Globalization Slides PDF

Week 3 Lecture 3 States and Societies of Africa Interior East Africa and the Swahili Coast Swahili of the East African Coast Centers of manufacturing, scholarship, and trade Islamic culture –religious and cultural unity, but independent...

Week 3 Lecture 3 States and Societies of Africa Interior East Africa and the Swahili Coast Swahili of the East African Coast Centers of manufacturing, scholarship, and trade Islamic culture –religious and cultural unity, but independent polities and fierce business rivalry Indian Ocean World They dominated the Indian Ocean world for many centuries Malindi, Pate, Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Lamu, and Zanzibar Trade rivalries – Vasco Da Gama Sack of Kilwa -1505 – Lorenco de Almeaida Conversion of Swahili to Christianity and trade Control of the Zambezi river – Ivory and slaves from the interior The Omani Empire in East Africa Oman lies just on the Indian Ocean side of the entrance to the Persian Gulf Yarubi dynasty 1696 –siege of Mombasa and Omani Imperial Control 18th century The Busaids Dynasty and Oman government in Zanzibar States and Societies of Southern Africa Arrival of the Bantu black speaking during the seventeenth century? The Dutch arrived at the same time Terrain, Climate and Settlement Climate – Namib and Kalahari Deserts Namib is one of the driest places on the planet and uninhabitable for humans Kalahari is less dry and support foragers, and in some places, pastoralists To the east, the climate grows wetter as one approaches the Indian Ocean Natal is quite wet –wet enough to support intensive farming as well as cattle  The Cape In the south, around the Cape of Good Hope, there is a Mediterranean climate This means winter rains, temperate weather, and conditions reminiscent of Southern California Suitable for grapes, wheat, apples, and other temperate climate crops Diseases of sub-Saharan Africa did not thrive in the Cape Before Suez 1869, main route to Atlantic and Indian Ocean 1652 – Dutch Outpost –food stuff continue their voyage miscalculation This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC The Khoisan (Khoikhoi and San) Distinction blurred between San (foragers) and Khoikhoi (pastoralist) Transhumant pastoralism –moved in cycle from winter to summer pasture They lived in small decentralized chiefdoms rather than large states The Dutch: “Hottentots” “Bushmen” (disparaging names) Northwest –the Ovambo, Herero, & Nama Northwest – Ovambo farmers, Herero and Nama cattle-herders already occupy the northern half of present- day Namibia The Nguni People Xhosa, Zulu, Ndebele, and Swati Related people: Tswana and Sotho The Southeastern lowveld: the Nguni People Geography –higher rainfall, hillier with numerous valleys and waterways arable land for agriculture and grazing Low population and smaller sizes of herds Chiefdoms of the Nguni were generally smaller Initiation ceremonies and age regiments Nguni migration Sotho & Tswana The Central highveld to the east of the Kalahari Tswana, northern Sotho and Southern Sotho peoples Politically centralized states, made iron tools and weapons Tswana –large political unit or state was developed by the Tswana In the larger states, the chief, king or Kgosi ruled over a large capital town up to 15-20, 000 people the late 18th century Farmers –millets, sorghum and maize Cattle –insurance against crop failure, and bride wealth  The Dutch and the Great Trek In 1652: The Dutch met the Khoikhoi and San people The Dutch employed the Khoikhoi as indentured workers Slaves from Madagascar and Indonesia Griqua –”Bastards” Trekboers –Dutch moved with their heard, families and slaves and trekked like Khoikhoi Boers met the Xhosa in the east Sotho, Tswana, and Herero in the north The British 1795 –British occupation 1805- British took control of the Cape To control the sea route to India during the Napoleonic war Boer slave owners vs the British British indentured labor Overview 1.How did geography and natural resources contribute to the development of distinct societies in Africa? 2. How did trade allow Africa to assume key role in globalization during early modern period? 3. How does the African tradition of oral history challenge the concept of history as a formal written record?  Week 4 Lecture 1 ❖ Islam and Muslim Expansion Guiding question: 1. What are the basic tenets of Islam? Islam One of largest religions in the world 25 percent of the world’s population Less than 18 percent of Muslims are Arabs Majority lives outside Arabia or the Middle East This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Origins of Islam Origins of Islam (ctd) Various religious traditions Polytheists Christians and Jews Muhammad 570 CE = Mecca 610 CE = 1st revelations from Allah Origins of Islam (ctd) God (Allah) Different from Alat Reward the faithful in the afterlife Ahlil Kitab (other Abrahamic faiths) Last of the Prophets Role of Khadija Origins of Islam (ctd) 610-632 CE = Qur’an Mecca Disliked by Meccan elites Hijra - 622 CE = Medina Develops popular base of support Works out basic rules of faith FIVE PILLARS Shahada (attestation) Salat (Daily Prayers 5x/day) Zakat (Give alms to poor) Fasting (Observe Holy Month of Ramadan) Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca) Is Jihad a pillar of Islam? Striving Greater Jihad - Nafs (inner self) Lesser Jihad – defense Muslim Theology Origins of Islam (ctd) 632 CE Death of Muhammad Islamic schism (Shia vs Sunni divide) Sufism  Week 4 Lecture 2 ❖ Islam and Muslim expansion Guiding question: What factors allowed for the rapid expansion of Islam?  Islam Origin PILLARS OF ISLAM Arabia before Islam Shahada (attestation) Various religious traditions Salat (Daily Prayers 5x/day) Polytheists Zakat (Give alms to the poor) Christians and Jews Sawm (fast the Holy Month of Muhammad Ramadan) Preached oneness of God (Allah) Hajj (perform pilgrimage to 570 CE = Mecca Mecca) 610 CE = 1st revelations from Allah Is Jihad a pillar of Islam? Striving Greater Jihad - Nafs (inner self) Lesser Jihad – defense Rules of engagement Was Muhammad a Warlord? The Battle of Mut’ah -629 Khalid bn Al-Walid The Conquest of Mecca –(Dec. 629 –Jan. 630.) Muslim Theology – regulated many aspects of social behavior, including family relations, economic contacts, and outright crimes  Rashidun Caliphate and the Islamic schism Islamic Schism - Shia vs Sunni divide Rashidun Caliphs 1. Sunni - Caliph does NOT have to be Muhammad’s blood 632 CE-Muhammad died relation Succeeded by caliphs 2. Shia - Caliph must be Abu Bakr -632-634 descendent of Muhammad or descendent of one of his Omar bn Khatab -634-644 relatives Ousman bn Affan – 644-656 3. Sufism - focus on spirituality Ali bn Abu Talib -656-661 Muslim Expansion Ridda wars (wars of apostasy ) -632 - 634 First Fitna -656 -661 CE Global Expansion Hijra –Migration to Abyssinia (Africa) Battle of Yarmouk (Eastern Roman) 7th century –Roman North Africa 711-Spain -defeating a Germanic kingdom Portugal and Southern Italy 732 – Frankish leader Charles Martel stopped the Muslims (troops and supply) Africa and Asia – trade Muslim Expansion Umayyad dynasty -661 -750 Moved capital to Damascus Abbasid dynasty -750 Moved capital to Bagdad standing slave armies and Turkish advisers Abbasid rule collapsed in 1258 by a brutal Mongol invasion Southern Italy 1061 This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Conquered people under Muslim Rule Tolerance and self rule (often majority none Muslims Dhimmi (jizya or head tax) Protection Exemption from military service Exemption from Sharia courts Freedom of religious practice  Week 4 Lecture 3 Guiding question: How did Muslims/Islam enhance early modern Globalization?  Rashidun Caliphate and the Islamic schism Islamic Schism - Shia vs Sunni divide Rashidun Caliphs 1. Sunni - Caliph does NOT have to be Muhammad’s blood 632 CE-Muhammad died relation Succeeded by caliphs 2. Shia - Caliph must be Abu Bakr -632-634 descendent of Muhammad or descendent of one of his Omar bn Khatab -634-644 relatives Ousman bn Affan – 644-656 3. Sufism - focus on spirituality Ali bn Abu Talib -656-661 Muslim Expansion Ridda wars (wars of apostasy ) -632 - 634 First Fitnah: 656 -661 CE Banu Umaya (Umayyad) and Banu Hashim (Hashemite) Global Expansion Hijra –Migration to Abyssinia (Africa) August 636 - Battle of Yarmouk (Eastern Rome or Byzantium) Sassanian Empire (Persia) Al -Andalus - Muslim Spain – 711-1492 Umayyad dynasty -661 -750 Moved capital to Damascus Wealth, pomp and pageant Tariq ibn Ziyad –(Gibraltar) North African Army –Berbers (Moors or Morisco) 711-Spain - defeating a Germanic kingdom Southern France and Italy 732 – Frankish leader Charles Martel stopped the Muslims (troops and supply) Muslim Expansion Abbasid dynasty -750 Moved capital to Bagdad standing slave armies and Turkish advisers Abbasid rule collapsed in 1258 by a brutal Mongol invasion Southern Italy 1061 This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Africa – trade Conquest 639–Roman North Africa (Amr ibn Al- Asi) Trade – Trans-Saharan and Mediterranean connections 8th Century – East African Coast, then to interior East Africa 9- 13th Centuries -Western Soudan – across the Sahara  Asia - Trade Southeast Asia – 7th -13th centuries Central Asia via Silk Road First Muslim Communities-Aceh and Sumatra Indonesia -13 percent Muslim (largest Muslim population) Conquered people under Muslim Rule Tolerance and self rule (often majority none Muslims Dhimmi (jizya or head tax) Protection Exemption from military service Exemption from Sharia courts Freedom of religious practice How Muslims/Islam enhanced early modern Globalization?  Legacy ! The gunpowder empires Knowledge production –Science, Math, Medicine, geography etc. Systems of governance Translated and disseminated knowledge from Diplomacy various civilizations, including Greek, Indian Trade routes –the silk road, the trans-Saharan and Chinese texts route, Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Arts and Culture –architecture, cuisine, and Sea language Better prices and early banking systems Commercial practices –banking, credit systems, contracts and partnership agreements Navigation and Maritime technology – Al-Khwarizmi- (780 -850) Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi Mathematician, astronomer, and geographer Kitab Al Jabr al-Mughabala :The Book on Reasoning and Balancing Algebra –independent discipline and introduced methods of reduction and balancing Algorithms Indian Arithmetic (12th century) codified Indian numerals, introduced the decimal- based positional number system to the Western World This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Avicenna (Ibn Sinna) -980 -1037 Philosopher, Physician, etc. (Polymath) Father of modern medicine The Book of Healing, The Cannon of Medicine, and a medical encyclopedia Standard textbook for universities up to the 18th century Causes and description of diseases Advanced anatomy of human body Rules for experimenting new drugs. Etc. This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Ibn Al-Haytham (965 -1040) Polymath Book of Optics – Theory of vision and argued that vision occurs in brain, it is subjective and affected by personal experience This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY-SA  Week 5 Lecture 1: Guiding question: What were the characteristics of the Gunpowder empires?  The Gunpowder Empires large, multiethnic empires that used gunpowder-based weaponry to conquer and administer territories during the early modern period  1st Characteristic of the Gunpowder empires 1. Military patronage states essentially military –military leader who relied on sub-leaders for governance. Society is divided into 2: (a) ruling military class-who performed military and other services (b) remainder of the population produce taxable surplus Gunpowder ended instability 1. subdued tribes and less technologically advanced military chiefs 2. built stable bureaucracies to collect revenue 3. security for agriculture The Battle of Kosovo 1389 Siege of Constantinople -1453 The Battle of Chaldiran -1514  Hierarchy Ottoman Empire –Sultan A member of House of Osman Safavid Empire –Shah A descendant of Islmail Did not divide the territory among their sons – Gunpowder weapons reach and influence to control the vast empires Hierarchy ctd. Sultans and Shahs: Warrior chiefs They stopped being warrior chiefs when they reached the limits of their expansion by the 17th century Ceremonial icons  Military patronage model Divided the society into military and non-military Military class considered property of the sultan/shah Devshirme - Ottomans recruited soldiers and bureaucrats from its Balkan Christian populations Rigorous training, converted them to Islam Janissaries – elite Ottoman infantry, and the bureaucracy – scribes, or even governors Military patronage model ctd. Safavid Persia Gizilbash – the red hat Shah Abbas in 1616 -130, 000 captives from Georgia, Armenia, Circassia etc. Ghilman (singular Ghulam) – bureaucracy, royal household, and standing army Strengthened military patronage 2nd Characteristic of the Gunpowder empires all economic resources belonged to the chief military family or families, they distributed as they wished, in return for services rendered by sub-chiefs and notables  Land tenure –prebendalism Land: ruling dynasties owned every piece of land Non-military class/Peasants lived and cultivated ---surrender their surpluses as taxes. Ottoman (timars) and Persian (tiyul) – military leaders, governor, and local notables were bestowed rights to keep profits from parcels of land -in return, provided administrative and military service  Tax-farming Land was auctioned off, the right to collect profits from plots of land for a specified period to enterprising notables, merchants, civil servants and the like Government monopolies –agricultural and manufactured goods E.g. Safavid Persia –Shah Abbas took One third of silk produce as tax and bought the remainder from the farmers at fixed price Guilds – masons, carpenters, metal and textile workers To control prices and taxation 3rd Characteristic of the Gunpowder empires Laws –combined dynastic laws, local customs, and Islamic law (Shari’ah)  Law: role of religion Combination of Islamic and dynastic law To legitimate their rule Ottoman –Sunni Islam/Safavids Shia Islam 2 ways –protectors of religion E.g. Ottoman sultans asserted their roles as Caliphs Took part in religious rituals Sought legitimacy as protector of 3 holy sites of Islam: Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem Organized hajj caravans Protector of religion Suleiman, the magnificent - refurbished the holy city of Jerusalem, rebuilt walls, fountains, aqueducts, hospitals and schools Role of the Religion ctd. Safavids - attempted to fit themselves into the Shia narrative of history Descendant of Ali Safavid Shahs claimed to be protectors of Shia Islam Custodians of all Shia shrines and presided over rituals Millet system: Religious minorities under the gunpowder empires Organize their own affairs, including education, social services, charities and law Millet system –the relationship between the state and religious communities E.g. Ottoman Millet system, representatives of religious minorities based in Istanbul WK 5 Lecture 2 Characteristics of the Gunpowder Empires 1. military patronage 2. all economic resources belonged to the chief military family or families 3. law –combined dynastic laws, local customs, and Islamic law Location Anatolia (Anadolu or Asia Minor) Levant Arabian Peninsula Northern Africa Southeast Europe  Background  By 1300- the Byzantine Empire and Abbasid Caliphate were in decline Strong Turkic leaders emerged to create the Ottoman Empire Osman (Othman) 1300-1326, his followers, the Osmanli (Ottoman) By 1453, the Turks had conquered Constantinople GOVERNANCE the sultan was the head of the Ottoman  Caliphate. Also, Caliph of Islam from 1300-1922 Orkhan I, Osman’s son was the first Sultan The sultan’s power was delegated through various institutions, Grand Vizier/Wazir - appoint and institute policies under the Sultan. Pasha –provincial governors A theocracy - government system based on the Islamic law (Shariah), dynastic law and local customs Gunpowder Empire “ghazis,” warriors for Islam Ottoman success: military patronage and treatment of the non-Muslim minorities people Bureaucracy: merit Early Leaders: Mehmed II/Mehmet II (the Conqueror) 1451: conquered Constantinople Caesar of Rome Religious diversity in the city: Jews, Christians, and Muslims Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos’ family Suleiman I: (the Magnificent) 1520-1566 Religious scholar Excellent military leader: conquered Belgrade, Rhodes (Greek island), Tripoli By 1526: the most powerful man on earth Fighting in Central Europe, North Africa & Central Asia Devshirme system & Janissaries  Suleiman “the lawgiver”  Law code: criminal and civil Simplified the tax system Reduced government bureaucracy Allowed freedom of religion Millets: isolated different groups into isolated communities Architecture, art, and literature  SOCIETY/CULTURE The primary foundation of the empire was the Islamic Faith.  Religious diversity and tolerance: the Ottoman allowed the Byzantine Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrian freedom of worship The greatest cultural influences came from Arabia, North Africa, and Persia, but their language was Turkish, from the dialect of their home region. The Ottomans were renown for their coffee houses, calligraphy, and carpet weaving. The Ottomans became very influential on European artists, especially in France during the 17th and 18th centuries. SOCIETY/CULTURE The most famous of Ottoman practices was the Harem. The Sultan was permitted to have many wives who lived at court with him. Though many view them as slaves or prisoners, they enjoyed tremendous political power and influence. Decline and fall  Independence of Provinces, Persecution of non-Turks and e.g. Ottoman Egypt: Long line non-Muslims (Armenian of Weak Sultans genocide) Defensive Developmentalism: WWI: allied with Germany and high taxation, inflation, and the final collapse government corruption 1923: Republic of Turkey Nationalism: Young Turk Movement from 1800s Week 5 Lecture 3: Safavid Empire Persia Between the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf Sassanian Empire Safavid Empire Qajar Empire Pahlavi Iran Rise of Safavid empire Until 1501, Turkic rulers Shah Ismail I, (1487-1524) Captured Tabriz and declared Shah (Persian for king)  Strength of early Safavid state Qizilbash (red hats) Shia Islam Urban bureaucrats PERSIA AND SHIA’ISM 1501 Isma’il Shi’ism = Official religion Claimed descent from line of Muhammad through the fourth Caliph Ali Divine Rule Infallible judgements on both religious practices AND legal issues Protector of Shia religion and Custodian of Shia religious sites Twelver Shia Islam Hidden Imam (Mahdi) Official religion, forced conversion, and persecution Sunni majority: Conversion, exile, or execution Expansion and forced conversion (Iraq, Uzbekistan) Shah Abbas I “the great” (r. 1587 -1629) Decline Reduced the power of Qizilbash Ghilman (Slave army) & gun powder recaptured Tabriz, Baghdad, Mosul, and Diyarbarkir Moved Capital from Qazvin to Isfahan Comprehensive Urban development – Naqsh-E-Jahan Square Trade and commerce Art, Architecture, and culture Shah Abbas I’s with the West Emissaries toured the Vatican and Europe Alliance with Europeans against Ottomans and Portuguese Military crisis Difficulty to pay and supply troops with firearms majority still reliant on traditional weapons Cannons were needed in greater supply by the late 16th century to hold off the Ottoman and Uzbek enemies Not totally reliant on the slave army Economic crisis Inflation: caused by the influx of cheap silver Overland trade declined due to mismanagement of the silk monopoly No funds to pay for the military and the government bureaucracy Failure to remove the nomads to regain control of the taxes 1722 –Afghan invasion and capture of Isfahan ended Safavid rule Persian culture Persian – written in Arabic script from the 10th century emerged as a second Islamic language Persian scholars and writers normally read Arabic, as well as Persian, and used Arabic phrases in their writing The Arabs were less inclined to learn Persian Persian became known for painted and molded mosaic tiles and carpet design and production Qajar Persia 1722 Safavid Dynasty collapses 1790s Qajar Dynasty Shah = “king” Capital = Tehran Shia ulema Exclusive right to interpret issues of law and religious practices QAJAR SOCIETY Ulema Bazaaris Intelligentsia Foreign powers Russia, GB, and later U.S. QAJARS AND THE WEST Nasar al-Din Shah Aided in growth of nationalism 1890 Granted English company exclusive right to produce, sell, and export all of Persia’s tobacco crop 1891 Religious cleric decrees that use of tobacco unlawful until concession revoked 1892 Concession revoked Assassinated 1st May, 1896 WK 6 Lecture 1 India India’s distinctiveness – geography and historical experience A subcontinent – political unity difficult 2 great rivers: the Indus and the Ganges – Agriculture Mountainous Northern regions - pastoral economy Southern Coastal rim – trading and seafaring Economic, racial and linguistic diversity Historical experience Influences from the Middle East and the Mediterranean world Persian Empires spilled over into India Alexandra the Great invaded India – Hellenistic culture The Indo-European (Aryan) migrants and their influences Nordic herding peoples originally from Central Asia (sometimes called Aryans) Patriarchal social structures & caste system- Aryan Conquerors and indigenous peoples Caste (ctd) Caste = Hereditary group of social equals Person’s caste = social status Endogamous (Marriage restrictions) – marriage between castes forbidden and punishable by death Restrictions on food, water, and association Only the highest three castes were directly authorized to read sacred texts 5 Orders or Varna of Caste 1. Priests (Brahmins) 2. Warriors (Kshatriyas) Rajahs or kings, elites 5 Orders of Caste (ctd) 3. Vaishyas Merchants and farmers 4. Sudras Many Sudras worked in estates of Brahmin landowners Performed most menial tasks Bulk of Indian population Caste (ctd) 5. Untouchables Considered dirty and polluted Performed jobs other Indians refused to do Transporting bodies of the dead or hauling refuse, handling leather hides Aryan (Indo-Iranian, Indo- European) Culture Women increasingly relegated to subordinated status Tightening of caste system Control sexuality of their women (property) Brahmin Changes: Patrilineal No inheriting property Patrilocal Divorce Polygamy Brahmin Changes (ctd) No widow remarriage Widowers remarry as many times as desired Adult widows blamed for death of husband Wife possessed no purpose after death of husband Brahmin Changes (ctd) Sati (Sutti) “Virtuous woman” Go directly to Heaven Redeem all ancestors in Hell Worshipped as goddess Sati (ctd) Not a widespread practice Warrior caste Index of prince’s success Supporters: Burned themselves alive for love of husband and to be reunited with him. Reality of Sati: Preferred death to cursed life of widow Death over defilement Gain widow’s personal assets and not forced to provide her with support Instant fame and immortality 908 CE = 1st DOCUMENTED case India Before the Europeans main religions: Hinduism Buddhism Islam Sikhism Jainism 16th century = most of population Hindu Hinduism NOT a church in the Western sense: Belief in Vedas as sacred revelations Specific caste system are prescribed in them Guide to life, goal to reach union with Brahman, the ultimate reality Individual worshippers could worship gods directly without intermediaries such as priest Week 6 Lecture 2 Indian Subcontinent geography and historical experience Influence of Aryan invaders Caste system & patriarchy Cultural practices: Sati Major religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Jainism Political disunity  The Mughal State 16th century Babur, a regional chieftain in Afghanistan Mixed Turkish and Mongol ancestry - 1526 - Muslim invasions Political division, and disunity among states Mughal Dynasty (Persian for Mongol) English word “Mogul” Babur (ctd) Religious tolerance (Hindus and other religious minorities) Divided cities and principalities Akbar (Great Mughal) 1555 - Continued unification of Indian subcontinent Grandson of Babur Mughal Empire at its heights (after expansion) Hoped to conquer the south Mughal culture at its peak (book collector, patron of art and painting) Akbar (ctd) Mughal Emperor became: Protector of all his people Guardian of BOTH Muslim and Hindu religions Separated crown from religion Married a Hindu princess and allowed Hindu women in his court Audience to Portuguese Jesuit missionaries Akbar (ctd.): Governance Military – est.140, 000 & efficient system of recruitment Taxation – based on landed property Clearly defined bureaucracy – finance, law, and military Subahdars: relied on 18 appointed provincial governors United Northern India and made gains in the south Legal reforms Moderated ‘excesses’ in Hindu religion Banned Sati and forbade child marriage -16 for boys -13 for girls Urdu or Hindustani – a synthetic mixture – Persian with elements of Turkish This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY-SA and Hindi Mughal Golden Age (ctd) 17th century = “Golden Age” 1700 = Population of 150 million Flourishing trade: Paper, cotton and silk cloth Spices, sugar, rice European Contact 16th, 17th, 18th centuries = Europeans encountered India Many great, populous cities Calcutta and Bombay Taj Mahal – a tomb for Mumtaz Mahal (Shah Jehan in1627 - 1658) Extremes of poverty and wealth except Portuguese Goa, no converts European Contact (ctd) Encountered customs British considered “barbaric” Child marriages Sati Did NOT encounter an “inferior” civilization No sense of superiority Mughal civilization in decline Mughal Collapse (ctd) 1750s = Collapse of Mughal Empire causes: Shah Jehan I 1627 -1658 Favoring Muslims at expense of Hindus – Attacked Portuguese base (Kolkata) Demolished Hindu temples Demolished churches and Christian converts killed Taxes increased Aurangzeb (1658-1707) Imprisoned his father and usurped power Reduced taxes Continued the intolerant policies of his father, Jehan I Convert to Islam to join bureaucracy Princes and Rajs’ discontent  Sikh Empire 16th century - Sikh religion “Hindu practices and beliefs with more This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY-NC activist approach.” Abolished caste system Created a military brotherhood Active in business and agriculture 3 major states: Mughal Empire, Sikh Empire, and the new Deccan State This Photo by Unkno wn Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Mughal Collapse (ctd) British policy Ally with local Indian powers against their challengers Sustain the ruler and influence his policy Protect him from internal rivals and external foes Week 6 Lecture 3 Mughal India Diversity and political fragmentation Tolerance and intolerance Trade and stability Western interest, influence The Portuguese 1st to explore Indian Ocean 1st to encounter Indian peoples 1498 = Vasco de Gama Calicut 18th century –role minor The English and French 1601 = British East India Company (BEIC) Port rights through bargaining and immense support from home Royal Navy French: Less support from home Missionary work The Dutch: Dutch East India Company (DEIC) Anglo-French rivalry in India Alliances with local rulers War in 1744 and Seven Years War Nawab of Bengal: Siraj Al-Daula French and British companies in Bengal fortifying their settlements 1756 –Captured Calcutta (Kolkata) Black-Hole Incident –”146 prisoners 18x14ft cell, 123 died” Robert Clive Robert Clive = Head of Bengal branch of BEIC Decides to move against Siraj and the French Wants to take out the French first so makes peace with Siraj British Administration of Bengal and Sri Lanka (Ceylon) Superior technology Reaction of British Government: Not thrilled with Clive’s actions Mughal power throughout rest of Indian subcontinent rapidly deteriorating No longer subject to same trade regulations as Indian traders British Colonial Rule (ctd) (Company Rule) India Act of 1784 Raj = “rule” British India Indian or “Princely” States 1850s = British unified India Sati 1812, 1815, 1817 = Prohibiting forcing woman to commit sati Lord William Bentinck (r 1828-1835) Outlawed sati BUT not in Princely States 1868 = Every man must provide for wife and children 1891 = Age of Consent Act 10yrs to 12 yrs Aspects of British rule Administered by tiny, all-white civil service, 3, 900 by 1900 to 300 million Indians Top jobs, clubs, hotels, railroad compartments sealed off to Indians Favored upper-class Hindus (western thought and culture) Job discrimination: 1 of the 916 civil servants was Indian in 1870 Overview How did the Mughals rule the diverse ethnicities and religions of India? What was the contributions of the Mughals to the region? How did the encounter with the West transformed the Mughal rule?  Midterm Exam To prepare for the Midterm The midterm will be 50 Exam… questions (multiple choice and Please revise the textbook True/False) chapters and lecture slides. And timed Also, watch the documentary Only once videos. Online between 9AM -5PM The provide important details 18th October and perspectives on some of the themes we discussed in class.