EGE 311 Gender and Society PDF

EGE 311 MODULE 1 SEXUALITY GENDER AND SEXUALITY AS A SOCIAL REALITY  refers to a person’s sexual attraction, identity, and behavior.  Sex, Gender and...

EGE 311 MODULE 1 SEXUALITY GENDER AND SEXUALITY AS A SOCIAL REALITY  refers to a person’s sexual attraction, identity, and behavior.  Sex, Gender and Sexuality affects our life  It encompasses how a person feels about their choices. These influences our identity, own body, how they expresss their sexuality, taste and style as a person. and who they are attracted to. LESSON1: SEX, GENDER AND SEXUALITY SEX GENDER AND SEXUALITY ACROSS TIME  is a biological term. We use it often to refer to  Perception on Gender and Sexuality had the act of mating between two organisms- an changed across time. act which is part of the process of biological  Nowadays more and more people are reproduction. A more technical term for this is accepting the fact that each sex and coitus. gender has their own strengths and  The concept of “sex” may also be expanded to capabilities uniquely different from one include other behavior associated with the act another. of mating: animal courtship rituals, human “foreplay”. GENDER ROLE SOCIALIZATION  the process of learning and internalizing GENDER culturally approved ways of thinking,  refers to the differentiated social roles, behaviors, feeling, and behaving. capacities, and intellectual, emotional and  It starts as soon as one is born and manifests social characteristics attributed by a given from the color associated with one’s gender to culture to women and men- in short, all the roles one sees his or her gender performs differences besides the strictly biological. the most. TWO GENDERS:  Socialization - affects all parts of one’s identity 1. Masculine - ascribed to the male sex. by dictating what is acceptable to do because 2. Feminine - ascribed to female. of one’s educational background, class,  The way a society is organized according to sex religion, and gender. Thus, female and male is referred to by some social scientist as the gender roles develop “sex-gender system”. GENDER ROLES GENDER STEREOTYPES  are justified by gender stereotypes about the  develop when different institutions reinforce a different personality traits, skills and capacities biased perception of a certain gender’s role. that men and women have.  The institutions include the family, the church, the  Men said to be physically stronger than women, school, the state, and the media. “BOYS thus more fit to take on work outside of the WILL BE BOYS, GIRLS WILL BE GIRLS” home.  Women are perceived as fit only for household FOUR TYPES OF work that does not require great physical GENDER STEREOTYPES exertion. Women are supposed to be better 1. Sex Stereotypes equipped for minute, detailed manual work,  are generalized view of traits that because their fingers are smaller and should be possessed by men and therefore nimbler that men’s. women, specifically physical and emotional roles. Difference between Sex and Gender  These stereotypes are unrelated to the roles women and men actually perform. 2. Sexual Stereotypes  involve assumptions regarding a person’s sexuality that reinforce dominant views. For example: a prevalent view is that all men are sexually dominant. Another notion is heteronormativity, or the assumption that all persons are only attracted to sex opposite theirs. 3. Sex-role Stereotypes  encompass the roles that men and women are assigned to base on their sex and what behaviors they must possess to fulfill these roles. 4. Compound Stereotypes  are assumptions about a specific group belonging to a gender. Examples of groups subject to compounded stereotypes are young women, old men, single men or women, women factory workers and the like. B R Y L E N I Ñ A M. P O R O L  EGE 311 GENDER AND SEXUALITY AS A SUBJECT OF 2. Bisexual INQUAIRY  attracted to people of one’s own gender and people of other gender(s). SOGIE  Two common misconceptions are that  Sexuality Orientation and Gender Identity and bisexual people are attracted to everyone Expression and anyone, or that they just haven’t  Sexuality - is different form sex, as the former is “decided.” Often referred to as “bi.” See the expression of a persons’ thoughts, feelings, also Pansexual/Fluid and Queer. sexual orientation and relationships, as well as the biology of the sexual response system of 3. Gay that person.  generally refers to a man who is attracted to men. SOGIE TERMS  Sometimes refers to all people who are attracted to people of the same sex; 1. Sexual Orientation sometimes “homosexual” is used for this  To their emotional and physical attraction to also, although this term is seen by many people of a specific gender either male or today as a medicalized term that should be female. retired from common use.  Coverts three dimensions of sexuality: A. sexual attraction, sexual behavior, 4. Lesbian sexual fantasies;  a woman who is attracted to women. B. emotional preference, social preference, Sometimes also or alternately “same- self- identification and gender-loving woman” or “woman loving C. heterosexual or homosexual lifestyle woman.” See also Gay  Sexual orientation involves the person to whom one is attracted and how one 5. Pansexual/Fluid identifies himself or herself in relation to  attracted to people regardless of gender. this attraction which includes both romantic Sometimes also or alternately “omnisexual” and sexual feelings. or “polysexual.” See also Bisexual and  Based on sexual orientation: Queer.  Lesbian  Gay 6. Questioning  Bisexual  one who may be unsure of, reconsidering, or chooses to hold off identifying their 2. Gender Identity sexual identity or gender expression or  refers to one’s personal experience of gender identity. or social relations.  It determines how one sees himself or herself 7. Queer in relation to gender and sexuality. A  traditionally a derogatory term, yet reclaimed person could identify himself on herself as and appropriated by some LGBTQ a masculine or feminine. individuals as a term of self-identification.  Deeply held inner feelings or whether you’re  It is an umbrella term which embraces a female or male both or neither. matrix of sexual preferences, gender  Based on gender identity/expression expressions, and habits that are not of the  + Agender heterosexual, heteronormative, or  + Bigender genderbinary majority.  + Transgender  It is not a universally accepted term by all  + Transsexual members of the LGBT community, and it is  Is how a person personally experiences and often considered offensive when used by understands their gender. It influences how heterosexuals. they view themselves in terms of gender  An umbrella term that people use to describe and sexuality. Someone might identify as a wide range of sexual orientation and masculine or feminine. gender identities. 3. Gender Expression 8. Straight  determines how one expresses his or her  attracted to people of the “opposite” sex sexuality through the actions or manner of  also sometimes generally used to refer to presenting oneself. people whose sexualities are societally  To the way a person communicates gender normative. Alternately referred to as identity to others through behavior, clothing, “heterosexual.” hairstyles, voice or body characteristics.  Is how someone shows their gender through GENDER IDENTITY AND EXPRESSIONS actions or appearance  refers to the ways in which a person identifies and/or expresses their gender, BASIC TYPS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION including self-image, appearance, and embodiment of gender roles. 1. Asexual One’s sex (e.g. male, female, intersex, etc.)  not sexually attracted to anyone and/or no desire  is usually assigned at birth based on one’s to act on attraction to anyone. Does not physical biology. necessarily mean sexless. One’s gender (e.g. male, female, genderqueer, etc.)  Asexual people sometimes do experience  is one’s internal sense of self and identity. affectional (romantic) attraction. B R Y L E N I Ñ A M. P O R O L  EGE 311 One’s gender expression (e.g. masculine, feminine, 7. INTERSEX androgynous, etc.)  A general term used for a variety of genetic,  Is how one embodies gender attributes, hormonal, or anatomical conditions in presentations, roles, and more. which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male.  Some intersex individuals identify as 1. HETERONORMATIVITY transgender or gender variant; others do  is defined as a notion that being not. (Note: hermaphrodite is an obsolete heterosexual, or attraction to the term that is not currently considered opposite sex, is the standard of appropriate.) correctness.  Is a general term used for a variety of  Is the belief that being attracted to the situations in which a person is born with opposite sex is the normal or correct reproductive or sexual anatomy that standard. doesn’t fit the boxes of “female” or “male” 2. HETEROSEXUAL 8. TRANSGENDER  or straight, refers to people who have  First coined to distinguish gender benders sexual and romantic feelings mostly for with no desire for surgery or hormones the opposite gender- men who are from transsexuals, those who desired to attracted to women, and women who are legally and medically change their sex, attracted to men more recently transgender and/or trans has become an umbrella term popularly used 3. ANDROGYNY to refer to all people who transgress  The mixing of masculine and feminine dominant conceptions of gender, or at gender expression or the lack of gender least all who identify themselves as identification. The terms androgyne, doing so. The definition continues to agender, and neutrois are sometimes used evolve. by people who identify as genderless, non-  A broad term used for people whose gender gendered, beyond or between genders, or identity doesn’t match the sex they were some combination thereof. assigned at birth.  Is a type of gender expression that mixes masculinity and femininity or the lack of 9. TRANSSEXUAL gender identification.  The term transsexual has historically been used to refer to individuals who have 4. CISGENDER medically and legally changed their sex,  A gender identity that society considers to or who wish to do so. “match” the biological sex assigned at birth.  Most transsexual people feel a conflict The prefix cis- means “on this side of” or between their gender identity and the sex “not across from.” A term used to call they were assigned at birth. Other labels attention to the privilege of people who used within this group are MtF (male-to- are not transgender female) or trans woman, and FtM (female-  Describes someone whose internal sense of tomale) or trans man. gender corresponds with the sex the person was identified as having at birth. 10. TWO-SPIRIT  A person who identified with the Native 5. CROSSDRESSER American tradition of characterizing certain  refers to occasionally wearing clothing of the members of the community as having the “opposite” gender, and someone who spirit of both the male and female genders. considers this an integral part of their identity may identify as a crossdresser 11. BIPHOBIA (note: the term crossdresser is preferable  Aversion of and/or prejudice toward the idea to transvestite and neither may ever be that people can be attracted to more than used to describe a transsexual person). one gender, and/or bisexuals as a group or  Cross-dressing is not necessarily tied to as individuals, often based on negative erotic activity or sexual orientation. stereotypes of bisexuality and the  Refers to a person who sometimes wears invisibility of bisexual people. clothes usually worn by a different gender.  An aversion toward bisexuality or people who identify or are perceived as bisexual. 6. GENDERQUEER/ THIRD GENDER/ GENDER FLUID 12. COMING OUT  These terms are used by people who identify  The process of acknowledging one’s sexual as being between and/or other than male orientation and/or gender identity or or female. expression to oneself or other people.  They may feel they are neither, a little bit of  Refer to the process of telling someone else both, or they may simply feel restricted by how they identify in terms of their romantic gender labels. orientation, sexual orientation, or gender  Are terms used by people who feel they are identity. neither fully male nor female, or a mix of both. B R Y L E N I Ñ A M. P O R O L  EGE 311 13. GENDER BINARY MODULE 2  A system of classifying sex and gender into BIOMEDICAL PERSPECTIVE IN GENDER AND two distinct and disconnected forms of SEXUALITY masculine and feminine.  It can be referred to as a social construct or LESSON 1: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF a social boundary that discourages people REPRODUCTION from crossing or mixing gender roles, or from creating other third (or more) forms of “Reproductive system consists of organs that function gender expression. It can also represent in the production of offspring.” some of the prejudices which stigmatize people who identify as intersex and BIOLOGICAL FEMALE transgender.  Female Reproductive system  Refers to the societal or cultural belief that  Is a complicated but fascinating there are only two categories of gender: subject. It has the capability to men and women function intimately with nearly every other body system for the 14. HETEROSEXISM purpose of reproduction.  The presumption that everyone is straight  Puberty - signals the development and/or the belief that heterosexuality is a of primary and accessory organs superior expression of sexuality. Often that ssupport reproduction. includes the use of power of the majority (heterosexuals) to reinforce this belief and  Female Reproductive Organs forgetting the privileges of being straight in  Can be subdivided into the our society internal and external genitalia.  A cultural belief that heterosexuality is the only normal/superior type of sexual identity and that anyone who deviates from heterosexual behavioral norms is aberrant. 15. HOMOPHOBIA  Negative attitudes and feelings toward people with non-heterosexual sexualities; dislike of, or discomfort with, expressions of sexuality that do not conform to heterosexual norms. 16. INTERNALIZED OPPRESSION  In reference to LGBTQ people, internalized oppression is the belief that straight and External Female Reproductive System non-transgender people are “normal” or  Are collectively called as the Vulva. better than LGBTQ people, as well as the  Function of Vulva: often-unconscious belief that negative  To enable sperm to stereotypes about LGBTQ people are true. enter the body  Occours when members of an oppressed  To protect the internal group (LGBTQIA community) accept or genital organs from reaffirm negative stereotypes against their infectious organisms. own group. Main External Structures of Female Reproductive 17. LGBTQ System  An acronym for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer. This is currently one of the most popular ways in U.S.  MONS PUBIS society to refer to all people who are  A fatty mound which covers the marginalized due to sexual orientation pubic bone and/or gender identity, although other letters are often included as well to  LABIA MAJORA represent identities described above.  enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs. 18. TRANSPHOBIA  Literally translated as "large lips,"  Negative attitudes and feelings toward the labia majora are relatively large transgender individuals or discomfort and fleshy, and are comparable to with people whose gender identity the scrotum in males. and/or gender expression do not conform  contain sweat and oil-secreting to traditional or stereotypic gender roles. glands. After puberty, the labia  A rejection of trans identity and refusal to majora are covered with hair. acknowledge that it could possibly be real or valid.  LABIA MINORA  Literally translated as "small lips” a GENDER EQULITY minora can be very small or up to 2  State in which access to rights or inches wide. They lie just inside the opportunities is unaffected by gender or labia majora, and surround the sexual identity. openings to the vagina and urethra. B R Y L E N I Ñ A M. P O R O L  EGE 311  VAGINAL OPENING  Fallopian Tubes  the canal that joins the lower part of  These are narrow tubes that are the uterus to the outside of the body attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as tunnels for the  URETHRAL OPENING ova (egg cells) to travel from the  opening of the urethra, a tube which ovaries to the uterus. The carries urine from the bladder fertilization of an egg by a sperm, outside of the body normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the  CLITORIS uterus, where it implants into the  A small structure with sensitive nerve lining of the uterine wall. endings located within the labia minora, the sole purpose of which is  Endometrium for sexual arousal and pleasure.  The inner lining contained in the uterus. It builds up and sheds  PERINEUM monthly in response to hormonal  The space between the anus and situation. the vaginal opening.  Myometrium  ANUS  is the middle layer of the uterine wall,  Rectal opening consisting mainly of uterine smooth muscle cells (also called uterine myocytes) but also of supporting stromal and vascular tissue. Its main function is to induce uterine contractions Understanding female reproductive anatomy is not only the study of its external and internal structures; it also includes the hormonal cycle. HORMONES  Are natural substances produced in the body.  They help to relay messages between cells and organs and affect many bodily functions. TWO MAIN FEMALE SEX HORMONES  Estrogen Internal Female Reproductive Tract  Is the major female hormone. (Internal Genitalia)  It plays a big role in reproductive  Internal Genitalia are those and sexual development including: organss that are within the true Puberty, Menstruation, pelviss. Pregnancy and Menopause.  Vagina  Progesterone  Is a canal that joins the cervix (lower  Prepares the endometrium for the part of the uterus) to the outside of the potential of pregnancy after body. It also is known as the birth ovulation. canal.  It triggers the lining to thicken to accept a fertilized egg. It also  Uterus (womb) prohibits the muscle contractions  is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is in the uterus that would cause the the home to a developing fetus. body to reject an egg.  The uterus is divided into two parts: the cervix and the main body of the uterus, The gonadotropins, Follicle-Stimulating called the corpus. The corpus can Hormone (FSH) is responsible for starting follicle (egg) easily expand to hold a developing development and causing the level of estrogen to rise baby. and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) which aids in egg maturation and provides the hormonal trigger to cause  Cervix ovulation and the release of eggs from the ovary.  The lower portion of the uterus which contains a small opening called the Testosterone os. Menstrual blood flows through the ( considered a male hormone, female also produce and os into the vagina during menstruation. need a small amount of this.) Semen travels through the os into the  It plays a role in several body functions like uterus and the fallopian tubes following sexual desire, regulation of the menstrual ejaculation during sexual intercourse. cycle and bone and muscle strength. The cervical os dilates (opens) during childbirth. B R Y L E N I Ñ A M. P O R O L  EGE 311 MENSTRUAL CYCLE remaining portion of the follicle to  Is a complex and is controlled by many develop into the corpus luteum different glands and the hormones that which produces the progesterone. these glands produce. Endometrial glands begin to secrete  HYPOTHALAMUS nutrients and lining becomes more  A brain structure, causes vascular. the nearby pituitary gland to produce certain OVARIAN CYCLE chemicals, which prompt the ovaries to produce  Follicular Phase (Day 1-13) the sex hormones  It is the first part of the ovarian estrogen and cycle. During this phase the progesterone. ovarian follicle mature and get ready to release the egg.  Is a biofeedback system, which means each structure and gland is affected by the  Ovulation Phase (Day 14) activity of the others.  It is the shortest phase in the  Can be described by the ovarian or cycle wherein the mature egg uterine cycle. is released from one of the  OVARIAN CYCLE ovarian follicles down the  Describes changes that fallopian tube. occur in the follicles of  Mittelschmerz is one-sided, the ovary lower abdominal pain  UTERINE CYCLE associated with ovulation. It's a  Describes changes in sign that a female released the endometrial lining of an egg from one of her the uterus. ovaries. In most cases, mittelschmerz doesn't require medical attention  Luteal Phase (Day 15-28)  It is marked after the release of the mature egg. Follicle- stimulating hormone and Luteinizing Hormone cause the remaining parts of the follicle to transform into corpus luteum.  It produces progesterone that UTERINE CYCLE inhibits the release of FSH and  Menstrual Phase LH by the pituitary.  Occurs when ovum is not Consequently, the fertilized and does not implant concentration of FSH and LH its self into the uterine lining. falls over time and the corpus  High levels of estrogen and luteum degenerates. progesterone - causes the pituitary gland to stop releasing FSH and LH.  Low level/ Decrease of THE BIOLOGICAL MALE estrogen and progesterone - causing the endometrium to be sloughed off and Male Reproductive System bleeding ensures. It is during  Is located outside of the body. this time that ovarian  External structures - are the penis, scrotum, hormones are at their lowest epididymis, and testes. levels.  Internal Organs - are called accessory  Proliferative Phase organs, includes the vas deferens, seminal  FSH is released that vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral stimulates the ovaries to glands. produce estrogen and causes the ova to mature in the ovarian follicles.  Endometrium is repaired, thickens and becomes well vascularized in response to increasing levels of estrogens.  Secretory Phase  LH is released that causes the ovaries to release a mature ovum and causes the B R Y L E N I Ñ A M. P O R O L  EGE 311 MODULE 2  Penis BIOMEDICAL PERSPECTIVE IN GENDER AND  male genital organ of higher vertebrates, SEXUALITY carrying the duct for the transfer of sperm during copulation. In humans Lesson 2: THE PROCESS OF REPRODUCTION and most other mammals, it consists largely of erectile tissue and serves also for the elimination of urine Reproduction  Is just one of the physiological proceses besides  Scrotum organizations, metabolism, responsiveness, and  Serves as a cooling unit to maintain movement the optimal temperature for sperm  Is one of the most important concepts in biology. development. The optimal temperature It means making a copy, a likeness, and a for sperm development is lower than thereby providing for the continued existence of 37°C. species.  Epididymis  The narrow, tightly-coiled tube  Ovulation connecting rear of the testicles to the  is a part of a female’s menstrual cycle vas deferens). It stores sperm for when a mature egg is released from maturation. the ovary and travels to the fallopian tube for possible  Testes fertilization.  Are contained in the scrotum, they are the male gonads.  Conception  is the time when sperm travels up  Vas Deferens through the vagina, into the uterus,  A long, muscular tube that travels and fertilizes an egg found in the from the epididymis into the pelvic fallopian tube cavity. It transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation  Fertilization  the time when a sperm cell  Seminal Vesicles successfully meets an egg cell in  Are two small glands that store and fallopian tube produce the majority of the fluid that makes up semen.  Pregnancy  Prostate  is the period in which a fetus  A walnut-sized gland located between develops inside a woman's womb the bladder and the penis. It secretes or uterus fluid that nourishes and protects sperm.  Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands) HOW DOES PREGNANCY OCCUR  Are a pair of pea shaped exocrine glands located posterolateral to the Starts with sperm cells and egg cells  membranousurethra. They contribute to During Ovulation, female releases one mature  the final volume of semen by producing a egg travels through the fallopian tube to uterus. lubricating mucus secretion. When male and female have sexual intercourse  The sperm cells get in to the vagina through Hormones ejaculation.  Testosterone is the major male hormone  The sperm cell swim up through the cervix and produced mainly by the testes. uterus and into the fallopian tube, looking for  It is responsible for the growth and an egg. development of a boy during adolescence and for the development If one sperm does make its way into the fallopian of sperm and secondary sexual tube and burrows into the egg, it fertilizes the egg and is characteristics called a zygote. Like in females, men has FSH and LH too. LH stimulates testosterone production and FSH helps At the instant of fertilization, the baby’s genes and  control the production of sperm. sex are set.  Zygote moves down to the fallopian tube towards the uterus forming a ball of cells called blastocyst.  blastocyst floats in the uterus for 2 to 3 days before it attaches to the lining of the uterus. This called implantation when pregnancy officially begins. Human chorionic Gonadotropin (HcG)  A pregnancy hormone  is in the blood from the time of implantation.  prevents the lining of the uterus from shedding. If the egg does not meet up with the sperm or does not implant tin the uterus, the thick lining of the uterus pass out of the body during menstruation. B R Y L E N I Ñ A M. P O R O L  EGE 311 TEENAGE PREGNANCY PREVENTION “ The surest way to avoid pregnancy is not to have sex. Or if you do have sex, to always use contraception.”  Birth Control  Known as contraception.  Is designed to prevent pregnancy.May work in a number of different ways:  Preventing sperm from getting to the eggs  You have choice among either to use artificial or natural methods. Average age of 12.3 Years  The occurrence of menstrual period among CHART OF CONTRACEPTION female.  It signals maturation of the adolescent female body. Commonly associated with the ability to ovulate and reproduce. However, the appearance of menarche does not guarantee either ovulation or fertility. TEENAGE PREGNANCY  Also known as adolescent pregnancy  Pregnancy in female under the age of 20 “Equipping the youth with the knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary to protect themselves against unwanted pregnancy and provide them access to reproductive healthcare are needed.”. HEALTH CONSQUENCES  For the Infants  low birth weight  Preterm birth  Higher peri- and post-neotanal mortalty  For the Mother  Anemia  Delayed prenatal care  Depression  Inadequate weight gain  Pregnancy induced hypertension  Eclampsia  Second birth as a teen SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES  Unmarried Pregnant Adolescents may face:  Stigma  Rejection by parents, peers, and threats of violence  Pregnant before age of 18  Violence within marriage or a partnership B R Y L E N I Ñ A M. P O R O L  EGE 311 MODULE 2  Sweat and Body Odor BIOMEDICAL PERSPECTIVE IN GENDER AND  During puberty, these glands SEXUALITY become more active and secrete different chemical into the sweat  What to do: Lesson 3: SEXUAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE  Bathe or shower everyday using soap and warm Puberty water.  Causes all kinds of changes in the adolescent’s  Wear clean clothing body. everyday (shirts, socks,  These bodily changes are normal part of underwear) developing into an adult.  Cotton clothing is  There are instances when these changes can be a recommended as it will source of anxiety to the growing teen. help absorb sweat more effectively  To prevent sweaty and  HEALTH underarm odor, use  is a state of complete physical, mental deodorant with and social well-being and not merely antiperspirant. the absence of disease or infirmity.  Body Hair  HYGIENE  Growing body hairs are again due to  refers to behaviors that can improve hormones in action. cleanliness and lead to good health.  What to do:  Make sure, blade of your  SEXUAL HEALTH razor is new and sharp to  Refers to a state of physical, emotional. prevent cuts and nicks. Mental and social well-being in relation  If you razor does not have to sexuality shaving gel right in the  It requires a positive and respectful blade area, use shaving approach to sexuality and sexual cream or gel because relationships, as well as the possibility of they make it easier to pull having pleasurable and safe sexual the razor against your skin. experiences.  Do it slowly and carefully  For sexual health to be attained and to prevent cutting yourself maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled.  Dental Hygiene  Dental health problems like tooth  REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH decay, gum bleeding or swelling, foul  refers to the state of complete physical, breath - are indicative of poor health. mental and social well-being and not  Dental problems - can cause poor merely the absence of disease or self-esteem and can lower the infirmity in all matters relating to the adolescent’s body image, especially reproductive system and to its at a time when they are very functions and processes at all stages conscious of their appearance. of life.  It suggests that people with adequate reproductive health have a satisfying and safe sexual life, can have children, and can make a choice as to whether they would like to have children and when and how to prevent them. TEEN HYGIENE  Oily Hair  Teenagers with greasy hair is a common accurrence. Hormones are up and down during this time.  hormones that create acne are the ones responsible for your oily hair too. HEALTH CARE CHECK FOR THE FEMALE Each strand of hair has its own sebaceous gland which keeps hair shiny  Breast Self-Exam and waterproof. But during puberty when  or regularly examining your the sebaceous glands produce extra oil, it breasts on your own, can be an can make you hair look too shiny, oily and important way to find a breast greasy. cancer early, when it’s more likely  What to do: to be treated successfully. While no  Wash hair regularly single test can detect all breast  Do not scrub or rub hair and scalp cancers early, performing breast too hard self-exam in combination with other  Use conditioner for oily hair screening methods can increase  Pay attention to products you use on the odds of early detection. your hair. B R Y L E N I Ñ A M. P O R O L  EGE 311 HOW TO DO A BREAST SELF-EXAM:  STEP 1 Begins by looking at your breast in the mirror with your shoulders straight and your arms on your hips. What you should look for:  Breasts that are their usual size, shape, and color  Breasts that are evenly shaped without visible distortion or swelling If you see any of the following changes, bring them to your doctor's attention:  Dimpling, puckering, or bulging of the skin  A nipple that has changed position or an inverted nipple (pushed inward instead of sticking out)  Redness, soreness, rash, or swelling  STEP 2 Raise your arms and look for the same changes.  STEP 3 Look fro any signs of fluid coming out of one or both nipples (this could be a watery, milky, or yellow fluid or blood.  STEP 4  Feel your breasts while lying down, using your right hand to feel your left breast and then your left hand to feel your right breast. Use a firm, smooth touch with the first few finger pads of your hand, keeping the fingers flat and together. Use a circular motion, about the size of a quarter.  Cover the entire breast from top to bottom, side to side — from your collarbone to the top of your abdomen, and from your armpit to your cleavage. Follow a pattern to be sure that you cover the whole breast. You can begin at the nipple, moving in larger and larger circles until you reach the outer edge of the breast. You can also move your fingers up and down vertically, in rows, as if you were mowing a lawn. This up-and-down approach seems to work best for most women. Be sure to feel all the tissue from the front to the back of your breasts: for the skin and tissue just beneath, use light pressure; use medium pressure for tissue in the middle of your breasts; use firm pressure for the deep tissue in the back. When you've reached the deep tissue, you should be able to feel down to your ribcage  STEP 5 Feel your breasts while you are standing or sitting. Many women find that the easiest way to feel their breasts is when their skin is wet and slippery, so they like to do this step in the shower. Cover your entire breast, using the same hand movements described in step 4 B R Y L E N I Ñ A M. P O R O L EGE 311 B R Y L E N I Ñ A M. P O R O L EGE 311 B R Y L E N I Ñ A M. P O R O L EGE 311 B R Y L E N I Ñ A M. P O R O L EGE 311 B R Y L E N I Ñ A M. P O R O L EGE 311 B R Y L E N I Ñ A M. P O R O L EGE 311 B R Y L E N I Ñ A M. P O R O L