Grammar PDF

Grammar Prepared by Koveshnikova Sofiya The structure of the sentence The English language has a strict word order: subject ― verb ― object Part of sentence (SVO) Function Example Subject someone or something...

Grammar Prepared by Koveshnikova Sofiya The structure of the sentence The English language has a strict word order: subject ― verb ― object Part of sentence (SVO) Function Example Subject someone or something He is reading a book performing an action Verb action He is reading a book Object the object that the action is He is reading a book directed to  Parts of speech There are 8 parts of speech in English. Part of speech Function Example Noun names an object or person a student, a house, an employee Pronoun replaces the noun I, you, we, they, he, she, it Adjective characterizes a noun kind, handsome, good, bad, clever Verb names an action or state to run, to be, to feel, to play, to cry Adverb characterizes the verb fast, often, ridiculously, cleverly, insanely Preposition connects a noun with another on, in, behind, into, over, under, word around Conjuction words that connect words or a and, but, because, until, so, group of words unless Interjection expresses emotions ouch, oops, hush, wow Clause or sentence The grammar of the English language contains concepts such as «clause» and «sentence». However, «clause» does not always express a complete thought and is only part of a complex sentence. If I studied hard, I would be good at English If-clause grammar Main-clause  Characteristics of the verb in English There are 3 tenses and 4 aspects in Tenses English Aspects Present Simple Past Continuous (progressive) Future Perfect Perfect continuous So there are only 12 time forms. Time shows when an action takes place, and the aspect characterizes its duration, completeness and repeatability. Active and passive voice The voice can be active and passive. In an active voice, the subject performs the action itself. In the passive voice, the action is performed on the subject. Dan sent a A message was message sent Regular and irregular verbs All verbs in English can be divided into 2 groups: regular and irregular Irregular verbs in English differ in that they don’t form past tense forms according to the rule. That is, not by adding the ending -ed to the base of the verb. 3 forms Endin Regular verb g -ed Irregular verb  The role of the verb in a sentence In a sentence verb can be: To jump, to teach Most English verbs are basic. They Main describe an action or state. to be, to do, to They do not have independent meanings, have which are used to express grammatical Auxiliary information (tense, number, person) in combination with basic verbs. to be, to become, to feel, to Linking verbs connect the subject with an look, to Linking adjective or noun that describes it, gives seem, to some information about it. sound, to smell, to taste.  Modal verbs They don’t express an action, but the Modal verbs include: speaker's attitude can, may, must, towards it: should, would, the possibility, could, might, shall, necessity, ability to will, have to, need. commit it, or prohibition.  Characteristics of a noun in English Plural and singular nouns Countable and uncountable nouns Collective nouns Check your knowledge of the topic