Government.pdf

Government LOUIECHI VON RAMA MENDOZA, DPA Faculty Department of Public Governance Cebu Normal University  OUTLINE Part 1 Etymological Definition of Government Functional Definition of Government History and Evolution of Government Roles and...

Government LOUIECHI VON RAMA MENDOZA, DPA Faculty Department of Public Governance Cebu Normal University  OUTLINE Part 1 Etymological Definition of Government Functional Definition of Government History and Evolution of Government Roles and Functions of the Government in the modern times. Types of Government Part 2 The Philippine Government Structure (National Government) Separation of Powers Concept of Checks and Balance Local Government Units Fundamentals of Political Science OUTLINE Part 1 Etymological Definition of Government Functional Definition of Government History and Evolution of Government Roles and Functions of the Government in the modern times. Types of Government Fundamentals of Political Science  Etymological Definition Government comes from the term govern. From Old French governer, derived from Latin gubernare "to direct, rule, guide, govern", which is derived from the Greek kybernan (to pilot a ship). Fundamentals of Political Science Etymological Definition Governance Fundamentals of Political Science  Definition Government refers to the agency (a body-politic) through which the will of state is formulated. Government refers to persons or aggregate of persons in whose hands are placed on the time being the function of political control. Fundamentals of Political Science  Definition Government refers to the system or organization that exercises authority and control over a particular group of people within a defined territory. Governments are responsible for making and enforcing laws, maintaining order, providing public services, and managing various aspects of society. Fundamentals of Political Science History of Government Finer, S. E. (1997). The History of Government from the Earliest Times: Ancient monarchies and empires (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press. Fundamentals of Political Science History of Government: PrePolitical Social Organization So long as humans were few, there was hardly any government. The division of function between ruler and ruled occurred only, if at all, within the family. The largest social groups, whether tribes or villages, were little more than loose associations of families, in which every elder or family head had an equal voice. Chieftains, if any, had strictly limited powers; some tribes did without chieftains altogether. This prepolitical form of social organization may still be found in some regions of the world, such as the Amazonian jungle in South America or the upper Nile River valley in Africa. Government | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica. (2023). In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/government Fundamentals of Political Science  History of Government Primitive Government Assimilated from Agricultural Society The rise of agriculture began to change that state of affairs. In the land of Sumer (in what is now Iraq) the invention of irrigation necessitated grander arrangements. Control of the flow of water down the Tigris and Euphrates rivers had to be coordinated by a central authority. In early Sumer, it is reasonable to assume, the heads of the first cities, which were little more than enlarged villages, only gradually assumed the special attributes of monarchy— the rule of one—and the village council only gradually undertook a division of labour, so that some specialized as priests and others as warriors, farmers, or tax gatherers (key figures in every civilized society). Government | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica. (2023). In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/government Fundamentals of Political Science Greece: The city-state The Phoenician example was followed by the Greeks, originally Indo-European nomads who gradually made their way south to the Aegean and there took to the sea. They built on the achievements of earlier peoples and even took over the first bureaucratic monarchy to appear on European soil. Greeks begun to found overseas colonies but also brought nearly to maturity the city- state (polis in Greek, from which the term politics derives). This form of government was the great political invention of classical antiquity. Government | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica. (2023). In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/government Fundamentals of Political Science  Greece: The city-state The city-state was made possible by Mediterranean geography, which is such that every little fishing village had to be able to defend itself against attack from land or sea, for outside help could not reach it easily. A person’s dependence on his community, for physical as well as economic survival, was therefore obvious and complete. The city had first claim on his labour and loyalty, a claim that was usually freely recognized. It was this reality that led Aristotle (who himself came from just such a small commonwealth, Stageira) to define humans as political animals. Government | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica. (2023). In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/government Fundamentals of Political Science Modern Government: Provider of Basic Services Provision of Basic Services are referred to those activities that lead to the satisfaction or basic needs which according to PA scholar, L. Cariño (1993) have many referents: 1 Needs which pertain to the three basic necessities of life and have to be provided to each individual/ family; 2. Needs which enhance the general welfare of the people and improve the individual's capacity to produce more for his welfare. 3. Needs which improve access to the means of production and economic opportunities; and 4. Needs which gives a sense of security and freedom. Fundamentals of Political Science Types of Government According to number of ruler. Degree of decentralization. Based on Ideological Foundation Fundamentals of Political Science  Types of Government By Plato (The Republic) Timocracy. Socrates defines a timocracy as a government of people who love rule and honor. Socrates argues that the timocracy emerges from aristocracy due to a civil war breaking out among the ruling class and the majority. Over time, many more births will occur to people who lack aristocratic, guardian qualities, slowly drawing the populace away from knowledge, music, poetry and "guardian education", toward money-making and the acquisition of possessions. This civil war between those who value wisdom and those who value material acquisition will continue until a compromise is reached. Oligarchy. Temptations create a confusion between economic status and honor which is responsible for the emergence of oligarchy. In Book VIII, Socrates suggests that wealth will not help a pilot to navigate his ship, as his concerns will be directed centrally toward increasing his wealth by whatever means, rather than seeking out wisdom or honor. The injustice of economic disparity divides the rich and the poor, thus creating an environment for criminals and beggars to emerge. The rich are constantly plotting against the poor and vice versa. Republic (Plato): Dialectical forms of government | Saylor Academy. (2023). Saylor Academy. https://learn.saylor.org/mod/book/view.php?id=30539&chapterid=6506&fbclid=IwAR2W-nxJALj16E33Tgh1rLQ- mPjCiOTxX7_CbyavAAaHXwJYNvRzfqYUK9Q Fundamentals of Political Science  Types of Government By Plato (The Republic) Democracy. As this socioeconomic divide grows, so do tensions between social classes. From the conflicts arising out of such tensions, the poor majority overthrow the wealthy minority, and democracy replaces the oligarchy preceding it. The poor overthrow the oligarchs and grant liberties and freedoms to citizens, creating a most variegated collection of peoples under a "supermarket" of constitutions. Tyranny. The excessive freedoms granted to the citizens of a democracy ultimately leads to a tyranny, the furthest regressed type of government. These freedoms divide the people into three socioeconomic classes: the dominating class, the elites and the commoners. Tensions between the dominating class and the elites cause the commoners to seek out protection of their democratic liberties. Republic (Plato): Dialectical forms of government | Saylor Academy. (2023). Saylor Academy. https://learn.saylor.org/mod/book/view.php?id=30539&chapterid=6506&fbclid=IwAR2W-nxJALj16E33Tgh1rLQ- mPjCiOTxX7_CbyavAAaHXwJYNvRzfqYUK9Q Fundamentals of Political Science Types of Government By Aristotle (Politics) Street, F. (2017, February 21). Tyranny, Democracy, and the Polity: Aristotle’s Politics. Farnam Street. https://fs.blog/aristotles- politics/?fbclid=IwAR0b7BZ_WuTtGafTsPSipZJmgwYmFj5h1tOOX5_bm_yRgoVs2OBaFkvOvbs Fundamentals of Political Science OUTLINE Part 2 The Philippine Government Structure (National Government) Separation of Powers Concept of Checks and Balance Local Government Units Fundamentals of Political Science  Philippine Government We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines | GOVPH. (2023). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ Fundamentals of Political Science  Philippine Government The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines | GOVPH. (2023). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ Fundamentals of Political Science  Philippine Government The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines | GOVPH. (2023). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ Fundamentals of Political Science  Philippine Government The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines | GOVPH. (2023). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ Fundamentals of Political Science  Philippine Government The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines | GOVPH. (2023). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ Fundamentals of Political Science  LEGAL BASIS OF PHIL. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, as in past constitutions, vested the power of government on the Legislative (Article VI), Executive (Article VI), and the Judiciary (Article VI). Thus, the specific mandate is herein set as follows: Art. VI, Sec. 1: The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines which shall consist of a Senate, and a House of Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by the provision on initiative and referendum. Art. VII, Sec. 1: The executive power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines. Art. VIlI, Sec. 1: The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower court as may be established by law. Fundamentals of Political Science  LEGAL BASIS OF PHIL. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION The legislative structure in the Philippines is bicameral. The Senate is composed of 24 Senators, and the House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than 250 members, unless otherwise fixed by law, who shall be elected from legislative districts apportioned among the provinces, cities, and Metropolitan Manila area in accordance with the number of their respective inhabitants. Senators are elected at large for six years term of office and can be reelected. While a Representative is elected by the district (and/ or through party-list system) for term of three years with maximum tenure of not more than three consecutive terms. The party list representatives shall constitute 20% of the total number of Representatives including those under the party list. Fundamentals of Political Science LEGAL BASIS OF PHIL. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION The President is popularly elected with a term of six years in office, without reelection. All members of the legislative department and the executive branch shall, upon assumption of office, make a full disclosure of their financial and business interests. Fundamentals of Political Science LEGAL BASIS OF PHIL. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President (until they retire) upon the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council. Moreover, members of the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts may hold office during good behavior until they reached the age of 70 years or became incapable to discharge the duties of their office. Fundamentals of Political Science  LEGAL BASIS OF PHIL. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION The basic principle of the government embraced the rule of separation of powers among the three branches of government. The Constitution provides a mechanism of check and balance to prevent abuses and unbridled discretion of a branch of government. Fundamentals of Political Science  Theory of Separation of Powers Baron de Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat. He used this account to explain how governments might be preserved from corruption. He saw despotism, in particular, as a standing danger for any government not already despotic, and argued that it could best be prevented by a system in which different bodies exercised legislative, executive, and judicial power, and in which all those bodies were bound by the rule of law. This theory of the separation of powers had an enormous impact on liberal political theory, and on the framers of the constitution of the United States of America. The Spirit of the Laws, which he published in 1748. Like the Persian Letters, The Spirit of the Laws was both controversial and immensely successful. Two years later he published a Defense of the Spirit of the Laws to answer his various critics. Despite this effort, the Roman Catholic Church placed The Spirit of the Laws on the Index of Forbidden Books in 1751. Fundamentals of Political Science  Separation of Powers A. Statement of Principle. (2021). Coa.gov.ph. https://www.coa.gov.ph/phocadownload/userupload/ABC- Help/Jurisprudence_B/SoP.htm?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_S3oBukOL6GFUowvGKTCKlvJnRWFhH.sw10ipG7 oQDMA-1633576825-0-gqNtZGzNAjujcnBszQi9 Fundamentals of Political Science  On Violation of Separation of Powers A. Statement of Principle. (2021). Coa.gov.ph. https://www.coa.gov.ph/phocadownload/userupload/ABC- Help/Jurisprudence_B/SoP.htm?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_S3oBukOL6GFUowvGKTCKlvJnRWFhH.sw10ipG7 oQDMA-1633576825-0-gqNtZGzNAjujcnBszQi9 Fundamentals of Political Science Fundamentals of Political Science CURRENT EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS Fundamentals of Political Science CURRENT EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS Fundamentals of Political Science CURRENT EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS Fundamentals of Political Science CURRENT PHILIPPINE CONGRESS Fundamentals of Political Science 14 Judges of the Supreme Court Fundamentals of Political Science The Philippine Administrative System Fundamentals of Political Science  REFERENCES Sodaro, M. (2008). Comparative Politics: A Global Introduction. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Lichback, M. and Zuckerman A. (2009). Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture and Structure. Cambridge University Press. O’niel, P. (2018). Essentials of Comparative Politics. W. W. Norton & Company. Magstadt, T. (2011). Nations and Governments: Comparative Politics in Regional Perspective. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Orvis, S. and Drogus, C. (2018). Introducing Comparative Politics: Concepts and Cases in Context. Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc Fundamentals of Political Science  THANK YOU. LOUIECHI VON RAMA MENDOZA, DPA 0908-931-0634 [email protected] Faculty Department of Public Governance Cebu Normal University Fundamentals of Political Science