GOV Final PDF

Chapter 4-8: Multicultural Integration: Ethnocultural identities matter and must be recognized and accommodated within political institutions. Recognizing groups help preservation of distinct cultures – there is beauty in diversity! Recognition grants some degree of governing autonomy to particular...

Chapter 4-8: Multicultural Integration: Ethnocultural identities matter and must be recognized and accommodated within political institutions. Recognizing groups help preservation of distinct cultures – there is beauty in diversity! Recognition grants some degree of governing autonomy to particular groups. They do not have to fight for independence. Helps to improve the socioeconomic status of groups. Assimilation: Adoption of the majority population culture, such as languages, religion. Recognizing Group rights undermine national identity and shared set of values. Recognizing group identity can lead to state Disintegration Head of state & head of government in the presidential form of government: The president Head of state & head of government in the parliamentary form of government: Prime minister Vote of No Confidence: a vote by parliament to remove a government (the PM and cabinet) from power. If no party has majority, must form coalition government. PM can dissolve parliament, call for new elections. Cabinet serves as check on PM. Unitary systems: The central government has sole constitutional sovereignty and power. Federal systems: A state’s power is legally and constitutionally divided among more than one level of government. Chapter 9 differentiate among these concepts Coup d’État - Forceful removal of a regime and establishment of a new one - Democracies and highly institutionalized regimes are less likely to suffer military coups because the military is well socialized and controlled by a civilian authority - Military coups happen when all efforts to keep the military loyal to the regime fail - Three major explanations: - Weak institutions and political cultures that do not value nonmilitary transfer of power - Military seeks its own interests (larger budgets, higher pay, better equipment, etc.) - Individuals use the military to advance (neopatrimonialism in Africa) - Result of coups vary - Personal coup often results in more personalist regime with less institutionalization Revolution - Fundamental regime and often social change from below - Much more rare than military coups - Political revolutions - Outcomes vary more: democracy possible  - Post-Communist revolutions in eastern Europe: less violence, not as deep political divisions - Still problem of establishing new institutions: “color revolutions” - Civil War Regime change Negotiated process resulting in a pact Removal of an authoritarian regime Founding election of a new, democratic regime Promote social, economic and political equality Democratization may result in Ethnic fragmentation in multi-ethnic communities Chapter 10. Market economy: economic system in which individuals and firms exchange goods and services in a largely free manner. Command economy: economic system in which most prices, property, and production are directly controlled by the state. Market failures: occurs when markets fail to perform efficiently or fail to perform according to other widely held social values. Three common causes of market failures: Externalities, Imperfect information and Monopolies. Neoliberalism: Argues government should balance its budget and minimize its role in the economy to allow the market to allocate resources to maximize efficiency and thereby economic growth. Rejects Keynesian policy. Argues for a reduced role for government in the economy. Keynesianism: Governments can manage the business cycles of capitalism via active fiscal policy and monetary policy, including deficit spending when necessary. Fiscal Policy: government budgetary policy. Deficit Spending: government spending more than is collected in revenue. Chapter 11 Foreign Direct Investment: investment from abroad in productive activity in another country. International Capital Flows: movements of capital in the form of money across international borders Chapter 12 Universal entitlements: Benefits that governments provide to all citizens more or less equally Usually funded through general taxation Application varies widely between states Public education  Child/family allowances Means-tested public assistance: Social programs that provide benefits to individuals who fall below a specific income level Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (food stamps) Temporary Assistance to Needy Families