Art Appreciation PDF

ART APPRECIATION AESTHETIC FUNCTION The aesthetic function of art refers to the way ART art appeals to, and is appreciated for, its...

ART APPRECIATION AESTHETIC FUNCTION The aesthetic function of art refers to the way ART art appeals to, and is appreciated for, its The word originated from the Latin word ars, beauty or emotional power. which means skill. A standard definition of art is used to express ideas or feelings through THE ARTIST AND ITS MEDIUM creative processes and imagination. Art is commonly considered a discipline MEDIUM under the broader umbrella of humanities. It defined as the material, or the substance out of which a work is made. Though these DIFFERENT ART FORMS (V.P.L.A) materials, the artist express and communicate feeling and ideas. VISUAL ARTS Visual arts refer to artistic disciplines that TECHNIQUE primarily rely on visual elements, such as It the manner in which the artist controls the form, color, line, texture, and space, to create medium to achieved the desired effect. and works of art. This category includes manipulate materials to achieve the desired traditional mediums such as painting, formal effect, and communicate the desired drawing, sculpture,and printmaking. concept, or meaning, according to his or her Ex. The Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh personal style. PERFORMING ARTS CURATION Performing arts is a form of artistic It is a process that involves managing, expression that unfold in real time and space overseeing, and assembling or putting through performances, gestures, and together a presentation or exhibit for some actions. type of historical and artistic collection. Ex. Ang Huling El Bimbo The Musical ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART LITERARY ARTS Literary arts encompass written forms of LINE artistic expression, including poetry, prose, Series of points with length and direction. drama, and creative non-fiction. This SHAPE category includes works of fiction, such as Formed by connecting ends of a line. Two novels, short stories, and novellas, as well as dimensional figure with height and width. non-fiction genres such as essays, memoirs, SPACE biographies, and journalism. This may pertain to emptiness which may Ex. Noli Me Tangere either be positive space or negative space VALUE APPLIED ARTS Lightness and darkness of color Applied arts refer to artistic practices that COLOR have a practical or functional purpose, often Seen by light reflecting off an object serving utilitarian or decorative functions in TEXTURE everyday life. (ex. Architecture, design, and How something feels or appears to feel. crafts.) FORMS It has same dimension as shape except with FUNCTIONS OF ARTS (S.P.P.A) added volume. SOCIAL FUNTCTION PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN The social function of art refers to its role in society and its ability to foster connections, PROPORTION stimulate dialogue, and promote social Relative size, scale, and relationships change. between elements within a composition Ex. Spoliarium by Juan Luna HARMONY Refers to the overall sense of wholeness and PERSONAL FUNCTION completeness The personal function of art refers to its BALANCE impact on individuals' emotions, visual equilibrium that makes a design feel experiences, and selfexpression. Most stable difficult to explain in a great detail. VARIETY Use of diverse element PRACTICAL FUNCTION MOVEMENT The practical function of art refers to its utility Illusion of motion or direction within a static or usefulness in everyday life beyond its artwork. aesthetic or expressive qualities. While art is EMPHASIS often valued for its beauty and creativity, it Greater impact given on a certain element can also serve practical purposes in various contexts. RHYTHM NATIONAL ARTISTS Repetition of certain elements to produce a pattern National Artist of the Philippines The highest recognition the Philippine PHILIPPINE ART HISTORY government can give to a person of arts. A person that has been conferred into the PRE-COLONIAL Order of the National Artists due to his/her In Pre- colonial Philippines, art are for ritual outstanding contributions to the development purposes or for everyday use. and advancement of his/her. The Order of Manunggul Jar - The Manunggul Jar is a National Artist (Orden ng Pambansang burial jar excavated from a Neolithic burial Alagad ng Sining) was established under site in the Manunggul cave of the Tabon Proclamation No. 1001 dated April 27, 1972. Caves at Lipuun Point in Palawan, Guillermo Tolentino - SCULPTOR Philippines. SAMPLE WORK: THE BONIFACIO Kashawing Ritual MONUMENT Nick Joaquin - WRITER SAMPLE WORK: ISLAMIC ART THE WOMAN WHO HAD TWO NAVELS It is characterized by geometric designs and Fernando Amorsolo - PAINTER SAMPLE patterns eliciting focus from the believers. WORK: MAIDEN IN A STREAM, Okir - In the Southern Philippines, Okir, a DALAGANG BUKID curvilinear decoration, is an evidence of Levi Celerio - LYRICIST SAMPLE WORK: O Indian and Islamic influences. MALIWANAG NA BUWAN SPANISH COLONIAL ART GAMABA / GAWAD SA MANLILIKHA NG Art became handmaiden of religion serving BAYAN to propagate the catholic faith and thus In April 1992, the Gawad sa support the colonial order at the same time. Manlilikha ng Bayan or the National A. Religious icons like the santos, retablos, Living Treasures Award was and others became essential for religious institutionalized through Republic Act rituals. No. 7355. B. The pasyon or pabasa, a narration of Administered by: National Christ’s passion portrayed during Lent Commission for Culture and the Arts season, were also observed in some places. Purpose: To honor and support Birhen sa Cotta - A mysterious religious icon from Misamis. It is believed to be almost 400 traditional folk artist and to see to it years old. Originally housed in the Cotta Fort that their skills and craft are and then transferred to the Immaculate preserved. Concepcion Church Criteria 1. Should be a Filipino citizen or group of AMERICAN COLONIAL ART citizens belonging to an indigenous or In the American regime, commercial and traditional cultural community anywhere advertising arts were integrated into the fine in the Philippines. arts curriculum. Moreover, Americans 2. Should have been engaged in the favored idyllic sceneries and secular forms of tradition and craft for a significant period arts. with at least 50 years of existence and Planting Rice by Fernando Amorsolo documented. 3. Should have produced and performed MODERN ART Modern art in Philippine Art began after artistic distinctive and superior quality. World War 2 and the granting of 4. Should possess the mastery of the tools Independence. Writers and artists posed the and materials needed for the art and question of national identity as the main must have a reputation for being an art theme of various art forms. master and craft maker in the community where they belong. CONTEMPORARY ART 5. Should have passed on and or will pass Contemporary art is the art of today, on the traditional crafts and skills to other produced in the second half of the 20th members of the community by virtue of century or in the 21st century. Contemporary teaching. artists work in a globally influenced, culturally Ginaw Bilog - POET, ORIENTAL MINDORO diverse, and technologically advancing Preservation of Mangyan Literary tradition by world. Their art is a dynamic combination of materials, methods, concepts, and subjects documenting the pieces of Ambahan. that continue the challenging of boundaries Masino Intaray - MUSICIAN AND that was already well underway in the 20th STORYTELLER, Palawan Skillful in Basal, century. Kulilal, and Bagit. Lang Dulay - TEXTILE WEAVER Use of Abaca fibers in textile weaving.  and interpretations, thus detaching the original value READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY of the component of the subject being discussed. Published works (journals & articles) UNDERSTANDING HISTORY: Reviews - biographies History is regarded as a process of investigation. Books - dictionary Greek word historia means inquiry Conference papers - encyclopedia History is the study of past events from literary Documentaries - magazine sources. It can be also said that it is a “Story of Man” Newspapers HISTORIOGRAPY -The systematic process of writing history. HISTORIC CONTROVERSIES PEOPLE’S HISTORY is the recording and analysis of experiences of society. (PHILIPPINE HISTORY is ONE PAST BUT MANY HISTORIES an example of people’s history). The history of the Philippines is divided into three UNDERSTANDING HISTORY BY LOUIS periods: GOTTSCHALK: 1. pre-colonial; History is a systematic account of a set of natural 2. colonial; and phenomena, whether or not chronological ordering 3. post-colonial. was a factor in the account. In particular, the colonial period has three History is reserved for accounts of phenomena in segments: the Spanish, American, and chronological order. Japanese periods. Needless to say, present UNDERSTANDING HISTORY BY Dr. ZEUS A. Filipino society, culture, and politics are the SALAZAR: products of many colonial Ayon kay Dr. Zeus Salazar na kinikilalang “Ama ng Pantayong Pananaw”, ang kasaysayan ay salaysay Controversies between Limasawa and Masao, ukol sa nakaraan na may saysay para sa sariling Butuan: Where is the site of first mass? grupo na isinasalaysay gamit ang sariling wika at kalinangan. Ibig sabihin, hindi lamang ito basta-basta pagtatala Site of the First Mass The first documented ng mga pangyayari sa nakaraan bagkus, kailangan Catholic Mass in the Philippines was held on ang nakaraang ito ay mayroong saysay o halaga sa March 31, 1521, Easter Sunday. It was conducted isang grupo ng tao. Sa ganitong paraan, lumalabas by Father Pedro de Valderrama of Ferdinand na hindi lamang ito pagsasalaysay bagkus, tayo ay Magellan's expedition. It was held at the Southern nagsasalaysay ukol sa ating mga sarili. Leyte, popularly known as the birthplace of the ARCHAEOLOGY - This is a branch of social science Roman Catholicism in the Philippines. that deals with the study of the remains of the past. This is useful to provide evidence to support Why Masao, Butuan? historical narratives. Archaeologists locate and Because what was referred to in the journals of uncover sources of evidence of past people. This Antonio Pigafetta as "Mazaua" include the following: 1. Skeletal remains 2. The ruins of buildings and tombs Zaide identified Masao, Butuan as the location of 3. Artifacts (pottery, weapons, tools, coins, etc.) the first mass. The basis of Zaide’s claim is the 4. Inscriptions and stone carvings. journal of Antonio Pigafetta, chronicler of Magellan’s voyage. The pieces of evidence for GEOGRAPHY - Is a science that deals with the Masao are as follows: description, distribution and interaction of the The name of the place diverse physical, biological and cultural features of the earth’s surface. The route from Homonhon The latitude positions SOURCES OF HISTORY For Limasawa, Jaime de Veyra stated that the first mass was celebrated in Limasawa PRIMARY SOURCES are considered as not in Butuan. contemporary accounts of an event, personally written or narrated by an individual person who Father Bernard studied all the Pigafetta’s directly experienced or participated in the said event. maps, which place in Mazau off the Diary & journal entries - interviews southern tip of the larger island of Leyte. A Letters - government publications check with the modern maps will show Memoirs - minutes reports that this jibes with Limasawa and not Journals - artworks Masao or Butuan. Speeches - artifacts The evidence for Limasawa: Photographs The evidence of Albo’s logbook SECONDARY SOURCES serve as interpretations or readings of primary sources. Usually, the author The evidence of Pigafetta of a piece incorporates his or her personal insights Pigafetta’s testimony regarding the route  The evidence of Pigafetta’s map Spanish government as a broad conspiracy The two native kings organized throughout the archipelago with the object of abolishing Spanish sovereignty. The seven days at “Mazau” An argument from omission RETRACTION OF RIZAL Summary of the evidence of Albo and Is Rizal died catholic or did Rizal marry Pigafetta Josephine Bracken? Confirmatory evidence from the Legazpi The retraction letter of Rizal contains expedition Rizal’s renunciation of the Masonry and his anti-Catholic religious ideas. CAVITE MUTINY It is a controversial document that The Cavite Mutiny was an uprising of retracts; words, writings, publications, Filipino military personnel of Fort San and conduct that has been contrary to Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite. Rizal’s character as a child of God. Around 200 locally recruited colonial troops and laborers rose up in the belief BATAS MILITAR 1972 Sa ilalim ng pamamahala ni dating Pangulo that it would elevate to a national uprising. Ferdinand Marcos, idineklara niya ang Batas Militar The mutiny was unsuccessful, and noong 21 Setyembre 1972 sa bisa ng Proklamasyon government soldiers executed many of the Blg. 1081. Ang mga binanggit na dahilan ng participants and began to crack down on a pagpapahayag ng Batas Militar, ayon sa burgeoning Philippines nationalist proklamasyon, ay upang: movement. Many scholars believed that 1. mapigil ang lumalalang kaguluhan ng mga mamamayan, the Cavite mutiny was the beginning of 2. ang banta ng pagkuha ng kontrol na mula sa Filipino nationalism that would eventually komunista; at lead to the Philippine Revolution of 1896. 3. ang isang pagtatangka sa buhay ng kanyang The causes of the Cavite Mutiny can be dating kalihim ng Tanggulang Pambansa na si Juan identified through examining its different Ponce Enrile sa Mandaluyong. accounts. Spanish accounts of the mutiny: Sa ilalim ng Batas Militar, sinuspinde ni Marcos: 1. ang pribilehiyo ng writ of habeas corpus, Account of Jose Montero y Vidal (Spanish 2. tinanggal ang kalayaan ng pamamahayag, Historian) 3. ipinasara ang Kongreso at ang mga The Cavite Mutiny was an aim of the 4. kompanya ng pamamahayag, ipinatigil ang mga natives to get rid of the Spanish aktibidad ng mga militante, at iniutos ang government in the Philippines, due to malawakang pag-aresto sa mga pinuno ng oposisyon at mga pinaghihinalaang may ugnayan sa the removal of privileges enjoyed by mga komunista. the laborers of the Cavite arsenal at Fort San Felipe, such as exemption Mula sa karanasan ni Bonifacio Ilagan: from the tribute and forced labor. Isang beterano noong panahon ng Batas Militar sa Account of Governor-General Izquierdo bansa, si Bonifacio “Boni” P. Ilagan ay isang Governor-General Izquierdo insisted that the mutiny was stimulated and prepared by the native clergy, aktibistang magaaral ng Unibersidad ng Pilipinas mestizos and lawyers as a signal of objection – Diliman. against the injustices of the government. It is not Isa siya sa mga nagtatag ng Kabataang clearly identified if the natives planned to inaugurate Makabayan (KM) sa UP at isa rin siya sa nakiisa sa a monarchy or a republic because they do not have Diliman Commune noong 1971. Hinuli siya ng a word in their own language to describe this Philippine Constabulary kung saan siya ay different form of government, whose leader in lubhang pinahirapan ng mga ito. Filipino would be called “HARI". However, it turned out that they would set at the Naranasan o naging biktima siya ng mga supreme of the government a priest and that the ginawang pagmamalabis ng mga kapulisan bilang leader selected would be José Burgos or Jacinto bahagi ng kanilang interrogation methods Zamora. (torture) upang makakuha ng impormasyon tungkol sa mga komunista. Account of Trinidad Pardo de Tavera (Deputy Prime Minister of the Philippines in 1899) The event was just a simple mutiny since up to that ANG SALIGANG BATAS NG 1898, 1935, 1973, AT time the Filipinos have no intention of separation 1987 from Spain but only secure materials and education Ang Salígang-Batás ng Pilipínas ang kataas- advancements in the country. taasang batas ng bansa at batayan ng lahat ng This resulted in the friars' fear that their leverage in batas at opisyal na kautusang maaaring pagtibayin the Philippines would be a thing in the past, took ng Kongreso at Pangulo. Kalipunan ito ng mga advantage of the mutiny and reported it to the nasusulat na patakarang dapat sundin ng buong bansa. Itinatakda ng Salígang-Batás ang mga bagay na dapat gawin ng estado at pamahalaan para sa Ang Saligang Batas ng 1973 mamamayan; at ang mga tungkulin ng mamamayan Bago idineklara ni Pangulong Marcos ang Batas sa estado at pamahalaan. Isinasaad din nitó ang Militar, nasa proseso na ang isang Kumbensiyong mga bagay na hindi dapat gawin ng pamahalaan. Pansaligang Batas upang may baguhin sa, o palitan ang, 1935 Saligang Batas. Ang “salígang-batás” ay salin ng konstitusyón Tinapos nila ang kanilang gawain at ipinása ito kay (constitucion o constitution) sa Español o sa Ingles. Pangulong Marcos noong Disyembre 1, 1972. Sa kalakhan, ang lahat ng naging salígang-batás ng Ipinasa ito ni Pangulong Marcos para sa Filipinas ay naglalarawan ng mga karapatan ng ratipikasyon sa bungad ng Enero ng 1973. mamamayan at mga pananagutan ng pamahalaan. Sapagkat nakikita na niyang mabibigo ang tuwirang ratipikasyon ng saligang batas, naglabas si Ang Saligang Batas ng 1898 Marcos ng Atas Pampangulo Blg. 86, s. 1972, na Ang Saligang Batas ng 1899 na kilala din bilang nagtatatag ng mga Asembleya ng mga mamamayan Konstitusyon ng Malolos ay maaring maiugat na magtitibay sa bagong buong saligang batas sa mula pa sa himagsikan ng 1896 na pinasimulan pamamagitan ng botong Viva Voce. ng mga kasapi ng Katipunan. Katangian ng Saligang Batas ng 1973 Ilan sa mga natatanging katangian ng Saligang Ang Saligang Batas ng 1898 Batas ng 1973 ay ang sumusunod: Katangian ng Saligang Batas ng 1898 (Konstitusyon Binibigyang tuon ng konstitusyon ang mga ng Malolos) gampanin at obligasyon ng mga mamamayan tulad Ang Konstitusyon ng Malolos ang kauna-unahan at paglalaan ng serbisyo-militar at pagsama sa mga isang mahalagang dokumento na binuo ng mga pwersang pangmilitar. kinatawan ng mga mamamayan Ang kapangyarihang lehislatibo o magpatupad ng Nakabatay sa demokratikong pananaw na nag- batas ay ibinigay sa pangulo upang makagawa ng ugat naman mula sa Estados Unidos mga hakbang at batas na makapipigil sa mga Ang kapangyarihang gumawa ng batas ay hawak paghihimagsik ng mga kasapi ng New People’s ng Asembleya ng mga Kinatawan na binubuo Army. naman ng mga inihalal na delegado na nagluklok sa Ang konstitusyon ay nagpapakita ng isang Pangulo ng Republika autokratikong uri ng pamumuno upang mapanatili Ang Konstitusyon ay buong dokumento na ang kaayusan at mapabuti ang disiplina ng mga nagpapakita ng kakayahan ng mga Pilipino na mamamayan. bumuo ng isang demokratikong pamamahala sa Kauna-unahan sa kasaysayan ng bansa ang gitna ng madidilim na bahagi ng kasaysayan, at; magkaroon ng parliamentong uri ng pamahalaan na Ito ay sumisimbolo sa ideyal na pananaw ng mga kung saan ang Pangulo ay sumisimbolo bilang tao mula sa Panahon ng Karimlan tungo sa Panahon pinuno ng estado na direktang inihahalal ng mga ng Pagkamulat tao; at Punong Ministro na pinipili naman ng mga gabinete na bumubuo sa pambansang asembleya. Ang Saligang Batas ng 1935 Ang Saligang Batas 1935 ay hawig sa istraktura ng Ang Saligang Batas ng 1987 Konstitusyon ng Estados Unidos. Pero marami pa Nang naibalik ang demokrasya noong 1986, rin dito ang itinadhana para sa mga mithiin at mga naglabas ng Proklamasyon Blg. 3 si Pangulong saloobin ng mga Pilipino. Mayroon din mga Corazon C. Aquino na nagpapawalang-bisa sa ilang probisyon na angkop na nais ng Amerika dahil ang probisyon ng 1973 Saligang Batas, at pinalaganap unang nagpatibay rito ang Presidente ng Amerika na kahalili nito ang isang Freedom Constitution. noong panahong iyon. Makalipas ang isang buwan, naglabas si Pangulong Aquino ng Proklamasyon Blg. 9, s. 1986, na nagbuo Ang Saligang Batas ng 1935 ng Komisyong Pansaligang Batas na inatasang Ilan sa mga kapansin-pansin na katangian ng umakda ng bagong saligang batas na ipapalit sa Saligang Batas ng 1935 ay: 1973 Saligang Batas. ang pagkakaroon ng bicameral legislature na kung saan ito ay binubuo ng Senado at Kapulungan ng Katangian ng Saligang Batas ng 1987 mga Kinatawan (hango sa pampulitikang Sistema Ang konstitusyon ay bumuo ng isang ng Estados Unidos), demokrasyang kinakatawan ng mga tao at nahahati sa panahon ring ito, maaring ihalal ang Pangulo ang pamahalaam sa tatlong magkakahiwalay na kasama na ang Bise Pangulo nang hanggang apat sangay ngunit kakikitaan ng pagiging malaya; na taon, Ehekutibo, bicameral na lehistlatura at hudikatura. ang mga kalalakihang mamamayan ng Pilipinas na Pagkakabuo ng mga komisyong konstitusyunal; may edad 21- anyos at may kakayahang magbasa Commission on Audit, Civil Service Commission at at magsulat ay nabigyan ng karapatan na bumoto at Commission on Elections. pagkatapos ng dalawang taon ng Marahil ang pinakanatatanging katangian ng pagkakabalangkas ng konstitusyon; at konstitusyon ay ang pagkakaroon nito ng nabigyan naman ng karapatan ang mga komprehensibo at kumpletong kalipunan ng mga kababaihan na bumoto o right of suffrage. batas (Bill of Rights) na nagbibigay proteksyon sa mga mamamayan upang mapangalagaan ang kanilang karapatang pangsibil at pampulitika. TAXATION UNDERSTANDING THE SELF The inherent power of the state to impose and demand contribution upon persons, Unpacking the Self properties or rights for the purpose of (Physical Self, Sexual, Economic, Spiritual, generating revenues for public purposes. Political, Digital) PURPOSE OF TAXATION Factors that Affect Perception of the PHYSICAL A tax is required payment to local, state or national SELF government. Government uses taxes to: (Personal Factors) Fund public goods and services-taxes are the main Introspection and self-reflection. sources of income for the government. Most of the Self-perception theory. national government’s revenues come from taxes. Self-concept. Influence behavior- taxes on alcohol and Personal identity. cigarettes are to discourage people from using them. (Social Factors) Stabilize the economy- the government uses the Attachment process and social appraisal. raising and lowering of taxes to help stabilize the Maintaining, regulating, and expanding the business cycle. self in interpersonal relationships. Redistribute income- Taxes taken from the The Looking-Glass Self Theory. wealthy can be used to help the needy. Social comparison (upward and downward) Social Identity theory. TYPES OF TAXATION Personal income tax- a tax paid by employed and The impact of culture on body image and self self-employed people according to the amount of esteem: income earned. This is progressive in nature meaning, the more you earn the higher the tax rate. The importance of beauty Property tax- tax levied on personal and real Xenocentrism – how Filipinos view their property. physical traits. Dark complexion, flat noses, Sales tax- a consumption tax imposed by the are not beautiful. fovernment on the sale of goods and services. Indirect tax- taxes are basically can be passed on Eurocentrism – we interpret the world to another entity or individual. They are usually through the standard, culture or narrative of imposed on a manufacturer or supplier who then the Europeans. They are the standard. passes on the tax to the consumer. The most common example of an indirect tax is the excise tax Clariying SexualTerminologies on cigarettes and alcohol. Value Added Taxes (VAT) Sexual identity are also an example of an indirect tax. Gender Gender role LAWS OF TAXATION IN THE PHILIPPINES Masculine RA No. 8424 otherwise known as Comprehensive Feminine Tax reform Act of 1997. Asexual 1. Tax payer- any person subject to tax whose Homosexual sources of income is derived from within the Heterosexual Philippines. Gender assignment 2. TIN (Taxpayer Identification Number)- this is Sexual orientation required for any individual taxpayer. John Lee’s Love Styles TRAIN LAW – Tax Reform for Acceleration and Eros (Romantic) Inclusion for RA 10963 Agape (Divine) Under this new tax law in the Philippines, a taxpayer Storge (Family) earning annual income of P250,000 and below the Ludus (Game) tax rate is 0% while those who are earning annual Mania (Eros + Ludus) income of P8 million and above will be charged of Pragma (Logical Love) 35% and the 13th month pay and other bonuses amounting to P90,000 and below will be charged of Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love 0%. Highlights of TRAIN: a. Cosmetics Tax – a 5% tax will be imposed on cosmetic surgery or medical procedures for purely aesthetic purposes b. Donor’s Tax – a single tax rate of 6% of net donations will be imposed for gifts above P250,000 yearly regardless of relationship to the donor c. Estate Tax – a single tax rate of 6% based on the net value of the estate with a standard deduction of P5 million will be imposed. Economic Self-Presentation and Identity Bandura’s Self-efficacy Theory Economic consciousness Economic self-sufficiency Economic identity Theory of the Meaning of Material Possessions Instrumental functions Social symbolic functions Categorical functions Self-expressive functions. The Role of Consumer Culture on the Sense of Edwin Locke’s Goal Setting Theory Self and Identity 4 out of 14 Research Findings – GOAL SETTING Consumer identity THEORY Consumerism 1. The more difficult the goal, the greater the Behavioral finance. achievement. 2. The more specific or explicit the goal, the Religious Concepts/ Terminologies more precisely performance is regulated. Supernatural 3. Commitment to goals is most critical when Dungan (Spirit or Soul) goals are specific and difficult. Animism 4. Goal setting is most effective when there is Rituals/ Ceremonies feedback. Religion Spirituality ETHICS Magic Ethics is knowing the difference between what you Concepts and Definitions – Finding Meaning in have a right to do and what is right to do. Life Potter Stewart Logotherapy – Victor Frankl Logos – Meaning (Greek) Moral vs. Non-Moral Standards Logotheraphist Moral - Rules and values, Right and wrong. Non-moral - Unrelated to ethical issues. Three Basic Principles on Discovering Meaning in Life Law Suffering is a part of life Eternal Law Meaning may vary Natural Law Freedom for meaning – values Human Law Divine Law Leadership Styles in Politics Norms Autocratic Leadership Values Democratic Leadership Laissez-Faire Leadership Definition of Dilemmas Concepts related to Politics What is Dilemma? Citizenship a situation in which a difficult choice has to Nationality’ be made between 2 or more alternatives, Authoritarianism especially equally undesirable ones. Democracy 3 Levels of Dilemma Nationalism Personal (Individual) Patriotism Organizational Digital Concepts and Terminologies Systematic/ Systemic Digital Literacy Online Disinhibition Username Self-promotion Private and public self Personal identity online and social identity online Cultural Relativism in Moral Behavior Development of Moral Character  Distributive Justice – fair distribution of burdens and resources Ethical Challenges and Responses of Millennials and Filinnials Concept: Milennials – 1970s to 1890s (1990s-2000s ending birth year) Filinnials – selfie generation, liberals (Gen Z) Generation Me – both generations Differences: Closeness to family, social media, and perception on social responsibilities. Challenges: expressing views on social media, work ethic, interest and care Responses: Repeat back and clarify, focus Feelings as response to moral dilemmas on best interests, suggest alternatives, leave if necessary. Concept: Necessary (sometimes) for ethical judgment LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL as it is deemed as an instinctive and trained response I. Rizal Law Ethical subjectivism – may or may not be an Republic Act 1425 , otherwise known as the obstacle RIZAL LAW approved on June 12, 1956, Balance – emotion and rationality provides for the integration of the study of the Biases life and works of Dr. Jose Rizal in the Setting of standards to eliminate choices curriculum of the tertiary level. Section 1. Virtue Ethics (Aristotle and St. Thomas) Courses on the life, works, and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me Aristotle Ethics Concepts: Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be Four Cardinal Virtues (Justice, Courage, included in the curricula of all schools, Temperance, Prudence) colleges and universities, public or private: Deontology and Utilitarianism (DUTY) Provided, that in the collegiate courses, the Importance of character orginal or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Goal: to live virtuously and develop a virtuous Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their character English Translations shall be used as basic texts. Thomasian Ethics Concepts: Claro M. Recto “The Father of Rizal Law” Summa Theologica – (Theological Recto sponsored the Rizal Bill together with Summary) fellow senator Jose P. Laurel. The bill would Telos: every being has a telos, or a purpose require all high schools and colleges to or end towards which it naturally tends/ include to their curricula a course in the study Teleological – ultimate goal or end of Rizal's literary works, to provide an in (consequence) depth nationalism and the shaping of Reason and faith national character invoked in Rizal's works. Universality based on Moral Law It met strong opposition from a contingent of Catholic groups because of the books' Kant and Rights Theorists virulent attack on the Church and their perceived anti-clericalism, the bill was Kantian Ethics Concepts: passed and approved on December 6, 1956, Religion (Consequence) and Morality (Duty) later known as Rizal Law. should be kept apart Hypothetical imperatives II. 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES AS RIZAL’S Categorical Imperative CONTEXT Duty – motivation for moral actions The 19th Century stands out as an extremely Autonomy and Individual Rights dynamic and creative age especially in Europe and the United States. Ethical Responsibilities Concepts of industrialism, democracy, and Utilitarianism and Distributive Justice nationalism gained ascendancy and Concepts: triggered revolutionary changes in science, technology, economics, and politics. Consequentialism – Outcome-based ethical theory 19th century Philippines was largely medieval. Its social and economic structure Greatest happiness of the greatest number was based on old feudalistic patterns of Equality, well-being abuse and exploitation of Indios.  Earlier clamor for reforms had remained unheeded; social discontent caused confusion among people. Educated members of the middle class who went abroad stepped right into the currents of modern liberalism and into the dynamism and creativity of the new era western European continent. Economic Situation of the 19th Century Philippines Galleon Trade Tributo The Spanish Government declared Manila As a sign of vassalage to Spain, the Filipino as the center of commerce in the East. The paid tribute to the colonial government in the Spanish closed the ports of Manila to all island (Zaide, 1999). countries except Mexico. Thus, the The tribute or buwis was collected from the ManilaAcapulco Trade was born. The natives both in specie and kind. Galleon Trade was a government monopoly. The Encomienda Acapulco to Manila, Manila to Acapulco The encomienda is a grant of inhabitants living in particular conquered territory which Opening of Suez Canal 1. Suez Canal decreases the road between Europe Spain gave to Spanish colonizer as a reward for his services. and South Asia from 16000 km to 1000 km. It refers to the reduced fuel payments for companies, In exchange, the encomendero is duty bound transportation of products in a fewer days and as a by law. result growing economies of the world. Polo or Forced Labor 2. This positively affected the development of Drafted laborers were either Filipino or agricultural exports which brought economic Chinese male mestizos who were obliged to prosperity to native indios or the so-called give personal service to community project, illustrados. like construction and repair of infrastructure, 3. Enabled the importation of books, magazines, and church construction, or cutting logs in newspapers with liberal ideas from Europe and forests, for forty days. America which eventually influenced the minds of POLISTA OR POLO Y SERVICIO refers to Filipino reformists. the laws that regulated the polo. The Democratic Rule of Gov. Gen. Dela Torre Social Structure During 19th Century The political instability in Spain had caused 1. Peninsulares/Insulare frequent changes of Spanish officials. 2. Ilustrados When the liberals deposed Queen Isabela II 3. Chinese/Spanish Mestizos in 1868 mutiny, a provisional government 4. Indio/Sangley was set up and the new government Philippine society was predominantly extended to the colonies the reforms they feudalistic. An elite class exploited the adopted in Spain. masses, fostered a "master-slave" These reforms include grant of universal relationships between the Spaniards and the suffrage and recognition of freedom and Filipinos. conscience, the press, association, and Education System public assembly. The growing middle class towards the middle General Carlos Marial De La Torre was 19th century keenly felt intellectual appointed by the provisional government in disintegration. The intellectual decadence Spain as Governor General of the was caused by an inadequate educational Philippines. system imposed on the people. De La Torre's liberal and pro-people There were no systematic government governance had given the Filipinos during supervision in schools. this period a foretaste of a democratic rule The schools were not open to the natives and way of life. until the later decades of the Spanish Period. Because of his tolerant policy, Father Jose Educational Decree of 1863 aims to Burgos and the other priest were establish teacher training schools and for encouraged to pursue their dream of government supervision of public school replacing the friars with the Filipino clergy as system. parish priests in the country. Moret Decree of 1870 intended to secularize higher education in the colony. III. Rizal’s Life: Family, Childhood, Early IV. Rizal’s Life: Higher Education and Life Education, Other Facts Abroad, other Facts Rizal’s Higher Education Rizal's choices was between literature, and the law and medicine. He marked time by enrolling both in Ateneo for a course in land surveying and in the Dominican University of Santo Tomas in the course of philosophy of arts and letters. In the next term he made up his mind to study medicine. He was far below his usual standard; in the pre-medical and medical courses which he The Rizal Family took in the University, he was given in sixteen The Rizal family of Laguna, Calamba was subjects three passing grades: eight typical of the middle class families of 19th "goods", three "very goods", and only two century. "execellents". Their family status was among principalia. Rizal’s Life Abroad Education was a great emphasis in Rizal's Rizal left the country on May 1882 to pursue home. further studies abroad, he enrolled in a Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda course in medicine at the Universidad Birthday: June 19, 1861 Central de Madrid. Birthplace: Calamba, Laguna On June 1883, Rizal arrived in Paris wherein Father: Don Francisco Mercado Rizal y Alejandro he spent the beautiful cities. Mother: Teodora Alonzo Realonda Quintos On other day together with his friends Felipe Sisters: Saturnina, Narcisa, Olimpia Lucia, Maria, Zamora and Cunanan, he visited the Concepcion, Josefa, Trinidad, Soledad Leannec Hospital and observe how Dr. Brother: Paciano Nicaise treated his patients. Rizal was the seventh of the eleven children. Rizal visited the Lariboisiere Hospital He seems to have been a willful child, but where Felix Pardo de Tavera was an extern. also imaginative and high-spirited. After his three-month soujorn in France, When he was nine, his private tutor died so Rizal returned to Madrid and thought about he was taken by Paciano to Binan one publishing a book that exposed the colonial Sunday. relationship of Spain and the Philippines. He is not fond of his private school nor his This idea was realized on March 1887, with school master, Justiniano Aquino Cruz the publication of the novel Noli Me Tangere Rizal’s Early Education in Germany. ✓Rizal had his early education in Calamba Rizal was actively involved in the and Binan. Propaganda Movement, composed of ✓It is characterized by the 4 R's – reading, Filipino in Spain who sought to direct the writing, arithmetic, and religion. attention of Spaniards to the concerns of the ✓Rizal was able to acquire the necessary Spanish colony in the Philippines. instructions preparatory for college work in He wrote articles for publications in Manila Manila. and abroad, convened with overseas ✓Rizal's first teacher was his mother. Filipinos to discuss their duty to the country and called on Spanish authorities to institute ✓Private tutors taught young Rizal Spanish reforms in the Philippines. and Latin, before he was sent to a private First Return to the Philippines school in Binan. - Maestro Celestino Rizal returned to Manila on August 1887, after five years in Europe. - Maestro Lucas de Padua - Leon Monroy His homecoming was met by the friars' fury Although Spanish educational system in the over Noli Me Tangere. The archbishop of Philippines at that time was neither so good Manila ordered the banning the possession nor bad as they made it out to be, there were and reading of the novel, an order that was later reinforced by the governor-general. only three secondary schools in Manila to which the boy of Jose's wit, means, and Pressured by authorities and his family to connections could be sent: the San Jose avoid further persecutions, Rizal left the Seminary, Dominican College of San Juan country for Hongkong. De Letran, and Ateneo Municipal. Rizal traveled Macau and Japan, before Rizal was referred to as an outstanding arriving in America on April 1888 student, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree. On May 16, Rizal gathered enough funds for At school, he read novels, wrote prize- a trip to London onboard the luxurious liner winning poetry and even a melodrama CITY OF ROME. "Junto al Pasig". He arrived at Liverpool on 24th of May 1888, where he eventually settled down at No. 37  Chalcot, Crescent as a lodger with Beckett Supreme Court of Madrid sided with the family. Dominicans and mandated that tenants of In August, he was admitted to the British Calamba be expelled if they failed to leave Museum, where he copied Antonio de the hacienda before the date set by the law. Morga’s massive study of the Philippines, On his trip to Hong Kong, Rizal by chance “Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas”, which met an Englishman Mr. WB Pryor and wife, later Rizal annotated for publication. who were on their way to Sabah to whom He kept up his correspondences with various Rizal had shared his idea of a Filipino people, including his family, Filipino Patriots settlement in Sabah. in Spain, and his Austrian friend, Ferdinand The owner of the territory, the Sultan of Jolo, Blumentritt, whom he planned to form an had it leased to the North Borneo Company association of Philippine scholars. in 1878 and was duly recognized by Spain, From 1888 to 1890 he shuttled between Germany, and England with condition that London and Paris, where he wrote Spanish sovereignty over the island of Jolo ethnographic and history related studies as will be honored. well as political articles. Rizal on his letter to Blumentritt on February 23, He also frequently visited Spain and met with 1892, “If it is impossible for me to give my country fellow Filipino intellectuals like Marcelo H. liberty. I should like to give it at least to these noble del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, and Graciano countrymen of mine in other lands.” Lopez-Jaena. By January 1892, Rizal had already In March 1891, Rizal finished with his second prepared an agreement, which was to novel, El Filibusterismo in France. He govern the settlement of the Filipino colony planned to publish the book in Belgium, but in its relations to Sabah. The North Borneo he was financially hard up. Company offered permanent settlements for On September 1890, El Filibusterismo was immigrants for and the sale or lease of lands published in Ghent using donations from for 999 years. Rizal’s friends. On his arrival in Hong Kong, Rizal obtained Rivalry ensued between Rizal and del Pilar directly from Governor General Despujol’s over the leadership of Association Hispano position over the issue of Sabah settlement Filipino in Spain causing him to leave Europe which he later did not favor for the reason for HongKong. that it was anti-patriotic as the Philippines Rizal arrived in Hongkong on November 20, was short on labor to cultivate lands. 1891, and stayed for almost seven months V. Rizal’s Life: Exile, Trial, and Death before he travelled again. On December 1, 1889, he wrote his parents Rizal’s Return to Manila that he would like to go home, but while Reasons for coming home: waiting for their reply, he received a letter 1.) to talk personally with Governor Despujol of the from Manuel T. Hidalgo, relaying the bad British North Borneo Colonization project news that there were 25 persons from 2.) to establish La Liga Filipina in Manila Calamba who were deported and the list included his father, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano, La Liga Filipina (July 3, 1892) Saturnina, and the rest of the family. Aims of La Liga Filipina The letter further stated that a letter was Unity in the whole archipelago into one prepared to be sent to the Queen Regent of compact and homogenous body; Spain to seek support and justice. Mutual protection in every want and Knowing these events, he planned to build a necessity “New Calamba” by relocating landless Defense against all violence and injustice; Filipinos to Borneo, Rizal came home to the Encouragement of education, agriculture, Philippines in June 1892. and commerce; and Settlement Project of Jose Rizal in Sabah Study and application of reforms. Though Rizal’s were one of the well-to-do Rizal’s Return to Manila families in Calamba they did not own their He arrived in Manila on June 26, 1892, with land. They were renting their lands from the his widowed sister, Lucia. He immediately Dominicans who owned the majority of the went to Malacanang to seek audience with lands in town. Governor-General Despujol and was able to As Palafox (2012), the colonization project of confer with the Spanish Governor-General, Rizal in Sabah was a response to Calamba’s wherein the latter agreed to pardon his father land crisis which all started when Governor- but not the rest of the family. General Terrero released a directive for the He visited his friends and after his visits, his investigation of friar estates to resolve the friends' residences were raided and copies of agrarian problems on collection of land taxes his two novels and other “subversive” and tenancy. materials were confiscated. Rizal was requested by the tenants of Exile Calamba to conduct an investigation to In his talks with the Governor, he was shown which he submitted to the Governor-General. “subversive” materials allegedly found in Rizal’s exposure of miserable plight of the Lucia’s pillowcases. Despite his denials and tenants drew resentment from the friars. The insistent demands of investigation in  accordance with the due process of law, he On his second day he was brought to was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort Despujol’s headquarters, to inform him that Santiago by Ramon Despujol. he would be shipped back to Manila to face Nine days later, shortly after midnight, Rizal trial. was brought under the heavy guard to the Trial steamer Cebu which brought him to Dapitan, Rizal left Barcelona for his return to the arriving at his destination on July 17th at 7:00 Philippines on October 6, 1886 to face trial. in the morning. His enemies gathered evidence against him He was handed to Captain Ricardo by having his friends arrested and tortured to Carnicero, the Spanish commander of implicate him. Among these were, Dr. Pio Dapitan. Valenzuela, Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon, Life in Dapitan Timoteo Paez, Domingo Paez and Paciano. In Dapitan, Rizal was given a chance to live at the On December 11, Rizal was informed of the parish convent provided the following conditions charges against him particularly of rebellion were met. in the presence of his counsel. That Rizal publicly retract the errors At 8:00 am., December 26, 1896, the court concerning religion, and make statements martial of Rizal started in the military building that were clearly pro-Spanish and against called Cuartel de Espana. revolutions. After the short deliberation, the military court That he perform the church rites and make unanimously voted for death sentence. The general confession of his past life. decision was forwarded to Governor General That henceforth, he conduct himself in an Polavieja, and after seeking the opinion of exemplary manner as a Spanish subject and the Judge Advocate, the latter confirmed the a man of religion. verdict: to be shot at the back on the Community Activities morning of December 30 at Bagumbayan Improvement of water system. Field. Put into use the pedagogical teaching Execution methods that he had learned in Europe. He requested the commander of the firing Departure in Manila squad to shoot him facing the firing squad, While in Dapitan, he volunteered his services which was refused. as military doctor in Cuba, where a revolution It was exactly 7:03 am, December 30th 1896 was going on and yellow fever was raging. when Rizal died, at the prime of his life, 35 On July 1, 1896, an unexpected letter years of age. coming from Governor General Blanco VI. Noli Me Tangere arrived notifying of his acceptance. Rizal’s novel, Noli Me Tangere which means His four-year exile in Dapitan came to an end “Touch Me Not”, came off the press in the on July 31, 1896, and that very same night year 1889. he boarded the steamer Espana, with The novel contains 63 chapters and an Josephine, Naricisa, and Angelica, three epilogue. nephews and three pupils. Noli is a tale of frivolity, drama, tragedy, The Trap humor, and passion. The boat arrive at Manila Bay on Thursday, Summary only to find out that he missed the boat Isla Juan Crisostomo Ibarra returns to the de Luzon bound for Spain. Philippines after seven years of education in He requested the Spanish government to Europe. In honor of his return, a grand feast isolate him everybody except his family while is hosted by Captain Tiago, with many waiting for a ship bound for Spain. notable personalities in attendance. It was during this period that the outbreak of At this banquet, Father Damaso criticizes the Philippine Revolution occurred. Ibarra. Rather than retaliate, Ibarra gracefully His time of departure arrives, boarding the excuses himself, stating he has urgent streamer, Isla de Panay, Rizal started his trip matters to handle. Maria Clara, Ibarra’s to Barcelona, Spain. His fellow passengers enchanting girlfriend and Captain Tiago’s were concerned about Rizal’s safety daughter, is visited by him the next day. advising him to stay in Singapore, but Rizal As Ibarra departs from his visit with Maria, refused them. Lieutenant Guevarra discloses the tragic fate Governor General Blanco regarded Rizal as of Ibarra’s father, Don Rafael, who passed a dangerous Filipino responsible for the away the previous year. Father Damaso had raging Philippine Revolution. accused Don Rafael of heresy and He would be arrested by order of Governor- subversion, mainly due to his reported General Blanco absence from church and confession. The Arrest In the aftermath, an investigation was Rizal arrived in Barcelona as a prisoner, conducted, during which several of Don being kept under heavy guard for three days, Rafael’s secret adversaries levelled and was transferred under the custody of the accusations against him. These events Military Commander of Barcelona, who deeply affected Don Rafael, leading to his incidentally was Eulogio Despujol. illness in jail and eventually his death.  Despite the heavy rain during the VII. El Filibusterismo exhumation of Don Rafael’s remains ordered Rizal’s second novel was entitled “El by an unsatisfied Father Damaso, the body Filibusterismo”, which he had started writing was unceremoniously tossed into a lake in October 1887, while practicing medicine in instead of being relocated to the Chinese Calamba. cemetery. The following year in London, he made some Choosing not to seek revenge, Ibarra carries changes in the plot and corrected some on his father’s work by constructing a school chapters. with the help of Nol Juan. Just as the school It came out of the press on September 18, is about to be inaugurated, Elias saves Ibarra 1891, with the help of Valentin Ventura. from an assassination attempt, resulting in The novel was dedicated to the three-martyr the death of the assassin, who was hired by priest, Father Gomez, Burgos, and a secret enemy. Zamora. When Father Damaso once again insults The Fili is the sequel to Noli. Ibarra, it is the belittling of his father that Compared to the first novel, it is less pushes Ibarra to attempt to stab the priest, romantic, less idealistic, more revolutionary but he is stopped by Maria Clara. As a and more open to its feelings. consequence, the Archbishop Summary excommunicates Ibarra from the Catholic A steamboat called Bapor Tabo traveled Church. Seizing the opportunity, Father between Manila and Laguna. Among its Damaso manipulates Captain Tiago to call passengers were the jeweler Simoun, off Maria Clara’s engagement to Ibarra, with Basilio, and Isagani. Upon arriving in San rumors suggesting she is to marry Linares, a Diego, Basilio visited his mother’s grave in young Spaniard instead. the Ibarra family cemetery. There, he Following the lifting of his excommunication unexpectedly encountered Simoun, who he due to the intervention of the Captain recognized as Crisostomo Ibarra in disguise. General, Ibarra is unexpectedly arrested To protect Ibarra’s secret, Simoun attempted again, accused of instigating an attack on the to kill Basilio but was unsuccessful. Instead, barracks. During a party held at Captain Simoun tried to persuade Basilio to join his Tiago’s house celebrating the impending quest for revenge against the Spanish union of Linares and Maria Clara, Ibarra Government. Basilio refused, as he wanted manages to escape with Elias’ help. to finish his studies. Meanwhile, while the Before his escape, Ibarra confronts Maria Governor-General was vacationing in Los about a letter used as evidence against him Baños, Filipino students submitted a petition in court. She vehemently denies any to establish a Spanish Language Academy. involvement and reveals that the The proposal was rejected because the incriminating letter was stolen from him in clergy would be in charge, preventing the return for another that indicates Father students from having any control over the Damaso as her biological father. Resigned, institution’s operations. Simoun and Basilio she affirms her love for Ibarra but maintains met again, and Simoun once more tried to her decision to marry Linares for her convince Basilio to join his planned rebellion mother’s honor. and create chaos in a forced opening of the Escaping with Elias, Ibarra boards a boat Sta. Clara convent to abduct Maria Clara. and navigates the Pasig River to Bay Lake. However, this didn’t happen because Maria In an attempt to lose the pursuers, Elias Clara passed away that same evening. jumps into the water, leading them to believe On the other hand, the students held a that the escapee they’ve shot is Ibarra. gathering at the Panciteria Macanista de On hearing of Ibarra’s supposed death, a Buen Gusto, expressing their despairing Maria Clara pleads with Father disappointment over the failed establishment Damaso to let her enter a monastery, of the Spanish Language Academy. threatening suicide otherwise. Meanwhile, a Speeches were given inside the Panciteria, mortally wounded Elias stumbles upon the where the students openly criticized the mythical Ibarra forest, where he encounters clergy. The friars eventually learned about Basilio and his dead mother, Sisa. In his this. dying moments, Elias implores the fortunate The next day, posters containing criticism to remember those who have perished in the and calls for rebellion were found on the darkness. university’s doors, and the students’ Analysis organization members were blamed. The Noli Me Tangere was a true story in terms of students were arrested, and Basilio was Philippine conditions prevailing that time in among those apprehended. This deeply the country, during the last decades of affected his lover, Juli. Spanish rule. Although hesitant, Juli eventually sought The characters of the novel correspondence help from Padre Camorra to free Basilio. with the persons living at that time. Hermana Bali also persuaded her, believing The novel caused a stir in the Spanish that only the priest could help secure community. Basilio’s release. To exonerate the students, their relatives intervened for their release.  Basilio, however, remained in jail as he had as for its profound ideas and sublime no intermediary. Padre Camorra assaulted thoughts. Juli. Traumatized by the incident, she jumped It depicts realistic colors of the actual from the convent window, leading to her conditions of the Philippines and Filipinos death. during decadent days of Spanish rule. Simoun continued plotting his revenge VIII. Jose Rizal and the Philippine Nationalism – against the government. To advance his Bayani and Kabayanihan plans, he partnered with Don Timoteo Pelaez, Juanito’s father, and arranged Initial Response to the 19th Century Challenge Juanito’s marriage to Paulita Gomez. The Governor-General was invited to be the Secularization wedding godfather, and other high-ranking Father Pedro Pelaez he denounced officials were also invited to the banquet. Spanish ecclesiastical authorities for denying Two months after his imprisonment, Basilio the Filipino clergy the right to administer was released with Simoun’s help. Due to the Philippine parishes and for depriving them of tragic events in his life, including Juli’s death, the opportunity to hold position in the Basilio finally agreed to join Simoun’s hierarchy. rebellion. Father Jose Burgos a Spanish mestizo, Simoun seized the opportunity to show who openly and eagerly worked for clerical Basilio the bomb he had made. It was a equality and for the secularization of the grenade-shaped lamp, the size of a human parishes. head. He planned to present this extravagant lamp to the newlyweds, Juanito and Under Governor General Carlos Maria de la Paulita.The lamp would emit a bright light for Torre, he allowed liberal reforms such as: twenty minutes before dimming. When the abolishing censorship of the press, wick was raised to brighten it again, the encouraged freedom of speech, and allowed grenade would explode, causing the native priest to campaign for Filipinization of destruction of the pavilion and ensuring no the parishes. He allowed the Filipino patriots guest would survive. to form an organization called Comite de The explosion would serve as a signal for Reformadores. Simoun to initiate the rebellion.On Juanito and Paulita’s wedding day, at around seven The youth also increased of nationalistic in the evening, Basilio paced outside the passion, forming an organization callee banquet venue. Simoun also left the house, Juventud Escolar Liberal led by Felipe anticipating the imminent explosion. Buencamino. As Basilio was about to leave, he spotted Isagani, Paulita’s former lover. Temporarily This all changes when the democratic forgetting his life’s disappointments, Basilio regime ended through Governor General revealed the planned explosion to Isagani Rafael de Izquierdo which would led to 1872 and warned him to leave the area.As the Cavite Mutiny. lamp began to dim, the Governor-General The Propaganda Movement ordered Padre Irene to raise the wick. Rizal wrote many articles on La Solidaridad However, Isagani snatched the lamp, ran to and defended the Filipinos against the the terrace, and threw it into the river. Spanish Critics. Simoun’s planned rebellion was thwarted. He finished editing of Morga’s Sucesos in He fled to the house of Padre Florentino, a 1889, a book narrating the history of the Filipino priest.As those pursuing Simoun Philippines and other write ups. were closing in, he drank poison to avoid He had passion for those Filipinos who were being captured alive. It was then that he exiled and had no home and thought of the confessed his true identity to the priest. He Borneo project. shared his return to the Philippines from Creation of La Liga Filipina Europe thirteen years prior, his love affair Bayani and Kabayanihan with Maria Clara, and his disguise as a jeweler to seek revenge against the Kabayanihan represents the ideal of government through a rebellion.After citizens transforming civic virtue into the confessing, Simoun passed away. highest form of civic action. The remaining jewels belonging to Simoun Bayani are people who transform were thrown into the sea by Padre compassion into kabayanihan. In doing so, Florentino. they put their best selves forward in service Analysis of humanity in defense of integrity or moral cause. In terms of structure El Filibusterismo is shorter. It only has 38 chapters. Bayani on Filipino perspective are those engaged in voluntarily conducting service to Dr. Rafael Palma, Dr. Blumentritt, and one or more people or a community, without Graciano Lopez Jaena regarded El material gain. Filibusterismo ay superior than Noli Me Tangere, for its “easy and correct dialogue” Rizal’s Other Literature REMEMBER (PEMDAS) Sa mga Kababaihan ng Malolos Parenthesis Mi Ultimo Adios Exponents Filipinas Dentro de cien Anos MD – Multiplication/Division AS – Addition/Subtraction IX. Jose Rizal and Philippine Nationalism – National Symbol What is the difference between the set of whole numbers and the set of natural numbers? Rizal’s Blueprint for Nation Building Ans: zero is included in the set of whole numbers but 1. Importance of Education not in the set of natural numbers Education as a necessary ingredient to the realization of a people’s Real Number System emancipation Through education that the Filipinos will come to know about themselves individuals and as members of the nation. Through education people may know their rights and feel proud of their country’s heritage and culture Educating people may successfully eradicate the vices of their society. 2. Instilling racial pride and dignity among the people. Because of constant humiliation and What is in the set of integers but not on the set of discrimination experienced by the whole numbers? Filipino people from their colonial Ans. negative integers masters produced a feeling of inferiority and lack of racial pride and Set dignity introduced by Georg Cantor He wanted to inculcate into his well-defined collection of distinct objects people an understanding of history from which, he believed, sprang the Kinds of Set roots of genuine nationalism 1. Equal Set 3. Promotion of national consciousness. A and B are equal, denoted by A = B, if they He wanted his people to dedicate have the same elements. their thoughts, words, and actions not solely to themselves as individuals but to themselves as citizens of a 2. Equivalent Set nation. A and B are equivalent sets, denoted by A ~ National consciousness is a key to B, if they have the same number of elements. the attainment of a better society. 3. Finite Set 4. Reorientation of values and attitudes A is finite if it contains only a countable People must learn to reorient their number of elements. values and attitudes. 4. Infinite Set 5. The willingness to sacrifice for the country. A set is infinite if the counting of elements has The task of nation building is no end. accompanied by hardships and 5. Universal Set sufferings which the people must Universal set is the totality of elements under inevitably experience to bolster their consideration courage. 6. Joint Set Sacrifices experienced by a people Sets that have common elements are joint strengthen their bond of unity and sets. their sense of independence. 7. Disjoint Set Two sets are disjoint if they have no common MATHEMATICS elements. 8. Subset Order of Operations If A and B are sets, then A is called a subset 1. Simplify all operations inside the parenthesis. of B, written A ⊆ B, if, and only if, every 2. Simplify all the exponents. element of A is also an element of B. 3. Perform all multiplications and divisions, working from left to right. Operations on Sets 4. Perform all addition and subtractions, working 1. Union of Sets from left to right. A ∪ B = set of all elements found in A or B or both 2. Intersection of Set A ∩ B = set of all elements found in A and in B 3. Complement of a Set A’ or Ac = set of all elements found in the universal set but not in A 4. Difference of Sets A and B A – B = set of all elements found in A but not in B Prime Numbers natural number which only have two factors, 1 and itself Composite Numbers numbers that have more than two factors Perimeter total distance around any two dimensional shape Area total amount of space that a two dimensional object occupies Volume total amount of space occupied by a 3- dimensional object Perimeter (Formula) triangle = a+b+c rectangle = 2l + 2w square =4s circle = 2 π r, where π = 3.1416, and r is the radius of the circle Area (Formula) triangle = ½ bh Is 1 a prime or composite? rectangle = l x w Ans. 1 is neither prime nor composite square =s2 circle = πr 2 , where π = 3.1416, and r is the Prime Factorization radius of finding which prime numbers multiply Volume (Formula) together to make the original number cube = s 3 rectangle prism = l x w x h cylinder = πr 2h, where π = 3.1416, and r is the radius of the circular base and h is the Least Common Multiple (LCM) height of the cylinder smallest multiple that two numbers have in cone =1/3 x πr 2h, where π = 3.1416, and r common is the radius of the circular base and h is the Greatest Common Factor (GCF) height of the cone largest multiple that can exactly divide two pyramid = (1/3) x B x h, where B is the area numbers of the base and h is the height Ratio sphere = (4/3) x πr 3 , where π = 3.1416, and an expression of the relative size of two r is the radius quantities usually expressed as the quotient of one number divided by the other. a:b (e.g. 1:2 or ½) Proportion statement of equality between two ratios e.g. 1:2 to 4:8 gives the proportion 1:2 = 4:8 or ½ = 4/8 Percentage the fraction of the original number obtained by multiplying the rate and base Base number that represents the original number Rate Angle number that represents the percent figure formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint Right angle angle whose measure is exactly 90° Acute angle angle whose measure is between 0° and 90° Obtuse angle angle whose measure is between 90° and 180° Geometric sequence Straight angle a sequence in which the ratio of the two angle whose measure is exactly 180° succeeding terms is constant. The common Reflex angle ratio is usually denoted by r angle whose measure is between 180° and 360° Complementary angle Geometric series Two angles with sum equal to 90° the sum of the terms in a geometric Supplementary angle sequence Two angles with sum equal to 180° In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the two legs. Probability measure of certainty or uncertainty that an event will happen Combination arrangement of objects without repetition when order is not important Permutation Arrangement of objects without repetition when order is important Mean average of the given set of values Median Equilateral triangle middle value of a given data when arranged triangle with three sides of equal length in ascending order. Isosceles triangle Mode triangle with two sides of equal length most frequent data Scalene triangle triangle with all sides that are of unequal length Right triangle triangle with one right angle among its interior angles Acute triangle triangle with three acute interior angles Obtuse triangle triangle with one obtuse angle among its interior angle Fibonacci sequence named after Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa known for his nickname Fibonacci The succeeding term of the Fibonacci sequence can be determined by adding its two preceding terms. Arithmetic sequence is a sequence where each succeeding term is obtained by adding a fixed number Arithmetic series sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE WORLD When was the form of the alphabet first used as a written text? a. Bronze Age b. Stone Age c. Middle Ages d. Iron Age In which period of pre-Colombian American civilization was the first primitive form of brain surgery performed? a. Aztec b. Inca c. Maya d. Mesolithic What period, which took place during the 16th and Pascal’s Triangle 17th centuries, replaced the Greek view of nature the triangular arrangement of numbers that and made a drastic change in scientific thought? gives the coefficients in the expansion of any a. Gutenberg Revolution binomial expression. The numbers are so b. Scientific Revolution arranged that they reflect a triangle. c. Industrial Revolution named after French mathematician Blaise d. Information Age Pascal Who quickened the spread of knowledge, STS AND GENERAL BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES discoveries, and literacy in Renaissance Europe with his invention of printing method from movable What does it mean when we say that “Technology is type? a societal enterprise”? a. Johannes Kepler a. In creating technological products, social b. Sigmund Freud welfare or the benefit of the community must c. Graciano Apacible always be taken into consideration. d. Johannes Gutenberg b. Technology is one of the fruits of studies and discoveries in scientific history. What invention sparked the rise of the Digital Age? c. With the rise of the digital age, technology has the a. Analytical Engine power to do many things, and changing the world is b