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Questions and Answers
What does symbolic interactionism primarily focus on?
What does symbolic interactionism primarily focus on?
Who is considered the founder of labeling theory?
Who is considered the founder of labeling theory?
What is primary deviance characterized by?
What is primary deviance characterized by?
How does secondary deviance differ from primary deviance?
How does secondary deviance differ from primary deviance?
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What does stigma refer to in the context of social identity?
What does stigma refer to in the context of social identity?
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According to Erving Goffman, what are the categories of social stigma?
According to Erving Goffman, what are the categories of social stigma?
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What element does labeling theory primarily analyze?
What element does labeling theory primarily analyze?
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What concept is closely related to labeling theory?
What concept is closely related to labeling theory?
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What does differential association theory primarily predict?
What does differential association theory primarily predict?
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According to social control theory, what primarily causes behavior?
According to social control theory, what primarily causes behavior?
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What is a key component of self-control theory?
What is a key component of self-control theory?
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Which of the following is a principle of differential association?
Which of the following is a principle of differential association?
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What does social bond theory suggest?
What does social bond theory suggest?
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What was Edwin Sutherland's main contribution to the study of crime?
What was Edwin Sutherland's main contribution to the study of crime?
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What type of control does self-control theory emphasize?
What type of control does self-control theory emphasize?
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According to control strategy, weak bonds between individual and society result in what?
According to control strategy, weak bonds between individual and society result in what?
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Which aspect of social bond theory suggests that people refrain from crime due to relationships with family?
Which aspect of social bond theory suggests that people refrain from crime due to relationships with family?
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What is meant by the term 'drift' in the context of neutralization theory?
What is meant by the term 'drift' in the context of neutralization theory?
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Which technique of neutralization involves justifying delinquent behavior by claiming no harm was done?
Which technique of neutralization involves justifying delinquent behavior by claiming no harm was done?
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Which of the following is not one of the four controls that Hirschi identifies in social bond theory?
Which of the following is not one of the four controls that Hirschi identifies in social bond theory?
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What is required for deterrence to be successful?
What is required for deterrence to be successful?
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Who are the theorists associated with the development of the neutralization theory?
Who are the theorists associated with the development of the neutralization theory?
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What does the 'appeal to higher loyalties' technique imply in the context of delinquency?
What does the 'appeal to higher loyalties' technique imply in the context of delinquency?
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What does Harvey's notion of 'belief' in social bond theory involve?
What does Harvey's notion of 'belief' in social bond theory involve?
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Study Notes
Symbolic Interactionism
- Sociological perspective viewing reality as socially constructed through interactions.
- Developed from American pragmatism, particularly the work of George Herbert Mead.
George Herbert Mead
- Proposed the self is socially constructed through interactions with the community.
- If a community labels someone "deviant," the individual internalizes this label.
Labeling Theory
- Focuses on how societal reactions to deviance influence an individual's sense of self.
- Labels assigned to individuals shape their identity, even if the behavior isn't inherently deviant.
- Closely related to social construction and symbolic interaction analysis.
Primary and Secondary Deviance
- Primary deviance: Initial rule-breaking act.
- Secondary deviance: Subsequent acts after being labeled deviant by society.
Stigma (Erving Goffman)
- Attributed that profoundly disrupts social identity.
- Based on discrepancies between actual and perceived social identities, altering societal perceptions.
- Can be physical attributes, personal traits, or tribal stigmas (ethnicity/religion/criminal history).
Social Roles
- Set expectations of behavior.
- Essential for social organization and functioning.
Howard Becker
- Founder of labeling theory.
- Wrote "The Outsiders".
Edwin Lemert
- Explored the concept of primary and secondary deviance in the labeling process.
Differential Association Theory
- Individuals learn criminal behavior through interactions with others.
- Learning involves techniques, motives, rationalizations, and attitudes.
Differential Association Principles
- Criminal behavior is learned through close personal groups.
- Elements of how crimes are learned include techniques, motives, rationalizations, & attitudes.
- Defined ways are learned from positive & negative examples of criminal behavior.
Social Control Theory
- Behavior is determined not by external forces but what the person wants.
- Weak social systems lead to deviant behavior.
- Actions that violate social norms (e.g., public nose-picking) are influenced by social control.
- Key figures include Travis Hirschi.
Self-Control Theory
- Self-control affects the tendency to engage in crime.
- The extent of self-control dictates the range of potential costs associated with an act.
- Impulses to satisfy desires are a significant influence in this theory.
Techniques of Neutralization
- Developed by Gresham Sykes and David Matza.
- Delinquents use rationalizations or justifications to neutralize societal norms and deny responsibility for their actions, including;
- Denial of Responsibility
- Denial of Injury
- Denial of Victim
- Condemnation of Condemners
- Appeal to Higher Loyalties
Deterrence Theory
- People will refrain from deviance if perceived costs outweigh potential benefits.
- Methods include; increased probability of arrest/conviction, severity of punishment, and denunciation.
- Aimed at others or the offender (or both)
Ethnomethodology
- Sociological approach based on the belief in discovering social order through disruption.
- Study of the ways ordinary individuals create stable social worlds through interactions and actions.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of Symbolic Interactionism as it relates to sociology, including the contributions of George Herbert Mead and Erving Goffman. This quiz covers primary and secondary deviance, labeling theory, and the impact of societal labels on identity. Test your understanding of how our interactions shape reality and self-perception.
