Government Policy Analysis Notes PDF

#### **Chapter 13: The News Media** - **The Penny Press**: Affordable newspapers for a wider audience in the 1830s. - **Yellow Journalism**: Sensationalist news reporting with exaggerated stories. - **Muckraking**: Investigative journalism exposing corruption and societal issues...

#### **Chapter 13: The News Media** - **The Penny Press**: Affordable newspapers for a wider audience in the 1830s. - **Yellow Journalism**: Sensationalist news reporting with exaggerated stories. - **Muckraking**: Investigative journalism exposing corruption and societal issues. - **Radio News, TV News, Online Media**: Different platforms for news dissemination. - **Corporate Ownership and Media Consolidation**: Concentration of media ownership in fewer hands. - **Narrowcasting**: Targeting media programming at specific segments of the public. - **On the Record**: Information provided can be published with the source identified. - **Off the Record**: Information provided cannot be published. - **On Background**: Information can be published but without direct attribution to the source. - **Deep Background**: Information can be used but not attributed in any way. - **Equal Time Rule**: Requires broadcast stations to provide equal airtime to political candidates. - **Press Release**: Official statement issued to media giving information on a particular matter. - **Press Briefing**: A meeting to inform the press about a topic, usually without taking questions. - **Press Conference**: Media event with opportunities for questions and answers. - **Covering the Presidency, Congress, and the Supreme Court**: Different approaches and challenges in reporting on each branch of government. - **Media Effects, Agenda Setting, Framing**: Media\'s influence on public perception and issue prioritization. #### **Chapter 14: Interest Groups** - **Theories of Interest Group Formation**: - **Pluralist Theory**: Interest groups form naturally out of shared concerns. - **Disturbance Theory**: Groups form in response to changes or disturbances in society. - **Transactions Theory**: Interest groups form as a result of transactions between political elites. - **Free Rider**: Individuals who benefit from resources or services without paying for them. - **Patron**: An individual or organization that supports an interest group financially. - **Grassroots Lobbying**: Mobilizing the public to contact government officials about an issue. - **Amicus Curiae Briefs**: \"Friend of the court\" briefs submitted to influence court decisions. - **Lobbying Congress, President, and Judiciary**: Strategies used to influence different branches of government. - **Activities of Political Action Committees**: Fundraising and spending to support or oppose candidates and legislation. - **Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act**: Initial regulations on lobbying activities. - **Lobbying Disclosure Act**: Enhanced transparency requirements for lobbyists. - **Honest Leadership and Open Government Act**: Further reforms to lobbying and ethics. - **Ethics in Government Act**: Established standards for ethical conduct in government. #### **Chapter 15: Social and Economic Policy** - **Stages of Policy-Making Process**: - **Agenda Setting**: Identifying issues to be addressed. - **Systematic Agenda**: Broad list of issues under discussion. - **Governmental (Institutional) Agenda**: Issues actively being considered by policymakers. - **Policy Formulation**: Developing possible solutions. - **Routine, Analogous, Creative**: Different approaches to developing policies. - **Policy Adoption**: Official approval of a policy solution. - **Techniques of Policy Implementation**: - **Authoritative, Incentive, Capacity, Hortatory**: Various methods to enforce policies. - **Policy Evaluation**: Assessing the effectiveness of policies. - **Health Policy**: - **Medicare**: Federal health insurance for the elderly and disabled. - **Medicaid**: Joint federal-state program for low-income individuals. - **Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)**: Comprehensive health care reform. - **Public Health**: Efforts to promote health and prevent disease. - **Education Policy**: - **No Child Left Behind Act**: Federal law aimed at improving educational outcomes. - **Fiscal Policy**: Government decisions on taxation and spending. - **Monetary Policy**: - **Federal Reserve System**: Central bank of the US. - **Board of Governors**: Governing body of the Federal Reserve. - **Reserve Requirements**: Minimum reserves banks must hold. - **Discount Rate**: Interest rate charged to banks by the Federal Reserve. - **Open Market Operations**: Buying and selling government securities to influence the money supply. - **Income Security Policy**: - **Entitlement Programs**: Benefits provided by law to individuals meeting certain criteria. - **Non-Means Tested Programs**: Benefits provided regardless of income. - **Means Tested Programs**: Benefits provided based on income. #### **Chapter 16: Foreign and Defense Policy** - **Historical Doctrines and Policies**: - **Isolationism**: Avoiding involvement in international affairs. - **Monroe Doctrine**: Opposing European colonialism in the Americas. - **Manifest Destiny**: Belief in US expansion across North America. - **Roosevelt Corollary**: US intervention in Latin America to stabilize the region. - **World War I and II, League of Nations, United Nations**: Major international conflicts and organizations. - **The Cold War and Containment**: US strategy to prevent the spread of communism. - **Truman Doctrine**: Support for countries resisting communism. - **Marshall Plan**: Economic aid to rebuild Europe after WWII. - **NATO**: Military alliance of Western nations. - **Détente**: Easing of Cold War tensions. - **Jimmy Carter's Foreign Policy**: Emphasis on human rights. - **Reagan Doctrine**: Support for anti-communist movements. - **Democratic Enlargement**: Promotion of democracy and market economies. - **Foreign and Defense Policy Decision Making**: - **The Constitution, Executive, Congress, Judiciary**: Roles in shaping foreign and defense policies. - **Types of Interest Groups**: Influence policy through advocacy and lobbying. - **Contemporary Challenges in Foreign and Defense Policy**: - **Trade**: - **Protectionism**: Protecting domestic industries from foreign competition. - **Strategic Trade Policy**: Government support for domestic industries. - **Free Trade System**: International trade with minimal restrictions. - **NAFTA**: Trade agreement between the US, Canada, and Mexico. - **Terrorism**: Addressing threats from non-state actors. - **Nuclear Weapons**: Preventing the proliferation and use of nuclear arms. - **New Challenges in American Foreign Policy**: - **Russia**: Geopolitical tensions and conflicts. - **China**: Economic competition and military expansion. - **Europe**: Relations with the European Union and NATO. - **MENA (Middle East and North Africa)**: Regional conflicts and instability.