economic difficulty - Tax system was busted, too much to the military - Imposed devolution, product prices inflated - Threats such as the Goths(balkens), Berbers(africa) and Sassanids(persia) The fall of Rome - Politics - Poor leaders - Cynicism among talented people - Corruption and bribes - Wars external and internal - Serving rome wasn't that good anymore - Social Problems - High taxes, Most Patricians did not pay though - Large amounts of Famine and Slavery - Economy - Fewer markets and lands - Inflation - Bartering grew as roman coins became worthless - Military - Weak military, strong enemies  - Did not have loyalty to rome - Fought for food - Religion - The dawn of Christianity Christianity - Starting in the province of Judea - Monotheistic - Early Rome was tolerant to other religions - Then christianity became popular and was used as a scapegoat - Blasphemous religion blamed for angering the Gods - St Augustine - Rome, a city of men, bound to fail The end - Diocletian - Persecuted christians - Doubled the army - To save rome he into latin west and greek east - Tetrarchy - East, Diocletan and west, Maximinian - Diocletian, augustus senior - Maximinian, augustus junior - Constantine - Moved the capital to Byzantium - Finally accepted christianity with his mother, helena, converting - Constantinople - The new capital of rome in east - Theodosius - Last emperor of the whole Roman empire - Made christianity the official religion of rome - Rome invaded - Germanic tribes poured into the west - Visigoths - Allowed to live in rome but was treated badly - Alaric, visigoth general, revolted and took over rome - Vandals - After the visigoths - Plundered Rome - Romulus Augustus - Last emperor of western rome - Defeated signalling the end of the empire - Byzantium - The east remained - Eventually became the christian byzantine empire Legacy of the great empire Greeks and the Romans - Greek culture more sophisticated than its own - Blending of Greek, hellenistic and roman culture  Contributions of Rome - Art - Realistic - Bas-reliaf, to tell a story - Frescoes - Paintings commissioned by rich people - Vergil - The aeneid - Horace - Odes - Architecture - Parthenon - To every god - Harians wall - Colosseum - Gladiator battles - Mock sea battles - Animal parades/slaughter - The forum - Open plaza of government affairs - Criminal trails, elections and processions - Villas - Houses for the rich - Domus - Basically apartments - Insula - Basically high rise apartments - Usage of archways, Barrels and Domes - Triumphal arch - The basilica and temple of Mars - Aqueducts - For water transportation - Sciences - Ptolomy - Sun, moon and stars revolve around earth - Cludious Galen - Improved on hippocrates - Concerned with anatomy - Public baths and watering holes - Medical school - First to identify the problem of dirty water - Language - Latin, the precursor to the romance languages - Latin as the dominant language of Europe and precursor to French, Italian, Spanish and English - History - Livy - The history of rome  - Caesar - The gallic wars - Pretty technically bad boring lmao - Religion - The new Greek Pantheon - A lot of modern symbolism and art from this new Pantheon - Paved the way for rise and expansion of christianity - Politics - Laws tried to be fair and equal to all people, even to its rulers - Innocent until proven guilty - Equal rights - Punishment by actions - Rights to foreigners - Rights to the poor - allowed for some ascension from poor to rich - A form of government that built upon democracy