Circulation and Respiration PDF

“Man is the most insane species. He worships an invisible God and destroys a visible Nature. Unaware that this Nature he’s destroying is this God he’s worshipping.” - Hubert Reeves "I will love you as long as my heart still beats and my brain still brains."...

“Man is the most insane species. He worships an invisible God and destroys a visible Nature. Unaware that this Nature he’s destroying is this God he’s worshipping.” - Hubert Reeves "I will love you as long as my heart still beats and my brain still brains." - Homer Simpson Circulation and Respiration Chapter 30 Respiratory and Circulatory Systems  Functions of the Circulatory System Transport: Moves oxygen, nutrients, waste, hormones, and immune cells. Temperature regulation: Maintains optimal body temperature. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation Protection: Fights invaders via immune cells, platelets, and white blood cells.  Different Circulatory Systems Open circulatory system: hemolymph bathes organs directly then diffuse back into heart through sinuses Closed circulatory system: blood transported through vessels into capillaries where diffusion of gases and nutrients occurs  Different Circulatory Systems Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System Arthropods and mollusks Vertebrates and annelids Less efficient More efficient Lack of capillaries Capillaries present Hemolymph transports Blood transports gases, nutrients and wastes nutrients and wastes Tissues and cells bathed in Blood delivered directly to cells hemolymph Fast, controlled blood flow Slow, uncontrolled blood flow  What’s in the Blood? Plasma (55% of blood) Platelets Liquid portion of blood that holds blood cells in suspension Ions and proteins regulate osmotic and pH balance 55% Formed elements (45% of blood) Red blood cells White blood cells 45% White blood cells Platelets Red blood cells  What’s in the Blood? Red blood cells (erythrocytes): oxygen transport Leukocytes Contain hemoglobin Lack nucleus and most organelles 95% of all blood cells in the body Platelets White blood cells (leukocytes): immune response to disease and foreign invaders (pathogens) Pathogens Platelets: cell fragments that aid in Fibrin threads blood clotting  Hemoglobin Hemoglobin: oxygen-carrying protein made up of four polypeptide chains. Each hemoglobin can transport four oxygen molecules due to iron elements Approximately 250 million hemoglobin per red blood cell (RBC)  Oxygen Transport Oxygen binding controlled by the partial pressure of O2 Force of O2 molecules against the body HIGH PARTIAL PRESSURE OF LOW PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN IN THE LUNGS OXYGEN IN THE TISSUES Hemoglobin binds oxygen Hemoglobin releases oxygen  Blood Vessels Blood vessel tissues: endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue Veins (venules): vessels carrying blood back to the heart Valves Capillaries: thinly walled vessels where gas, nutrient and waste exchange occurs. Lack smooth muscle Arteries (arterioles): vessels with thick walls that carry blood away from the heart  Exchange at Capillaries Capillaries are so small that RBCs pass through single-file Gases, nutrients and waste move via diffusion  Vertebrate Circulatory System Cardiovascular system: Transports blood, nutrients, gases, and hormones to cells. Heart: hollow muscular organ pumps blood through circulatory system by rhythmic contraction Atria: chambers that receive blood entering heart Ventricles: chambers that pump blood out of the heart Pulmonary circuit: circuit of blood flow between the heart and the lungs Systemic circuit: circuit of blood flow between the heart and the rest of body Circulation of Blood Through the Heart  Heart Valves Semilunar valve: valve between ventricles and aorta or pulmonary artery Atrioventricular valve: valve between atria and ventricles The Sound of a Heartbeat  Path of Blood Through The Heart Superior and Inferior Vena Cava Right Atria Atrioventricular (AV) Valve Right Ventricle Semilunar Valve Pulmonary Arteries Lungs (CO2 out, O2 in) Pulmonary Veins Left Atria Atrioventricular (AV) Valve Left Ventricle Semilunar Valve Aorta Body (O2 out, CO2 in)  Cardiovascular System in Humans 1. Right ventricle pumps blood through semilunar valve 2. Pulmonary arteries carries oxygen-poor blood to lungs 3. Capillary beds O2 is attached CO2 is released traveling through the pulmonary veins 4. Left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood through the mitral valve 5. Left ventricle blood moves through the aortic valve 6. Aorta (Artery) carries O2 rich blood to the capillaries 7. Capillaries O2 is unloaded and CO2 is loaded in venules and veins 8. Vena cava carries CO2 blood to the heart 9. Right atrium receives CO2 from superior and inferior Continues going through the closed system Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrate Hearts Vertebrate Circulatory Systems  Cardiac Cycle Diastole: period of heart relaxation when the heart fills with blood Systole: period of heart contraction when blood is forced out of the heart  Blood Pressure 1. Cuff inflated- closes artery flow 2. Cuff deflated- Decreased relief causes blood flow into arm. Systolic pressure is measured. 3. Cuff deflated to point that pulse can no longer be heard or felt. Diastolic pressure is measured.  Blood Pressure Patients between 18-40 years old Systolic: 90-120 mmHg Diastolic: 60-80 mmHg Patients above 40 years old Systolic: 90-130 mmHg Diastolic: 60-85 mmHg Health conditions/ physical activity  Cardiac Cycle Heart rate: frequency of cardiac cycle Usually expressed as beats per minute (BPM)  Blood Pressure Interpretation: Blood pressure and velocity decreases in the arterioles and capillaries Blood flow slowest in capillaries where exchange of gases, nutrients and waste occurs Blood flow (velocity) increases in venules and veins  Directing the Flow of Blood Precapillary sphincters control blood flow to specific areas. Muscle contractions and valves help return blood to the heart.  The Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Diaphragm: sheet of skeletal muscle that extends along the bottom of the rib cage Expands and contracts to force air into and out of lungs  Structure of the Alveoli Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli and out of the body as exhalation occurs. Inhaled oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood. Respiratory Cycle Breathing Control Occurs in medulla oblongata and pons Monitors blood pH Exercise = more O2 needed and more CO2 produced Lower pH signals for increase in depth and rate of breathing Hyperventilation: when ventilation of CO2 exceeds body’s production of CO2  Respiratory Medical Condition Top four respiratory medical conditions: - Asthma - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Pneumonia - Lung Cancer  Respiratory Medical Condition Asthma Chronic condition causing inflammation and narrowing of the airway Annual death rate: 3,500  Respiratory Medical Condition Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Long-term diseases, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis Annual death rate: 150,000  Respiratory Medical Condition Pneumonia Infection inflaming air sacs, caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi Annual death rate: 50,000  Respiratory Medical Condition Lung Cancer Cancer beginning in the lungs, interfering with normal breathing functions Annual death rate: 130,000  Cardiovascular Medical Conditions Top four cardiovascular medical conditions: - Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) - Cardiomyopathy - Arrhythmias - Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)  Cardiovascular Medical Conditions Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) PAD arteries in legs & other parts become narrowed with reduced blood flow leading to complications such as pain and ulcers. Annual Death Rate: Around 10,000 deaths in the U.S.  Cardiovascular Medical Conditions Cardiomyopathy Condition where the heart muscle becomes weakened, thickened, or stiffened, often leading to heart failure. Annual Death Rate: Estimated 15,000 deaths in the U.S. each year.  Cardiovascular Medical Conditions Arrhythmias Irregular heartbeats either too fast, too slow, or irregular. Severe arrhythmias could lead to stroke or heart failure. ◻ Annual Death Rate: Less than 300,000 deaths in the U.S.  Cardiovascular Medical Conditions Heart Failure- (Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Heart failure when heart is unable to pump blood effectively leading to fluid buildup and other issues in the body. Annual Death Rate: Around 350,000 deaths in the U.S.  Cardiovascular Medical Conditions Kills more than 750,000 people in U.S annually Hypertension: high blood pressure Heart attack: damage or death of cardiac muscle due to blockage of coronary artery Stroke: death of nervous tissue due to lack of O2 Atherosclerosis: hardening of arteries by accumulation of fatty deposits (plaque) Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) High-density lipoproteins (HDL) Plaque  Cardiovascular Medical Conditions Kills more than 750,000 people in U.S annually Hypertension: high blood pressure Heart attack: damage or death of cardiac muscle due to blockage of coronary artery Stroke: death of nervous tissue due to lack of O2 Atherosclerosis: hardening of arteries by accumulation of fatty deposits (plaque) Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) High-density lipoproteins (HDL) Plaque  Heart Attack Coronary arteries: arteries that supply the heart with blood Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs): carry cholesterol from the liver and small intestine to outlying tissues “Good” and “Bad” Cholesterol Treatments for Cardiovascular Disease Angiogram Angioplasty Stents Treatments for Cardiovascular Disease  Cardiovascular Surgery Bypass Surgery Uses artery from leg to Coronary artery bypass blockage of coronary artery Coronary artery: artery supplying blood to the heart  Check Your Understanding True or False: An open circulatory system delivers blood to tissue through capillaries True or False: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood, while arteries always carry oxygenated blood True or False:Your breathing rate is controlled by the pH level in your blood  Check Your Understanding Which of the following is false concerning a closed circulatory system? a. Capillaries present b. More efficient than open circulatory system c. Blood transfers gases, nutrients and wastes d. Slow blood flow  Check Your Understanding Oxygenated blood from the lungs empties into which chamber of the heart? a. Left ventricle b. Right atrium c. Right ventricle d. Left atrium e. Aorta  Check Your Understanding Describe how breathing rate is controlled. Why do you breathe into a paper bag when hyperventilating?  Check Your Understanding Draw the direction of blood flow through the heart, and name all the heart chambers and major vessels entering and leaving the heart.