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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the world's population identifies as Muslim?

10 percent

50 percent

40 percent

25 percent (correct)

Which event marks the beginning of Muhammad's revelations?

632 CE

570 CE

622 CE

610 CE (correct)

What is not one of the Five Pillars of Islam?

Shahada

Zakat

Hajj

Jihad (correct)

What does the term 'Hijra' refer to in Islamic history?

Migration to Medina Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of Greater Jihad?

Inner self-struggle Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant impact of trade on Africa during the early modern period?

Enhanced participation in globalization Signup and view all the answers

Which groups did Muhammad encounter as he spread Islam?

Polytheists, Christians, and Jews Signup and view all the answers

What led to the Islamic schism after Muhammad's death?

Struggles for leadership Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked the beginning of the Ridda wars?

The death of Prophet Muhammad Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Battle of Yarmouk?

Securing Muslim dominance over Eastern Rome Signup and view all the answers

Who was responsible for stopping Muslim expansion into Europe at the Battle of Tours?

Charles Martel Signup and view all the answers

During which dynasty did the capital of the Muslim empire move to Baghdad?

Abbasid dynasty Signup and view all the answers

What was a common practice for conquered peoples under Muslim rule?

Payment of jizya tax for protection Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the Umayyad dynasty during its rule from 661 to 750?

Wealth and cultural flourishing Signup and view all the answers

Which region first saw the establishment of Muslim communities in Southeast Asia?

Sumatra Signup and view all the answers

What major infrastructure facilitated trade across Central Asia during the early Muslim period?

The Silk Road Signup and view all the answers

What were the two main classes in society during the Gunpowder empires?

Ruling military class and the remainder of the population Signup and view all the answers

How did gunpowder technologies impact instability in the region?

By building stable bureaucracies to collect revenue Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Devshirme system play in the Ottoman Empire?

It recruited soldiers and bureaucrats from Christian populations Signup and view all the answers

What was a characteristic of land tenure in the Gunpowder empires?

Ruling dynasties owned every piece of land Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following military units was part of the elite Ottoman infantry?

Janissaries Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the interior East Africa and the Swahili Coast in terms of trade?

Independence of polities with fierce business rivalry Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary function of tax-farming in the Gunpowder empires?

To auction rights to collect profits from land Signup and view all the answers

Which city was NOT mentioned as a center of trade along the East African Coast?

Tanzania Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major outcomes of Omani control in East Africa?

Increased trade competition among local polities Signup and view all the answers

In the military patronage model, how were military classes viewed in relation to the Sultan or Shah?

As property of the Sultan or Shah Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Battle of Kosovo in 1389?

It was a crucial military victory for the Ottomans Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental feature significantly influenced settlement patterns in Southern Africa?

Mediterranean climate around the Cape Signup and view all the answers

What type of economy did the Khoisan people primarily practice?

Transhumant pastoralism and foraging Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups engaged predominantly in farming, while the Herero and Nama focused on cattle herding?

Ovambo Signup and view all the answers

How did the Great Trek impact the relationship between the Dutch and indigenous peoples?

It intensified conflicts and territorial disputes. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key economic characteristic of the Sotho and Tswana peoples?

Development of iron tools and weapons for trade Signup and view all the answers

Which external factor significantly influenced the British occupation of the Cape in 1795?

Desire to control the sea route to India Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following climatic regions is NOT associated with Southern Africa?

Tropical rainforest in the interior Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant achievement of Mehmed II?

Conquered Constantinople Signup and view all the answers

Which system allowed the Ottomans to collect troops from Christian families?

Devshirme system Signup and view all the answers

What was Suleiman I also known as?

The Magnificent Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the Ottoman Empire's approach to religious diversity?

Isolation of religious groups into millets Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cultural contributions is the Ottoman Empire renowned for?

Coffee houses and calligraphy Signup and view all the answers

Who was the last Byzantine emperor during the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople?

Constantine XI Palaiologos Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Suleiman I's contributions to the legal structure of the Ottoman Empire?

Simplification of the tax system Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the harem in the Ottoman Empire?

A residence for the Sultan's wives and their influence Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Interior East Africa and the Swahili Coast

Swahili culture was centered around manufacturing, trading, and scholarship
Islamic culture provided religious and cultural unity, but independent polities and strong business rivalries existed
Swahili people dominated the Indian Ocean trade for centuries
Significant Swahili cities include Malindi, Pate, Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Lamu, and Zanzibar
Vasco da Gama sacked Kilwa in 1505, marking a shift in power dynamics
The Portuguese converted Swahili people to Christianity and controlled trade routes
The Portuguese controlled the Zambezi River, trading ivory and slaves from the interior

The Omani Empire in East Africa

Oman lies on the Indian Ocean side of the entrance to the Persian Gulf
The Yarubi dynasty took control of Mombasa in 1696
The Busaids Dynasty established an Omani government in Zanzibar during the 18th century

States and Societies of Southern Africa

Bantu black speaking people arrived in Southern Africa during the seventeenth century
The Dutch arrived in Southern Africa during the same period

Terrain, Climate and Settlement in Southern Africa

The Namib and Kalahari Deserts are located in Southern Africa
The Namib is one of the driest places on the planet and unsuitable for humans
The Kalahari is less dry and supports foragers and pastoralists
The climate becomes wetter to the east, approaching the Indian Ocean
Natal is wet enough to support intensive farming and cattle grazing

The Cape of Good Hope

The Cape of Good Hope has a Mediterranean climate, with winter rains and temperate weather
The climate is suited for grapes, wheat, apples, and other temperate crops
Diseases common to Sub-Saharan Africa did not thrive in the Cape
The Cape was a key route between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans before the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869
The Dutch established an outpost at the Cape in 1652 to provide food for their voyages

Khoisan Peoples

The distinction between the San (foragers) and the Khoikhoi (pastoralists) is blurred
Khoikhoi practiced transhumant pastoralism, moving between winter and summer pastures
They lived in decentralized chiefdoms rather than large states
The Dutch referred to them as "Hottentots" and "Bushmen"

Northwest: The Ovambo, Herero, & Nama

Ovambo farmers, Herero, and Nama cattle herders inhabited the northern half of present-day Namibia

The Nguni People

The Nguni people include the Xhosa, Zulu, Ndebele, and Swati peoples
They are related to the Tswana and Sotho people

Nguni People in the Southeastern Lowveld

The southeastern lowveld experiences higher rainfall and has numerous valleys and waterways
The area supports both agriculture and grazing
The region had a low population and smaller herd sizes
Nguni chiefdoms were generally smaller, featuring initiation ceremonies and age regiments

The Sotho and Tswana Peoples

The Sotho and Tswana people inhabited the Central highveld to the east of the Kalahari
They established politically centralized states and made iron tools and weapons
The Tswana developed a large political unit or state in the late 18th century
Tswana chiefs (Kgosi) ruled over towns of up to 15-20,000 people
They farmed millets, sorghum, and maize
Cattle provided insurance against crop failure and were used for bridewealth

The Dutch and the Great Trek

The Dutch encountered the Khoikhoi and San people in 1652
The Dutch employed Khoikhoi as indentured workers
They also used slaves from Madagascar and Indonesia
The Griqua ("Bastards") emerged as a mixed-race group
The Trekboers, Dutch settlers, moved with their families, herds, and slaves, migrating like the Khoikhoi across the countryside
The Boers encountered the Xhosa in the east and Sotho, Tswana, and Herero in the north

The British in South Africa

The British occupied the Cape in 1795
The British took control of the Cape in 1805 to secure the sea route to India during the Napoleonic Wars
Conflicts arose between Boer slave owners and the British
The British implemented indentured labor systems

The Origins of Islam: Key facts

Islam is one of the largest religions in the world, with followers comprising about 25% of the global population
Less than 18% of Muslims are Arabs
The majority of Muslims live outside Arabia or the Middle East

The Origins of Islam: Muhammad's role

Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570 CE
He received his first revelations from Allah in 610 CE

Understanding Islam's Origins

Mecca was inhabited by polytheists before the rise of Islam
Christians and Jews were also present in Mecca
Muhammad faced resistance from Meccan elites, who disliked his teachings
Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina in 622 CE (Hijra)
Medina provided Muhammad with a base of support

Key Pillars of Islam

Shahada (attestation): Declaration of faith in Allah and Muhammad as his messenger
Salat (Daily Prayers): Performing five daily prayers at specific times
Zakat (Give alms to the poor): Giving a portion of one's wealth to charity
Fasting (Observe Holy Month of Ramadan): Abstaining from food and drink during daylight hours in the month of Ramadan
Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca): Making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in one's lifetime (if able)

The Concept of Jihad in Islam

Jihad is not a pillar of Islam
Jihad means "struggle" or "striving"
Greater Jihad refers to the inner struggle against one's own selfish desires (nafs)
Lesser Jihad refers to defending oneself and Islam against oppression or aggression

Key Concepts in Islamic Theology

Tawhid (Unity of God): The belief that God is one and indivisible
Risalah (Prophethood): The belief in a chain of prophets sent by God throughout history, including Muhammad
Akhira (Afterlife): The belief in an afterlife that is determined by one's deeds in this life

The Schism in Islam

The death of Muhammad in 632 CE resulted in a schism between Shia and Sunni Muslims
The Shia believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib was the rightful successor to Muhammad
The Sunni believe that Abu Bakr, Muhammad's close companion, was the rightful successor
Sufism emerged within Islam as a mystical tradition emphasizing spiritual devotion

Factors that contributed to the rapid expansion of Islam

The Ridda Wars (Wars of Apostasy) helped to consolidate Muslim control over the Arabian peninsula
The First Fitnah (internal conflict) between the Banu Umaya (Umayyad) and Banu Hashim (Hashemite) dynasties shaped the political landscape of the early Islamic world
Military conquests during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras under Caliphs like Umar ibn al-Khattab and Abd-al Malik ibn Marwan, as well as the success of Arab armies against the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) and the Sassanian Empire (Persia)

Global Expansion of Islam

The Hijra (Migration of Muhammad to Medina) marked the beginning of Islam's spread beyond Arabia
The Battle of Yarmouk (636 CE) resulted in a decisive victory for Muslim forces against the Byzantine Empire
The conquest of Persia under Islamic rule began in the 7th century

The Umayyad Dynasty and Al-Andalus

The Umayyad dynasty ruled from 661 - 750, relocating the capital to Damascus
Their reign was marked by wealth, pomp, and pageantry
Tariq ibn Ziyad (Gibraltar) led a North African army composed of Berbers (Moors or Morisco)
In 711, the Islamic army under the leadership of Tariq ibn Ziyad conquered Spain
Muslim forces advanced into Southern France and Italy
The Battle of Tours (732 CE) marked a turning point, with Frankish leader Charles Martel halting the further advance of Muslim forces
The Umayyad dynasty was overthrown by the Abbasid dynasty in 750

The Abbasid Dynasty

The Abbasid dynasty established the Islamic Golden Age, and Baghdad became its capital
The Abbasid used a standing army of slaves and Turkish advisors
The Abbasid empire collapsed under a Mongol invasion in 1258
Muslims established communities in Southern Italy by 1061

The Impact of Trade and the Spread of Islam

Trade routes connected Arab lands to North Africa and the Mediterranean
Muslim traders expanded their reach during the 8th century, first to the East African coast, then to the interior of East Africa
Trade across the Sahara established connections between the Arab world and the Western Sudan (9th - 13th centuries)

Southeast Asia

Muslim traders and communities were established via trade routes throughout Southeast Asia from the 7th to 13th centuries
Central Asia was linked through the Silk Road
The first Muslim communities appeared in Aceh and Sumatra
Indonesia has a significant Muslim population which is the largest in the world

How conquered people were treated under Islamic Rule

Conquest often resulted in a system of tolerance and self-rule for conquered people
Non-Muslims were often the majority in conquered territories
The Dhimmi system (understood as "protected people") was a legal agreement under which non-Muslims had the right to practice their own religions
Dhimmi were required to pay a tax (jizya) and were protected from military service, Sharia courts, and religious persecution.

The Impact of Islam on Early Modern Globalization

Islam significantly contributed to global knowledge production by fostering advancements in science, math, medicine, and geography
The military patronage model dominated the gunpowder empires. This system divided society into:
- A ruling military class who provided military and other services
- The remainder of the population who produced the taxable surplus

The Gunpowder Empires

Gunpowder weapons helped to reduce instability and rebellion
They were used to effectively subdue nomadic tribes and less technologically advanced military chiefs
Gunpowder weapons allowed for the formation of stable bureaucracies to collect taxes more effectively
The use of gunpowder contributed to the security of agricultural production.

Key Battles of the Gunpowder Empires

The Battle of Kosovo (1389 CE) was a significant turning point in the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans
The Siege of Constantinople (1453 CE) marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and its transition under Ottoman control
The Battle of Chaldiran (1514 CE) was a major victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire and resulted in the Ottomans gaining control of much of eastern Anatolia.

The Legacy of Gunpowder Empires

The Gunpowder empires created and maintained powerful centralized states that relied on military might, taxation, and efficient administration
These empires were able to consolidate vast territories and exert influence over a multicultural society

Hierarchy in the Gunpowder Empires

The Ottoman Empire: The Sultan was at the top of the hierarchy, a descendant of the House of Osman
The Safavid Empire: The Shah was at the top of the hierarchy, a descendant of Islmail
The Gunpowder Empires did not divide territory among their sons as a matter of policy, preserving both stability and authority
Sultans and Shahs originally served as warrior chiefs but transitioned into ceremonial figures who became less directly involved in day-to-day military affairs

### The Military Patronage Model

The Ottoman Empire used a robust military patronage model:
- Ottoman society was divided into a military class and a non-military class
- The military class was considered the property of the Sultan
- The Devshirme system recruited soldiers and bureaucrats from Christian populations in the Balkans
- Devshirme recruits received rigorous training and converted to Islam
- The Janissaries constituted an elite Ottoman infantry corps, while other recruits formed the bureaucracy, serving as scribes and government officials
The Safavid Empire also employed a similar military patronage model:
- The Gizilbash (Red Hats), a group of soldiers and religious leaders, played a crucial role in the Safavid Empire
- Shah Abbas (reigned 1616-1629) established a standing army of 130,000 captives from Georgia, Armenia, and Circassia
- The Ghilman (singular Ghulam) formed a significant part of the Safavid bureaucracy and royal household, as well as the standing army

The Key Function of Land Tenure in the Gunpowder Empires

Rulers owned every piece of land in their empires
The peasantry cultivated the land and surrendered surplus production as taxes
The Ottoman Empire used a system called timars and the Persian Empire used a system called tiyuls where military leaders, governors, and local notables were granted rights to parcels of land
These land grants were in exchange for administrative and military services
The Ottoman Empire employed a system of tax-farming wherein the right to collect profits from land plots for a certain period was auctioned off to affluent individuals
Government monopolies on agricultural and manufactured goods were also common practices
E.g. The Pasha (provincial governor)

The Ottoman Empire: A Legacy of Success

Ghazis were warriors who fought for Islam and fueled the expansion of the empire
Military patronage and the strategic treatment of non-Muslim minorities contributed significantly to Ottoman success
The merit-based Ottoman bureaucracy allowed for skilled individuals from diverse backgrounds to rise to positions of power

The Ottoman Empire: Key Emperors and their Impact

Mehmed II (the Conqueror):
- Conquered Constantinople in 1451
- Was considered the Caesar of Rome
- Allowed religious diversity in Constantinople, including the presence of Jewish, Christian, and Muslim populations
Suleiman I (the Magnificent):
- Ruled from 1520-1566
- Was a skilled military and religious leader
- Conquered Belgrade, Rhodes, and Tripoli
- Was considered the most powerful ruler of the world in 1526
- Conquered territory in Central Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia
- Strengthened the Devshirme system and utilized the Janissaries to expand the empire
**Suleiman "the lawgiver" **
- Developed comprehensive law codes covering civil and criminal matters
- Simplified the tax system and reduced government bureaucracy
- Promoted freedom of religion
- Created millets: communities of different religious groups that were granted self-governance

Ottoman Society and Culture: Key facts

The Ottoman Empire was founded on Islamic faith
The empire embraced religious diversity and tolerance, allowing Byzantine Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrian faiths to practice freely
The empire's culture was strongly influenced by Arabia, North Africa, and Persia, but Turkish language was the dominant language
Ottoman society was famous for coffee houses, calligraphy, and carpet weaving
Ottoman architecture, art, and literature influenced European artists, particularly in France during the 17th and 18th centuries
Harems, where the Sultan was allowed multiple wives, were a notable feature of Ottoman social life
Women within the harem wielded considerable power and influence despite their perceived status as slaves or prisoners

The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire

The empire experienced weakening internal control as provinces gained increasing independence
Persecution of non-Turkish populations eventually resulted in rebellion and weakening the empire's foundations
The rise of European powers and their technological advancements weakened Ottoman military superiority
Internal power struggles, economic instability, and a series of defeats ultimately contributed to the Ottoman Empire's decline and fall.

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