Gender & Society PDF

**GENDER & SOCIETY** SEX - the biological aspect of sex; maleness or femaleness. GENDER - social interpretation of sex; masculinity, femininity, etc. \- Heteronormativity determining the normality of the behavior based on Norms. GENDER IDENTITY -- transgender / how we see and experience ourselve...

**GENDER & SOCIETY** SEX - the biological aspect of sex; maleness or femaleness. GENDER - social interpretation of sex; masculinity, femininity, etc. \- Heteronormativity determining the normality of the behavior based on Norms. GENDER IDENTITY -- transgender / how we see and experience ourselves as a man, a woman, or neither SEXUAL ORIENTATION - emotional and sexual attraction to a person. LESSON 1: GENDER and SEXUALITY as a SOCIAL REALITY SEX ⮚Biological aspect of sex; male or female ⮚Penis -- male ; Vagina -- female ⮚Hermaphroditism -- has two sexual organs GENDER Social interpretation of sex: masculinity, femininity, etc. HETERONORMATIVITY Phenomena of determining the normality of the behavior based on norms Ex. If you are expecting a baby girl, the probability of you receiving pink items is high. GENDER IDENTITY How we see and experience ourselves (man, woman, neither) SEXUAL ORIENTATION Pertains to our emotional and sexual attraction to a person. ▪Heterosexual (male to female, vice-versa), Homosexual (male to male, vice-versa), bisexual (both sexes) ▪LGBTQA+ PATRIARCHY ⮚Comes from the Greek word, "Patriarkhes" meaning the rule of the father. ⮚Social system where men primarily holds power in the political and private spheres A patrilineal society follows a patriarchal society so only men can inherit property and the family name. SEX GENDER --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Biological characteristics (including genetics, anatomy and physiology) that generally define humans as female or male. Note that these biological characteristics are not mutually exclusive; however, there are individuals who possess both male and female characteristics. Socially constructed set of roles and responsibilities associated with being girl and boy or women and men, and in some cultures a third or other gender. Born with. Not born with. Universal, A-historical No variation from culture to culture or time to time. Gender roles vary greatly in different societies, cultures and historical periods as well as they depend also on socio-economic factors, age, education, ethnicity and religion. Cannot be changed, except with the medical treatment. Although deeply rooted, gender roles can be changed over time, since social values and norms are not static. Example: Only women can give birth. Only women can breastfeed. Example: The expectation of men to be economic providers of the family and for women to be caregivers is a gender norm in many cultural contexts. However, women prove able to do traditionally male jobs as well as men (e.g. men and women can do housework; men and women can be leaders and managers). FEMINISM ⮚Social movement that aims to challenge the patriarchal society that creates oppressive political structures, beliefs and practices against women Patriarchy-social system where men primarily holds power in the political and the private spheres. Feminism - continuing series of social movements that aim to challenge the patriarchal society that creates these oppressive political structures, beliefs, and practices against women Patriarchy-social system where men primarily holds power in the political and the private spheres. Feminism - continuing series of social movements that aim to challenge the patriarchal society that creates these oppressive political structures, beliefs, and practices against women. FORMS OF GENDER OPPRESSION 1\. Sexism -- prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination based on sex Women are thought to be the weaker sex Men are viewed as the more privileged one 2\. Gender Pay Gap -- men earn more than women 3\. Underrepresentation in politics, military, executive positions, etc. 4\. Rape on women and the stigma making women ashamed to report the crime (victim blaming) 5\. Very conservative expectations on women on how they should behave 6\. Women do more household chores and childcare. 7\. Boys are trained to be leaders while girls are trained to do house chores WOMEN EMPOWERMENT ⮚1st WAVE OF FEMINISM -- during 19th and 20th century, women demanded right to vote or participate in elections and to be able to legally own property. ⮚SIOMONE DE BEAUVIOR ("THE SECOND SEX", 1949.) ⮚BETTY FRIEDAN (the FEMINE MYSTIQUE, 1963) ⮚KATE MILLET (Sexual Politics, 1969) ⮚GERMAINE GREER (The Female Eunuch, 1970) SALIENT POINTS FEMINISM DEMAND 1\. Women Suffrage 2\. Equality in politics and society 3\. Reproductive rights 4\. Domestic Violence -- RA 9262 Anti Violence Against Women and their Children 5\. Sexual Harassment and Violence 6\. Right to divorce equitable wages and equal employment CHED Memorandum Order No. 01, Series of 2015 Establishing the policies and guidelines on gender and development in the commission on higher education and higher education institutions (HEIS) GAD Focal point system in CHED (Dr. Eloisa Mackay)  Develop Gender and Development curricula Gender Responsive Research Programs Gender Responsive Extension Programs GAD Database in the institution GENDER EQUALITY vs. WOMEN\'S RIGHTS Women's rights:  entitlements that women have on the basis that they are human.  normatively based in several international human rights documents (e.g. The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)).  Arranged around the concept of duty bearer& rights holder Gender equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex are fundamental human rights! Gender equality implies equal enjoyment of rights by man and women. TRANSGENDER vs. TRANSSEXUAL Transgender: refers to those trans people who live permanently in their preferred gender, without necessarily needing to undergo any medical intervention/s. Transsexual: refers to people who identifies entirely with the gender role opposite to the sex assigned to at birth and seeks to live permanently in the preferred gender role. Transsexual people might intend to undergo, are undergoing or have undergone gender reassignment treatment (which may or may not involve hormone therapy or surgery) What is Gender Schema? -explains how individuals develop cognitive frameworks for understanding gender roles, behaviours, and expectations within their culture. Social learning theory is a major theoretical system in psychology, designed to describe the processes of human development (Bandura & Walters, 1963). Categories in Gender Schema Theory - Sex-typed individuals identify with the gender that corresponds to their physical sex. These individuals process and integrate information according to their schema for their gender. - Cross-sex typed individuals process and integrate information according to their schema for the opposite gender. - Androgynous individuals process and integrate information based on their schema for both genders. Undifferentiated individuals have difficulty processing information based on any gender schema. Limitations of Gender Schema Theory - Excessive focus on binary gender categories - The idea is overly focused on \"male\" and \"female\" stereotypes and ignores those who do not fall into these categories. - Underestimation of Individual Agency - The theory implies that people just conform to gender norms and ignores the possibility of choosing to act otherwise. - Limited Explanation for Gender Role Flexibility - The theory argues that once a person learns a gender role, they remain with it, but it doesn't explain why some individuals become more flexible with their roles. Four types of Feminst Theory: - Liberal Feminism- Is a value of freedom and hold that the just state ensires freedom fo individuals, itembraces the value and role for the state and insist freedo for women. There\'s a disagreement tha concerns how freedom should be understood by people. - Marxist Feminism- one of feminist theory that grounds its perspective in Karl Marx\' work on capitalism. It argues that women\'s oppression is linked to the gendered structures of capitalism and the system of private property.  - Cultural feminism- this theory refers to a philosophy that says men and women have different approaches to their sorroundings, that greater value should be placed on the way women approach the world. In different cases, cultural feminism argues that a woman\'s way of looking at the world is actually superior to men\'s. This perspective aims to unite all women, regardless of ethnicity, race, class or age. - Radical Feminism - highlighting the patriarchal foundation of gender inequality, particularly the social dominance of men over women. Radical feminism sees patriarchy as structuring societal rights, privileges, and power largely based on gender, thereby marginalizing women and giving advantages to men. Status -- pertains to your position to the society in which you may occupy more than one position (e.g., being a daughter, student, etc.) 1. Ascribed status -- assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life, example: sex 2. Achieved status -- social position that a person can acquire on the basis of merit and is earned or through efforts, example: becoming an athlete Gender roles -- activities that a society link to being Male or Female. Just as gender affects how we think of ourselves, so it teaches us how to behave. Gender role socialization begins at birth and continues throughout the life course.