Cognitive Psychology.pdf

PSY 101.01 Introduction to Psychology Summer term 2024 Prof: Dr. Oytun AYGÜN Email: [email protected]  PSY 101.01 Introduction to Psychology Let9s Begin &with breathing Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazi...

PSY 101.01 Introduction to Psychology Summer term 2024 Prof: Dr. Oytun AYGÜN Email: [email protected]  PSY 101.01 Introduction to Psychology Let9s Begin &with breathing Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN  PSY 101.01 Introduction to Psychology Topics in Cognitive Psychology Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN  PSY 101.01 Introduction to Psychology Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Development: from Piaget to Present Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN Epistemology= science of knowledge Origin of knowledge: "how our knowledge is formed, how is it increased?» Logical analysis of knowledge Foundation of scientific knowledge =Logic « Set of formal rules allowing from true or false statements to lead to conclusions necessarily true » ÞCognitive tools and their development Epistemic subject: what is common in the process of constructing knowledge ↳ constructing knowledge Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN The Piagetian method of interview To understand: functioning cognitive of the child through different problems (experiments) The thinking process What sort of mistakes does the child/ person make? Kareilasterma Confrontation at situations with cognitive conflict Tests of reasoning Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN " Stage =the qualitative transformations that can be seen in behaviors and thinking of humans. 1 a. The order of succession of behaviors is constant and the stages of development cannot be reversed. "testi'' c. ② b. Integrative character: acquired behaviors at one level given are integrated into the structures of the next level. c. Each stage is characterized by an overall structure that determines all possible operations. Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN  Piaget: Stages of Cognitive Development Formal ④operational stage (11 years ③ Concrete old through Preoperational operational adulthood) ② stage (237 stage (7311 ① Sensorimotor years old) years old) stage (032 years old) Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN  (0-1,5/2 years) Piaget Stage 1: Sensorimotor stage (0-18/24 months) " The infant interprets the world aroundon the basis of his/hersenses and his/her actions (often with motor skills) Þ Development and coordination of sensory and motor skills in infants → Þ Intelligence linked to action: circular reaction concept repeatitive movements " Object permanenance, causality develops, Sense, move, schemas assimilation accommodation (theories about the way the world works) Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN  β The belief that objects exists even when they are not visible. Piaget and the object permanence (8-9 month) " Definition: " The object continues to exist even outside the visual field. " An object exists continuously in time and space: it cannot be at two different points without having existed temporally and spatially between these two points. Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN  Piaget and the permanence of the object " For Piaget, this ability appears around 9 months " Before this age: " each disappearance = an annihilation (yok etme/imha) " Each reappearance = a resurrection (dirittme/yeniden canlandirma) " It marks the beginning of intelligence in the baby (ability to Object per - represent the absent object) Object per + " However& modern experiment show earlier!! Modern Object Permenance Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN Piaget Stage 2- Preoperational stage (237 years old) preliminary understanding of the physical world " Appearance of the representation of objects " Egocentrism --> Thory of mind still developing stage " Reversibility and conservation not acquired 2 ÞLogic of representation and perception genersiz Kilmak ÞPerceptual biases override logic egocentrically , heorg of mind, NOT understand is still developing conservation and reversibility (they see what/see) - (ligiud) (math) Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN  Piaget Stage 3- Concrete operational stage (7311 years old) thinking logically " Evolution from a simple intuitive form to a logical form of thought " Concrete operations: manipulable objects ✓ " Mastery of reversibility + conservation " Criterion for passing from intuition to logical thought " Ability to mentally perform the same action in both directions while ∀ being aware that it is the same action (notion of invariant / same conservation which allows the return to the previous state) Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN Piaget Stage 4- Formal operational stage (11 years old through adulthood) " Abstract thinking → they can think abstract things logically. " Ability to represent objects and concepts " Volumes understood ergenlik " Preteen to adulthood Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN The notion of conservation and Piaget9s conservation tasks v  Conservation tasks " 2 types of operations appear during the operative stage " Logico-mathematics (Mantik + Matematik) " For a transformation to be perceived as operational, it is necessary to understand the invariants ÞUnderstand that the object retains its properties despite the perceptual transformations Þconservation " The construction of invariants is evaluated from the Piagetian tests of conservation Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN Examples of Conservation tasks " Preoperational " Operational Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN The stages of a conservation task " 1. Initial equivalence " The experimenter asks to establish an equivalence as to the property of an object. " Make sure that the child accepts this equivalence! " 2. Processing " Transform the initial state of one of the objects by verbalizing it. " 3. Key question " "Is there that much, the same amount of modeling clay here and here?" Or is there more here or there? How do you know ? Explain to me " " 4. Counter-suggestion " Check the solidity of the answer given: "yesterday a child of your age told me that it was the same in two pieces. What do you think ?» " 5. Second Transformation (etc.) Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN " The example of the number Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN " The example of the number Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN  The example of the number " Initial equivalence " Row of same length as model row Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN  4-5 The example of the number years " Key question " "Is there the same number of green tokens as white tokens or are there more green or more white? How do you know ? » " The child is mistaken because of the different length of the model row: simple intuition " Importance of perceptual aspects: lack of conservation- Stage preoperative " "There's more because it's longer" " Counter-suggestion Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN  The example of the number 5- " 3. Key question 6years " Term-to-term correspondence:Articulated intuition " R: The child begins to take into account several dimensions at the same time " But errs if the transformation is too muchimportant " 4. Counter-suggestion " The child is in an intermediate stage " Low strength of respons Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN The example of the number 6- " 3. Key question 7years " Operative level : concept of conservation acquired " The child relies on spontaneous justifications " Notion ofreversibility " 4. Counter-suggestion " The child resists: he is retaining " For Piaget, the number is only accessible from conservation,i.e.around 7 years old " Depends on the task Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN  The 3 levels of conservation - In summary " Preoperative level 3 Simple intuition " Non-conservation (perceptual responses) " Intermediate Level 3 Articulated Intuition " Conservation responses if the change to the object is small " Sometimes conservation responses (operative reasoning), sometimes non-conservation " Low resistance to counter-suggestion " Operating level - Conservation " Spontaneous justifications " Notion of reversibility " Resistance to counter-suggestion " The levels during the other conservation tests (substance, weight, volume&) 3 but ages vary Introduction to Psychology, PSY 101.01, Bogazici University, summer term 2024, Dr. Oytun AYGÜN Experiences quantification of inclusion a.