Geo Notes - Changing Places PDF

Geo Notes Term 1 Content – Changing Places Causes and Consequences of Urbanisation: - Urbanisation: Increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. - Push Factors: Negative aspects driving people away from rural areas (e.g., lack of jobs, poor living conditions). -...

Geo Notes Term 1 Content – Changing Places Causes and Consequences of Urbanisation: - Urbanisation: Increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. - Push Factors: Negative aspects driving people away from rural areas (e.g., lack of jobs, poor living conditions). - Pull Factors: Positive aspects attracting people to urban areas (e.g., job opportunities, better services). Spatial Distribution Patterns of Urbanised Areas: - Urban areas are often found along coasts, rivers, and in regions with favourable climates. - Patterns influenced by historical trade routes, industrialization, and economic opportunities. Skills: - Cadastral Map: Shows land ownership and property boundaries. Useful for understanding urban sprawl. Features of Megacities: - Population over 10 million. - High population density, diverse economies, significant infrastructure. - Examples: Tokyo, New York, Mumbai. Skills: - Proportional Circle Maps: Visual representation of data where the size of circles indicates magnitude (e.g., population of megacities). Causes of Urbanisation: - Economic: Job opportunities, industrial growth. - Social: Better healthcare, education, lifestyle. - Environmental: Better living conditions, less pollution in urban areas. Consequences of Urbanisation: - Economic: Growth in GDP, increased living costs. - Social: Overcrowding, strain on services. - Environmental: Pollution, loss of green spaces. Impacts of Urbanisation in an Asian Country (Example: China): - Rapid urban growth, migration from rural to urban areas. - Consequences: Pollution, housing shortages, infrastructure development. Skills: - Calculating Area of a Slum: Use map scales and measurements to determine the size of informal settlements. Australia’s Urban Future: - Projected Population Growth: Increase in urban populations, need for sustainable development. - Implications: Strain on resources, need for sustainable planning. Features of Sustainable Urban Places: - Efficient public transport, green spaces, renewable energy use. Strategies for Sustainability: - Green Infrastructure: Parks, green roofs. - Urban Consolidation: High-density housing. - Cycleways and Light Rail: Promote non-car travel. Urban Renewal Project (Example: Sydney): - Revitalization of old industrial areas, improved living conditions, and infrastructure. Urban Settlement Patterns: - Patterns in Australia and the USA: Concentration in coastal cities, influenced by climate, transport, and land use. Skills: - Calculating Population Density: Population/Area. - Calculating Gradient: Vertical height change/Horizontal distance. Term 2 Content – Migration Internal Migration: - Definition: Movement within a country. - Types: Sea Change, Tree Change, FIFO (Fly-In Fly-Out), Seasonal migration. Case Study: Labour Migration in Regional Australia: - Example: COVID-19 impact on fruit picking. - Consequences: Labor shortages, economic impact on agriculture. Internal Migration in China: - Hukou System: Household registration system, impacts rural-urban migration. - Consequences: Social inequality, economic disparities. Economic, Social, & Environmental Consequences of Internal Migration: - Economic: Job distribution, income changes.  - Social: Community changes, family separation. - Environmental: Urban sprawl, pressure on resources. International Migration: - Definition: Movement between countries. - Settlement in Australia: Major cities due to job opportunities, community presence. Skills Recap: - Choropleth Maps: Show data patterns through colour gradients. Chinese Migrant Community in Australia: - Historical and current migration patterns, integration challenges. Skills: - Political Maps: Show boundaries, important for understanding migration impacts. Multiculturalism in Australia: - Diverse cultural communities, policies promoting inclusion. Migrant Experiences (Example: Rwandan Refugees): - Challenges: Language barriers, employment, cultural adaptation. Characteristics and Spatial Patterns of Australia’s Cultural Diversity: - High diversity in major cities, influenced by immigration policies. Term 3 & 4 Content - Environmental Change & Management Definitions: - Environment: Surroundings where organisms live. - A/Biotic: Non/Living components. - Ecosystem: Interaction of biotic and abiotic components. - Habitat: Natural home of an organism. 4 Spheres: - Atmosphere: Air layer. - Lithosphere: Earth's crust. - Hydrosphere: Water bodies. - Biosphere: All living organisms. Geographical Processes: - Water Cycle: Evaporation, condensation, precipitation. - Carbon Cycle: Carbon exchange between atmosphere, organisms, and earth. - Oxygen Cycle: Oxygen exchange between organisms and atmosphere. - Food Webs: Feeding relationships among organisms. Skills: - Synoptic Charts: Weather maps showing atmospheric conditions.  - Flow Charts: Diagrams showing process steps. Functions of Environments: - Source: Provides resources. - Sink: Absorbs waste. - Spiritual: Cultural and religious significance. - Service: Ecosystem services like pollination, climate regulation. Environmental Change: - Human-Induced Change: Pollution, deforestation, urbanisation. Definitions: - Pollution: Harmful substances in the environment. - Global Warming: Increase in Earth's temperature. - Ecological Footprint: Impact on the environment. - Fossil Fuels: Coal, oil, natural gas. - Sustainability: Meeting current needs without compromising future generations. Case Study: Energy Production: - Impact of fossil fuels, renewable energy alternatives. Biodiversity Loss: - Causes: Habitat destruction, pollution, climate change. - Effects: Species extinction, ecosystem imbalance. Skills: - Bar Graphs: Visual representation of data. Water Pollution: - Causes: Industrial waste, agricultural runoff. - Effects: Harm to aquatic life, human health risks. Skills: - World Maps: Show global patterns and data. Land Degradation: - Causes: Deforestation, overgrazing, poor agricultural practices. - Effects: Soil erosion, reduced agricultural productivity. Skills: - Choropleth Maps: Visual representation of data with colour gradients. Climate Change: - Causes: Greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation. - Effects: Rising sea levels, extreme weather events. Skills: - Climate Graphs: Show temperature and precipitation over time. - Pie Charts: Show proportional data. Environmental Management: - Environmental Ethics: Moral principles guiding environmental practices. Worldviews: - Egocentric: Human-centred. - Anthropocentric: Human benefit is primary. - Ecocentric: Nature-centred. - Biocentric: All life has inherent value. Approaches and Perspectives: - Varying strategies for managing environmental issues. Case Study: Indigenous Response to Bushfire Management: - Traditional fire management practices. Sustainability: - Definition: Using resources wisely to ensure future availability. Case Studies: - Coastal Management (Sydney): Protecting coastal areas. - Blue Tick Packaging: Sustainable product packaging. Investigative Study: - Deforestation: Clearing forests for non-forest use. - Sustainability: Meeting present needs without compromising future generations. - Logging: Cutting down trees for timber. Distribution of Tropical Rainforests: - Mainly around the equator in South America, Africa, Southeast Asia. Skills: - Topographic Maps: Show elevation and terrain. - Contour Lines: Lines on a map indicating elevation.  - Cross-Section: Side view of a terrain or feature. Biophysical Processes: - How processes like photosynthesis, nutrient cycling maintain ecosystem functioning. Case Study: Daintree Rainforest, Queensland’s Beef Production: - Impact of agricultural practices on tropical rainforests.