Sex and Gender Identity Overview
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Sex and Gender Identity Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between sex and gender?

  • Sex is defined by sexual orientation, whereas gender is defined by anatomy.
  • Sex refers to biological characteristics, while gender refers to social interpretations. (correct)
  • Sex and gender are interchangeable terms with the same meaning.
  • Sex is determined by clothing style, whereas gender is biological.

    • Which of the following correctly describes heteronormativity?

  • Determining the normality of behavior based on societal norms. (correct)
  • Acceptance of transgender identities in mainstream culture.
  • Acknowledgment of diverse sexual orientations.
  • The reinforcement of male dominance in society.

    • What term is used to describe the emotional and sexual attraction to a person?

  • Gender identity
  • Heteronormativity
  • Patriarchy
  • Sexual orientation (correct)

    • What does the term 'patriarchy' primarily refer to?

    <p>The rule of men in both political and private spheres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which identification best describes a person who identifies as neither male nor female?

    <p>Non-binary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hermaphroditism refer to in terms of biological sex?

    <p>A condition where an individual has two distinct sexual organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a patrilineal society, who is typically allowed to inherit property?

    <p>Only males, based on the patriarchal structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best captures the essence of gender identity?

    <p>It encompasses how individuals see themselves as men, women, or neither.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described as a social system where men primarily hold power?

    <p>Patriarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a form of gender oppression mentioned?

    <p>Affirmative Action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main objectives of the 1st Wave of Feminism in the 19th and 20th centuries?

    <p>To gain the right to vote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about gender roles is true?

    <p>Both men and women can take on caregiver responsibilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates a gender norm in many cultures?

    <p>Women are often viewed as caregivers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social movement aims to challenge oppressive structures against women?

    <p>Feminism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stereotype often leads to sexism against women?

    <p>Women are perceived as the weaker sex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT typically associated with the variations in gender roles?

    <p>Personal preferences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following demands is part of the salient points of feminism?

    <p>Women suffrage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gender equality imply?

    <p>Equal enjoyment of rights by men and women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of transgender individuals?

    <p>They may identify with a gender different from the one assigned at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key documents that informs women's rights?

    <p>The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the CHED Memorandum Order No. 01 in 2015?

    <p>To develop Gender and Development curricula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does Gender Schema Theory explain?

    <p>How individuals develop cognitive frameworks for understanding gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a right included in the feminism demands?

    <p>Mandatory overtime pay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sex-typed individuals identify according to Gender Schema Theory?

    <p>They identify with the gender corresponding to their physical sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the processing of information by androgynous individuals?

    <p>They integrate information according to their schema for both genders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which limitation of Gender Schema Theory highlights the rigidity of gender roles learned?

    <p>Limited Explanation for Gender Role Flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of Marxist Feminism?

    <p>The link between women's oppression and capitalist structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of feminism argues that women's approaches should be valued as superior to men's?

    <p>Cultural Feminism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'ascribed status' refer to in the context of social roles?

    <p>A status assigned at birth or involuntarily later in life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feminist theory specifically highlights the patriarchal structure of society?

    <p>Radical Feminism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary critique of the excessive focus on binary gender categories?

    <p>It neglects non-binary and gender-fluid identities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feminist theory emphasizes the connection between gendered structures and capitalism?

    <p>Marxist Feminism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sex and Gender

    • Sex refers to the biological aspect of a person, typically categorized as male or female.
    • Gender is the social interpretation of sex and is defined as masculinity, femininity, or other gender expressions.

    Heteronormativity

    • Refers to the societal belief that heterosexuality is the norm, and any sexual orientation is considered to be different.
    • This can lead to stereotypes, discrimination, and prejudice.

    Gender Identity

    • A person’s internal sense of gender; how they perceive their sex.
    • People may identify as male, female, non-binary, or have a different gender identity.

    Sexual Orientation

    • Refers to a person’s emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction to others.
    • Heterosexuality is attraction to the opposite gender.
    • Homosexuality is attraction to the same gender.
    • Bisexuality is attraction to two (or more) genders.
    • LGBTQA+ stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Asexual, plus other gender and sexual identities.

    Patriarchy

    • Is a social system where men hold primary power in the political and private spheres.
    • It can lead to the oppression of women and other marginalized genders.

    Feminism

    • Refers to a range of social movements that challenge the patriarchal system.
    • Feminists advocate for equality between men and women.
    • They believe that women have been historically disadvantaged in society and continue to face oppression.
    • Feminist movements work to achieve equal rights, opportunities, and treatment for all genders.

    Forms of Gender Oppression

    • Sexism - Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination based on sex, that often results in women being perceived as the weaker sex and men as the more privileged.
    • Gender Pay Gap - Men earn more than women for the same work.
    • Underrepresentation - Women are underrepresented in leadership positions in politics, the military, and executive positions.
    • Rape - The stigma surrounding rape often discourages women from reporting the crime, leading to victim blaming and shame.
    • Conservative Expectations - Women are often held to stricter standards regarding behavior and appearance.
    • Unequal Labor - Women do more housework and childcare than men.
    • Gendered Training - Boys are often trained to be leaders, while girls are trained to do housework.

    Women's Empowerment Through Feminism

    • The First Wave of Feminism (19th and 20th centuries)

      • Focused on gaining the right to vote and own property for women.
      • Key Figures: Simone de Beauvoir, Betty Friedan, Kate Millet, Germaine Greer.

    • Salient Points of Feminism

      • Women's Suffrage - The right to vote.
      • Political and Social Equality - Equal representation in government, business, and society.
      • Reproductive Rights - Rights to access contraception and abortion, and to make choices about their bodies.
      • Domestic Violence - The passing of laws to protect women from domestic violence.
      • Sexual Harassment and Violence - Eradicate harassment and violence against women.
      • Equal Wages and Employment - Equitable pay for equal work, and equal access to job opportunities.

    CHED Memorandum Order No. 01, Series of 2015 (Philippines)

    • Established policies and guidelines for gender and development in the Commission on Higher Education and higher education institutions (HEIs).
    • Key components:
      • GAD Focal Point Systems - Designated personnel to address gender and development issues.
      • GAD Curricula - Develop curriculum that promotes gender equality.
      • Gender-Responsive Research Programs - Research that considers gender dynamics.
      • Gender-Responsive Extension Programs - Outreach programs that address gender issues.
      • GAD Database - Collect and disseminate data about gender in the institution.

    Gender Equality vs. Women's Rights

    • Women's rights - Entitlements that women are due based on their shared humanity, derived from international human rights documents such as the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).
    • Gender equality - Focuses on equal rights and opportunities for both men and women, including women's rights.

    Transgender and Transsexual

    • Transgender - Individuals who live permanently in their preferred gender role, without necessarily undergoing medical interventions.
    • Transsexual - Individuals who identify with the gender role opposite to the sex assigned at birth and seek to permanently live in their preferred gender role, often undergoing gender reassignment treatments such as hormone therapy or surgery.

    Gender Schema Theory

    • Explains how individuals develop cognitive frameworks for understanding gender roles, behaviors, and expectations within their culture.
    • Social Learning Theory - A major theory in psychology that describes how individuals learn through observation, modeling, and reinforcement (Bandura & Walters, 1963).

    Categories in Gender Schema Theory

    • Sex-typed individuals - Identify with the gender that corresponds to their physical sex and process information based on their schema for their gender.
    • Cross-sex typed individuals - Process information according to their schema for the opposite gender.
    • Androgynous individuals - Process information based on their schema for both genders.
    • Undifferentiated individuals - Have difficulty processing information based on any specific gender schema.

    Limitations of Gender Schema Theory

    • Focus on Binary Categories - Overly focused on "male" and "female" stereotypes and ignores individuals who do not identify with these categories.
    • Underestimation of Individual Agency - Implies that people simply conform to gender norms, not recognizing the ability to choose to act differently.
    • Limited Explanation for Gender Role Flexibility - Doesn't fully account for the concept of individuals becoming more flexible with gender roles over time.

    Types of Feminist Theory

    • Liberal Feminism - Values freedom and emphasizes the role of the state in ensuring individual freedom. It believes that the state can ensure equal rights for women.
    • Marxist Feminism - Argues that women's oppression is tied to the capitalist system and the private ownership of property.
    • Cultural Feminism - Highlights differences in the way men and women approach the world. Advocates for the value of women's perspectives and approaches, often considering them to be superior.
    • Radical Feminism - Emphasizes the patriarchal foundation of gender inequality, believing that men hold social dominance over women. It aims to dismantle patriarchy to achieve real equality.

    Status

    • Refers to an individual's position in society. People often occupy multiple positions (e.g., daughter, student, employee).
    • Ascribed Status - Assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily, such as a person's sex, ethnicity, or family lineage.

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    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of sex, gender, and sexual orientation in this quiz. Understand the differences between biological sex and social gender, and learn about the implications of heteronormativity and various gender identities. This quiz is crucial for anyone studying gender studies or social sciences.

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