HBSE3 Finals Reviewer PDF

**SYMBOLIC-INTERACTIONISM** - Sociological perspective wherein reality is seen as social developed interaction with others. - Derived from American pragmatism and particularly from the work of George Herbert Mead. **GEORGE HERBERT MEAD** - He posited that the self is socially const...

**SYMBOLIC-INTERACTIONISM** - Sociological perspective wherein reality is seen as social developed interaction with others. - Derived from American pragmatism and particularly from the work of George Herbert Mead. **GEORGE HERBERT MEAD** - He posited that the self is socially constructed and reconstructed through the interactions which each person has with the community. - Thus, if the community labels an individual as \"deviant\", the individual will integrate this label into his sense of self. **LABELING THEORY** - Labeling theory concerns itself mostly not with the normal roles that define our lives, but with those very special roles that society provides for deviant behavior. - Closely related to social-construction and symbolic-interaction analysis. - Theory of how the self-identity and behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. - It is associated with the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping. **SOCIAL ROLES** are a set of expectations we have about a behavior. Social roles are necessary for the organization and functioning of any society or group. **HOWARD BECKER** - Founder of labelling theory - Wrote the book "THE OUTSIDERS" **EDWIN LEMERT** For him, primary and secondary deviances are the ways to explain the labeling process. It is after the primary deviance that a person can be labeled or not. **PRIMARY DEVIANCE** - The person commits a deviant action without knowing that he/she is going against the norm system **SECONDARY DEVIANCE** - The person is already labelled as deviant but still s/he continues to engage in that particular act **ERVING GOFFMAN** - According to Goffman, stigma is a discrepancy between actual and virtual social identity that causes us to alter our estimation of them downward. **STIGMA** Stigma is an attribute that is deeply discrediting, but also depends on its circumstances. An attribute that stigmatizes one person may be typical for another person and is therefore neither creditable nor discreditable in it. **SOCIAL STIGMA** is the extreme disapproval of a person or group of people based on their physical and/or social interactions with society and distinguishing them with society. ***Erving Goffman*** grouped social stigma into three different categories: 1\) physical attributes 2\) deviations in personal traits 3\) "tribal stigmas". **TRIBAL STIGMAS** include traits relating to a person's ethnicity or religion. **CRIMINAL SILHOUETTE** - Differential association theory predicts that an individual will choose the criminal path when the balance of definitions for law-breaking exceeds those for law-abiding. **DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY** - proposes that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior. **DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION MAIN PRINCIPLES** - Criminal Behavior is learned from intimate personal groups - The learning includes techniques for committing crimes, motives, rationalizations, and attitudes - The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of legal codes as favourable or unfavourable. - A person becomes delinquent because of an access of definitions favourable to breaking the law **EDWIN SUTHERLAND** Proponent of the Differential Association Theory Proposed that crime is a learning process that could affect any individual in any culture. **SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY** - The theory states that behavior is caused not by outside stimuli, but by what a person wants most at any given time. - According to control theory, weak social systems result in deviant behavior. - Actions or behaviors that violate formal and informal cultural norms, such as laws or the norm that discourages public nose- picking. ***There are several types of control\...*** 1\. **SELF CONTROL**- delinquency depends on the individual's level of self-control. 2\. **SOCIAL BOND**- conformity or inconformity to the standards depends on the social bonds formed. **CONTROL STRATEGY-** advances the proposition that weak bonds between the individual and society allow people to deviate. **TRAVIS HIRSCHI** - People will conform to a group when they believe they have more to gain from conformity than by deviance. - Advances the proposition that weak bonds between the individual and society allow people to deviate. - Establishing strong social bonds, such as family ties or close community groups, will prevent crime. **SELF-CONTROL THOERY** - defined as the tendency to consider the full range of potential costs of a particular act. - It states that self-control is a trait that either permits or prevents gratification seeking side of human nature to seek fulfilment. - This theory suggests that some people refrain from crime because they are able to see the consequences that their action can have. **SOCIAL BOND THEORY** - Assumes that all people have the capacity to be delinquent. - Preventing most people from engaging in delinquency is a "bonding" to conventional society. ***Travis Hirschi*** argues that most people do not crimes as they have four controls in their lives; 1. **ATTACHMENT**- family and relationships 2. **COMMITTMENT**- people may lose a great deal 3. **INVOLVEMENT**- people are engaged in communities and respect would be lost 4. **BELIEF**- people have been brought up to respect rules, beliefs and others **NEUTRALIZATION THOERY** - Delinquents both affected by conventional and criminal values experience "drift" between the 2 sets of values. - Subculture of delinquency provides delinquents a vocabulary to neutralize the demands of the conventional society. - Suggests that although delinquents know that their behaviour is wrong, they justify it as "acceptable" on a number of grounds **GRESHAM SYKES and DAVID MATZA** - They recognize the role of choice in delinquent behavior. - The delinquent typically drifts between conformity and law violation and will choose the latter when social norms can be denied or explained away. **5 Techniques of Neutralization** 1. Denial of responsibility 2. Denial of injury 3. Denial of victim 4. Condemnation of the condemners 5. Appeal to higher loyalties - ***Denial of responsibility*** (I didn't mean; it wasn't my fault) - ***Denial of Injury*** (no harm, no foul) - ***Denial of victim*** (they deserved it; who cares about them) - ***Condemnation of the condemners*** (cops are corrupt) - ***Appeal to higher loyalties*** (I had to help my buddies) **DETERRENCE** - the effort by one actor to persuade another actor to refrain from some action by convincing the opponent that the costs will exceed the rewards of the act. - The term deterrence with French roots means "to frighten from". Simply put it means "dissuasion by means of threat". Deterrence, in order to be successful, must meet 2 conditions: -- The capabilities to complete the threat must be present, and -- The punishment/ threat as a consequent of the deviation is highly unacceptable -- These two elements make the deterrent credible. **GENERAL DETERENCE** - General deterrence manifests itself in policy whereby examples are made of deviants. - The individual actor is not the focus of the attempt at behavioural change, but rather receives punishment in public view in order to deter other individuals from deviance in the future. **SPECIFIC DETERENCE** - Specific deterrence focuses on the individual deviant and attempts to correct his or her behavior. - Punishment is meant to discourage the individual from deviating. ***There is some debate over whether deterrence is achieved through;*** - the higher probability of arrest and conviction, and/or, - severity of punishment, or - denunciation, - and whether it is aimed at others or the offender themselves or both. **ETHNOMETHODOLOGY** - It is a theoretical approach in sociology based on the belief that you can discover the normal social order of a society by disrupting it. - It is a study of the ways in which ordinary people construct a stable social world through everyday utterances and actions. - It is a perspective within sociology which focuses on the way people make sense of their everyday world.