Handout_Cognitive Psychology - Introduction.pdf

9/14/24 01 GUIDE QUESTIONS...

9/14/24 01 GUIDE QUESTIONS 1. What is cognitive psychology? 2.How did psychology develop as a science? COGNITIVE 3.How did cognitive psychology develop from psychology? 4. How have other disciplines contributed to PSYCHOLOGY the development of theory and research in cognitive psychology? Introduction 5. What methods do cognitive psychologists use to study how people think? 6.What are the current issues and various Prepared by: Angelica Amorato, RPm fields of study within cognitive psychology? 1 2 GUIDE QUESTIONS 01 1. What is cognitive psychology? 2.How did psychology develop as a science? 3.How did cognitive psychology develop from psychology? 4. How have other disciplines contributed to WHAT IS COGNITIVE the development of theory and research in cognitive psychology? PSYCHOLOGY? 5. What methods do cognitive psychologists use to study how people think? 6.What are the current issues and various fields of study within cognitive psychology? 3 4 1  9/14/24 Cognition Mind is a system that creates the mental processes, such as representations of the world so that perception, attention, and memory, we can act within it to achieve our which is what the mind creates goals. 5 6 Cognitive Psychology the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information. 7 8 2  9/14/24 Cognitive Psychology Dialectic Approach: THESIS SYNTHESIS PROPOSED ANTITHESIS EMERGED 9 10 01 Cognitive Psychology Dialectic Approach: THESIS SYNTHESIS ANTITHESIS When did the study of cognitive psychology PROPOSED EMERGED begin? integrates the most statement of credible features of belief statement that each two views counters a previous statement or belief 11 12 3  9/14/24 01 TWO APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND HUMAN MIND RATIONALISM VS. PHILOSOPHY PHYSIOLOGY EMPIRICISM Understand the general nature introspection - examination of inner Scientific Study of living things Philosophical Antecedents of Psychology ideas and experiences (intro: Empirical Study (observation) inward/within, spect: look) 13 14 Rationalist vs Empiricist PLATO ARISTOTLE PLATO & Rationalist route to knowledge is Empiricist acquire knowledge via empirical ARISTOTLE through thinking and logical evidence analysis. Experiments Reason as a source of Empiricism - leads directly to knowledge or justification have profoundly affected modern thinking in empirical investigations of Rationalism - important in psychology and many other fields. psychology theory development. Back to Agenda 15 16 4  9/14/24 Rationalist vs Empiricist RENE DECARTES JOHN LOCKE IMMANUEL KANT Synthesized the views of Descartes and Locke reflective method as being superior to empirical Humans are born without Both rationalism and empiricism have methods for finding truth knowledge their place, I think, therefore I am tabula rasa - blank slate Most psychologists today accept Kant’s “cogito, ergo sum” synthesis. 17 18 01 Psychological Antecedents of Cognitive Psychology PSYCHOLOGICAL STRUCTURALISM FUNCTIONALISM ASSOCIATIONISM ANTECEDENTS OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIORISM GESTALT 19 20 5  9/14/24 STRUCTURALISM STRUCTURALISM Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) analyzed consciousness into basic elements of He is known as the Father of Scientific thoughts and sensations Psychology Introspection - careful and systematic 10,000 students observation of one’s own mental processes to focused on trying to discover and describe gain insight into how they work basic elements or “structures” of mental processes –STRUCTURALISM as labeled by Edward Titchener (1867-1927) in Cornell University, New York. Wilhelm Wundt Wilhelm Wundt 21 22 FUNCTIONALISM “If psychologists are asked, what the business of psychology is, they generally make some such answer as follows if they belong to the empirical Focused on the purpose of consciousness and school: that this science has to investigate the behavior. facts of consciousness, its combinations and relations, so that it may ultimately discover the laws which govern these relations and combinations.” ⚬ Wilhelm Wundt ( 1912) Wilhelm Wundt William James 23 24 6  9/14/24 FUNCTIONALISM FUNCTIONALISM A leader in guiding functionalism toward suggested that psychologists should focus on pragmatism the processes of thought (how and why the Principles of Psychology (1890/1970). mind works) rather than its contents. ⚬ 1,200pages, 2 volumes, 2 years Pragmatists knowledge is validated by its usefulness. William James William James 25 26 ASSOCIATIONISM " Psychology is the science of mental Life" examines how elements of the mind, like events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning. Principles of Psychology ( 1890) Hermann Ebbinghaus William James 27 28 7  9/14/24 ASSOCIATIONISM ASSOCIATIONISM first experimenter to apply associationist principles contiguity systematically similarity studied his own mental processes. contrast nonsense syllables - memorization (rehearsal) Hermann Ebbinghaus Hermann Ebbinghaus 29 30 31 32 8  9/14/24 ASSOCIATIONISM Principle of the law of effect ⚬ role of “satisfaction” is the key to forming associations the stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time if an organism is rewarded for that response Proceed Behaviorism Edward Thorndike 33 34 BEHAVIORISM BEHAVIORISM Behaviorism focuses only on the relation between “Psychology, as the Behaviorist sees it, is a purely observable behavior and environmental events or objective, experimental branch of natural science. Its stimuli theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. John B Watson John B Watson 35 36 9  9/14/24 BEHAVIORISM Claimed that the domain of Psychology is observable human behavior To be studied through experimental techniques already in place in the other sciences John B Watson John B Watson 37 38 GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY Regardless of the form or the structure of an incoming physical stimulus, the human perceptual system has a natural tendency/preference to organize the perceptual experience in a satisfyingly wholistic way. “the whole is more than the sum of its parts” Fritz Perls Fritz Perls 39 40 10  9/14/24 01 EMERGENCE OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Fritz Perls 41 42 Early Role of Psychobiology COGNITIVISM Karl Spencer Lashley 1950 - Cognitive Revolution Former student of Watson Cognitivism is the belief that much of human Challenged behaviorist view behavior can be understood in terms of how people think. ⚬ human brain is a passive organ brain to be an active, dynamic organizer of behavior 43 44 11  9/14/24 Early Role of Psychobiology Early Role of Psychobiology Behaviorists did not agree with theorists like Hebb Linguist Noam Chomsky (1959) and Lashley. ⚬ Chomsky stressed both the biological basis Behaviorist B. F. Skinner (1957) wrote an entire and the creative potential of language. book describing how language acquisition and ⚬ defied behaviorist notions that we learn usage could be explained purely in terms of language by reinforcement. environmental contingencies. 45 46 01 What Is Intelligence? the capacity to learn from experience, COGNITION AND using metacognitive processes to INTELLIGENCE enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment 47 48 12  9/14/24 Three Cognitive Models of Intelligence Carroll: Three-Stratum Model of TRIARCHIC THEORY OF Intelligence THREE-STRATUM MODEL INTELLIGENCE comprises a hierarchy of cognitive THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES abilities comprising three strata 49 50 51 52 13  9/14/24 Gardner: Theory of Multiple Intelligences Theory of multiple intelligences, in which intelligence comprises multiple independent constructs, not just a single, unitary construct. 53 54 Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Intelligence comprises three aspects: creative, analytical, and practical. 55 56 14  9/14/24 Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory of Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Intelligence 1. Metacomponents—higher-order executive processes (i.e., metacognition) used to plan, monitor, and evaluate problem solving. cognition is at the center of 2.Performance components—lower-order processes used for implementing the commands of the metacomponents. intelligence. 3.Knowledge-acquisition components—the processes used for learning how to solve problems in the first place. The components are highly interdependent 57 58 59 60 15