Grade 9 Biology Reviewer (PDF)

BIOLOGY REVIEWER First Quarter (SCOPE: Circulatory System, Respiratory System, Circu and Respi Diseases, Genetics) Circulatory System  Endocardium...

BIOLOGY REVIEWER First Quarter (SCOPE: Circulatory System, Respiratory System, Circu and Respi Diseases, Genetics) Circulatory System  Endocardium  Lines the inner heart Cardiovascular system – involves heart only chambers Circulatory System – heart, blood, and blood  Covers heart valves vessels  Continuous with the endothelium of large  FUNCTIONS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: blood vessels o Carry oxygen and nutrients to every cell of the body  4 Cardiac Valves o Remove carbon dioxide (CO2)  Pulmonary Valve and other wastes from the cell  Tricuspid Valve o For diffusion – the movement of  Mitral/ Bicuspid Valve the materials from the blood to  Aortic Valve the cell and vice versa HEART – about the size of your clenched fist Oxygenated Blood – carry oxygen (O2) Deoxygenated Blood - NO oxygen; carry carbon dioxide (CO2)  4 Chambers: ARTERIES – away from the heart; always  Right Atrium remember that the pulmonary arteries does  Right Ventricle not contain O2 – rich blood  Left Atrium VEINS – towards the heart  Left Ventricle - thickest because it supplies O2 to the different body parts  Septum – separates the 4 chambers BLOOD FLOW – direction of the blood  Due to separate chambers, heart  PULMONARY CIRCULATION – blood to function as double pump. the lungs  Heartbeat – rhythmic contraction of the (Deoxygenated blood) heart muscles  Layers of the Heart Wall: 1. Superior and Inferior Vena Cava  Epicardium - protects the inner 2. Right Atrium heart layers and assists in the 3. Tricuspid Valve opens production of pericardial fluid. 4. Right Ventricle  Myocardium 5. Tricuspid Valve closes  thickest layer of the heart 6. From right ventricle, pulmonary valve walls opens  thickest in the left ventricle 7. Pulmonary artery  composed of cardiac 8. Pulmonary valve closes muscle fibers, which 9. Left pulmonary artery to LEFT LUNG enable heart contractions 10. Right pulmonary artery to RIGHT LUNG  SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION – blood to the PLATELETS heart to be pumped to other parts of the WHITE BLOOD CELLS body RED BLOOD CELLS (oxygenated blood)  PLASMA 1. From right and left lungs composed of salts/ 2. To right and left pulmonary veins minerals, water, wastes, 3. To left atrium and proteins 4. Mitral/ bicuspid valve opens largest single component 5. To left ventricle of blood; mostly consists of 6. Mitral/bicuspid valve closes water 7. Aortic valve opens  PLATELETS 8. To aorta Thrombocytes 9. aortic valve closes blood clotting 10. from aorta to arteries Fibrins trap the platelets  Cardiac Cycle (Seal the wounds)  The chambers of the heart They create a web to trap alternately contract and relax in blood cells a rhythmic cycle.  WHITE BLOOD CELLS Leukocytes Larger than RBC 700 RBC = 1 WBC Fight against pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and other harmful microorganisms White blood cell includes the following:  SYSTOLE – heart PUMPS blood - heart contracts  DIASTOLE – FILLED with blood - heart relaxes BLOOD  Functions of Blood: To transport dissolve gases, nutrients, hormones, and  RED BLOOD CELLS metabolic waste Erythrocytes Protection against toxins, Produced by bone pathogens, and blood lost marrow injuries Contains hemoglobin Regulation of pH levels, which contains iron which blood buffering, body allows the oxygen to bind temperature, and to red blood cell electrolytes Hemoglobin gives red  BLOOD COMPONENTS: color to the blood PLASMA  sacs and the blood within the REMEMBER: lungs Heart rate increases after strenuous activity to o Internal Respiration – process of spread oxygen throughout the body more gas exchange between the quickly. blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissues o Expiration – Exhaling Circulatory System DISEASES 1. Rheumatic Heart Disease  Common among toddlers  Patient suffers from fever and body weakness  Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes 2. Anemia  Excessive white blood cells  Enlarged lymph nodes  Prone to infection 3. Stroke  Blockage on the brain’s arteries  Patient lost consciousness and suffer from difficulty in speaking  A.K.A. cerebrovascular accident 4. Atherosclerosis  Plaque formation on the arteries  Due to unhealthy lifestyle 5. Hypertension/ Hypertensive Heart Disease  Elevated (increased) blood pressure  Results from tightening of arterioles  PATHWAY OF AIR UPON ENTERING THE 6. Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) RESPIRATORY TRACT  Reduced blood flow  Caused by prolonged ischemia and hypoxia 7. Coronary Heart Disease  Blood is not able to reach heart’s coronary arteries 8. Angina Pectoris  Painful sensation in the chest, left arm, and shoulder 9. Hemophilia  Blood doesn’t clot properly  Bleeders 10. Leukemia  Blood produces cancer-like WBCs Respiratory System - Is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. 1. Nostril 2. Nasal Cavity  4 phases of breathing 3. Pharynx o Inspiration - inhaling 4. Larynx (contains the voice box) o External Respiration - the 5. Trachea/ windpipe interchange of oxygen and 6. Bronchi (left bronchus and right carbon dioxide between the air bronchus) 7. Bronchioles (branches of bronchi)  8. Alveoli (air sacs; where gas  runny nose with nasal secretions exchange happens)  clogged nose  chilling  high fever 6. Common cold  Most common infectious disease  Caused by coronaviruses or rhinoviruses  Contagious through air droplets or surfaces 7. Asthma  Shortness of breath  Cough wheezing  Rapid breathing  Tiredness  Chest tightness 8. Emphysema UPPER Respiratory Tract:  Ruptured alveoli  Nasal cavity  Caused by damaged bronchial  Pharynx (tonsils contain white blood tubes and lungs cells to fight against infections caused 9. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by pathogens; tonsillitis – bacterial (COPD) infection and inflammation of tonsils)  tobacco smoking; 20 to 30 percent  Larynx of chronic smokers may develop  Epiglottis (closes trachea when we clinically apparent COPD swallow food to prevent food from  exposure to heavy amounts of going to lungs) secondhand smoke and pollution  exposure to fumes from burning fuel LOWER Respiratory Tract: for cooking and heating in poorly ventilated homes  Trachea/Windpipe  genetic problems like Alpha-1  Bronchi Antitrypsin Deficiency are also  Lungs causes of COPD.  Pleura (covers the lungs)  Bronchioles  Alveoli Respiratory System DISEASES 1. Tuberculosis  Frequent coughing  Frequent chest pain and night chills  Caused by mycobacterium  Patients with TB shall undergo 24 weeks medication before considered cured 2. Bronchitis  Scarred bronchi  Production of abnormal amount of mucus GENETICS 3. Lung Cancer  Gregor Mendel – father of genetics  Caused by being a chain-smoker  DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid (genetic  leads to lump mass material) 4. Pneumonia  May caused by letting your sweat  MENDELIAN GENETICS: dry on your body Mendel’s Principles:  Increased mucus in lungs 1. Law of Dominance – Dominant allele  Positive on lung infection masks the recessive allele  Needs anti-bacterial treatment 2. Law of Segregation – Offspring’s one 5. Influenza gamete from father, one gamete from  frequent sneezing mother  3. Law of Independent Assortment – genes ANOTHER EXAMPLE: do not influence each other; individual In pea plants, yellow seed color is dominant to uniqueness green seed color. A heterozygous pea plant is crossed with a plant that is homozygous DOMINANT allele – expressed; capital letter recessive for seed color. RECESSIVE allele – masked/hidden; lowercase Given:  AA- Homozygous Dominant Dominant – yellow  Aa – Heterozygous Recessive – green  Aa – Homozygous Recessive **Use any letter to represent the PHENOTYPE – physical characteristics alleles** GENOTYPE – genes; genetic make-up; combination of two alleles G – yellow g – green EXAMPLE: Cross two (2) heterozygous purple flower. Let purple be dominant and white be recessive. Identify what to cross based on the given: Given: Bb x Bb heterozygous x homozygous recessive B – dominant; purple b – recessive; white Gg x gg Punnett Square: G g g Gg gg g Gg gg Genotype: Gg – 50% (2) gg – 50% (2) Genotype: Genotypic ratio: 2:2 BB – 25% (1) Bb – 50% (2) Phenotype: bb – 25% (1) 50% Yellow 50% green Genotypic ratio: 1:2:1 Phenotypic ratio: 2:2 Phenotype: 75% Purple (25% BB + 50% Bb) (3)  NON- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE 25% white (25% bb) (1)  Incomplete Dominance  Codominance Phenotypic ratio: 3:1  Multiple Allelism Remember: Since B is dominant, both BB and Bb encodes for purple phenotype. Therefore, all genotype with the presence of dominant allele (B) is purple. Only bb (both recessive alleles) is white.