Roman Civilization PDF

The Roman Republic The Tiber is the Italy, country of third-longest river south-central Europe,...

The Roman Republic The Tiber is the Italy, country of third-longest river south-central Europe, in Italy and the occupying a peninsula longest river in that juts deep into Central Italy, rising the Mediterranean Sea in the Apennine Mountains According to tradition, on April 21, 753 B.C.E. Romulus and his twin brother, Remus, found Rome on the site where they were suckled by a she-wolf as orphaned infants. Between 753-509 BCE, early Rome went under the rule of seven (7) kings LUCIUS TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS The Latins – mostly farmers By 509 BCE, The Roman and shepherds Republic was established they were the early inhabitants of the city Rome The Etruscans –known for religion, culture, urban planning and Greeks – ethnic engineering minority and early inhabitants of southern Italy SOCIAL STUDIES 9: WORLD HISTORY  The Roman State The Roman Senate – comprised current and past magistrates who served for life. Managed foreign policy and controlled the money. Proposed but could not pass law. The consuls were the chairmen The Roman army, famed for its discipline, of the Senate, which served as a organization, and innovation in both board of advisers. They also weapons and tactics, allowed Rome to build commanded the Roman army and defend a huge empire which for (both had two legions) and exercised the highest juridical centuries would dominate power in the Roman empire the Mediterranean world and beyond. Most Romans were Noble families Plebeians connected to Rome’s They were the founders Roman “middle Businessmen and class” large landholders Worked as farmers, Minority of traders and population had most craftspeople political rights Served in the Men could serve as assembly which Consul Senator or means they could magistrate vote on laws but not make laws. Slaves were not citizens and had no Women had limited rights rights Most slaves were They could own either prisoners of property and run a war or debtors business but they Most worked in could not participate agriculture, in the government craftwork or in Considered the their homes of property of their their owners father before Some were freed marriage and their either buying their husband after freedom or upon marriage their owner’s death SOCIAL STUDIES 9: WORLD HISTORY  The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean The Punic Wars a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. First Punic War Second Punic Third Punic War War Date 264–241 BCE 218–201 BCE 149–146 BCE Hamilcar Barca Cornelius Scipio Leader Scipio the younger Scipio Africanus Calvus s Hannibal Description Rome interfered in War involved a dispute on the confrontations in It was a siege of the Carthaginian-contr Spain, Italy, Sicily, city of Carthage olled island of Sicily Sardinia, and North Africa. The war ended with Hannibal's losses in the It resulted in the final Rome in control of both Second Punic War destruction of Carthage, Result Sicily and Corsica and effectively put an end to the enslavement of its marked the empire's Carthage's empire in the population, and Roman emergence as a naval as western Mediterranean, hegemony over the s well as a land power. leaving Rome in control of Spain western Mediterranean. The Nature of Roman Imperialism Rome’s empire was built in three stages: the conquest of Italy, the conflict of Carthage and expansion into the Western Mediterranean and the involvement with and the domination of the Hellenistic Kingdoms in eastern Mediterranean – The Romans did not possess a master plan for the creation of an empire. Much of their expansion was opportunistic. SOCIAL STUDIES 9: WORLD HISTORY  The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic Spread of slavery in Migration of small Political Corruption & the agricultural farmers into cities and Devaluation of currency system unemployment and Inflation Causes of the Fall of Roman Civil War over the Republic power of Julius Caesar Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Gaius Marius Introduced land reforms to Introduce new way to landless farmers recruit soldiers Roman general and statesman Julius Caesar turned the Roman Republic into the powerful Roman Empire. An First Triumvirate Second Triumvirate assassination ended his reign Pompey, Caesar and Octavian, Antony & on the Ides of March. Crassus Lepidus SOCIAL STUDIES 9: WORLD HISTORY  The Roman Empire The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Northern Africa, and Western Asia Ruled by emperors. The Julio- Claudian He was crowned Rome’s Dynasty first emperor, Augustus. His reign, from 27 BCE to 14 CE, was distinguished by stability and peace. Five good emperors Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius Reformed land laws Constructed the Helped unify Expanded the Promoted art empire, in favor of the poor, Hadrian’s wall, empire and science, economically revised taxation codified the laws SOCIAL STUDIES 9: WORLD HISTORY  The Fall of Roman Empire Tetrarchy The Rise of Weakening of Christianity Eastern Roman and loss of Empire legions traditional values Government The Arrival of corruption and Reasons Why the Huns and political Roman Empire migration of instability Decline barbarian tribes Overreliance on slave labor Over expansion and Economic Invasion of and military Troubles Germanic Tribe overspending Maximian Diocletian Theodosius I Constantine I Romulus Augustulus SOCIAL STUDIES 9: WORLD HISTORY  The Achievements and Contributions of the Romans Pax Romana Architecture & Engineering The Pantheon Aqueduct The Forum Circus Maximus The Colosseum SOCIAL STUDIES 9: WORLD HISTORY  The Achievements and Contributions of the Romans Latifundia Paterfamilias Roman gods and goddesses Gladiator Fights Arts and Literature Roman Theater & Pantomime Virgil and Cicero his Aeneid Latin Language Roman Law of the Nations & Ptolemy Galen Numerals The Twelve Tables SOCIAL STUDIES 9: WORLD HISTORY