Medical Terminology PDF - 1st Year Pharmacy Stage Lecture 3 (2024)

1st Year Pharmacy Stage Lecture 3 Part 2@ 2024 By Dr. Murtadha Alshareifi  Common Drugs and Their Actions: System Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Therapeutic Action Mimic the action of the sympathetic Adrenergic nervous system, which responds to Agonists stress; used to treat bronchospasms, (sympath...

1st Year Pharmacy Stage Lecture 3 Part 2@ 2024 By Dr. Murtadha Alshareifi  Common Drugs and Their Actions: System Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Therapeutic Action Mimic the action of the sympathetic Adrenergic nervous system, which responds to Agonists stress; used to treat bronchospasms, (sympathomimetics) allergic reactions, hypotension Producing responses similar to those Cholinergic elicited by acetylcholine. used to treat Agonists glaucoma, myasthenia gravis and to (Parasympathoreverse muscle relaxation after mimetic) anesthesia Treat a range of conditions, including COPD, an overactive bladder, Anticholinergics gastrointestinal cramps or spasms, and symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Category Narcotics (Opioids) Analgesics Nonnarcotic (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)) Decreases pain sensation in central nervous system; chronic use may lead to physical dependence inhibit prostaglandins (local pain mediators); they may also be antiinflammatory and antipyretic (reduce fever). Cox-2 inhibitors limit an enzyme that causes inflammation without affecting a related enzyme that protects the stomach 1 Generic Epinephrine, Phenylephrine, Pseudoephedrine, Dopamine Pilocarpine, Physostigmine, Pyridostigmine, Neostigmine Atropine, Scopolamine, oxybutynin, Darifenacin Codeine, Morphine, Pethidine Paracetamol, Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Etirocoxib, Celecoxib Anesthetics: General Anesthetics local Anesthetics Cardiovascular System Beta-adrenergic Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers Antihypertensives : Lower blood pressure by reducing cardiac output, dilating vessels, or promoting excretion of water by the kidneys. Antianginal Reduce or eliminate sensation of all of Halothane, Midazolam, the body Thiopental Reduce or eliminate sensation of certain Lidocaine, Cocaine part of the body Inhibit sympathetic nervous system; reduce rate and force of heart contractions Calcium-channel blockers Blocking the action of norepinephrine at alpha receptors which lead to relaxation of blood vessels, used also in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Dilate coronary arteries, slow heart rate, reduce contractions Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) antagonizing Angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction, reduce aldosterone release and adrenaline release, relax the veins and arteries by preventing Angiotensin Converting Enzyme the formation of angiotensin II , a inhibitors (ACEIs) substance that narrows blood vessels. Vasodilators Dilate blood vessels by relaxing muscles in the walls of the arteries and veins. Diuretics Promote excretion of water, sodium, and other electrolytes by the kidneys; used to reduce edema and blood pressure. Dilate coronary arteries and reduce heart’s workload by lowering blood used to avoid blood clots, which can cause heart attacks and strokes Nitrates Antiplatelet antiarrhythmics Anticoagulants Hypolipidemic Propranolol, Metoprolol, Atenolol, Bisoprolol, Carvedilol Prazosin, Terazosin, Alfuzosin, Tamsulosin Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Amlodipine, Nimodipine Valsartan, Telmisartan, Candesartan, Irbesartan Enalapril, Lisinopril, Ramipril, Captopril, Diazoxide, Hydralazine, Pentoxifylline, Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide, Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide Clopidogrel, Ticagrelor, Aspirin blocking the membrane sodium, Amiodarone, potassium, and calcium channels and Flecainide, affecting the electrical impulses in the Digitoxin heart, helping to restore normal rhythm. Prevent coagulation and formation of Heparin, blood clots by making platelets less Warfarin, Apixaban, sticky Rivaroxaban Lower cholesterol and triglycerides in Rosuvastatin, patients with high serum levels that Atorvastatin, cannot be controlled with diet alone; Simvastatin, Fenofibrate hypocholesterolemics Gastrointestinal System 2 Proton pump inhibitors Anti-Ulcer Histamine H2 antagonists Antacids Antiemetics Laxatives Anti-diarrheal Antispasmodics Reduce stomach acidity by blocking transport of hydrogen ions (protons) into the stomach Decrease stomach acid secretion by interfering with the action of histamine Esomeprazole, Lansoprazole, Omeprazole Regulating blood sugar (glucose) levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose by cells. used in Type I diabetes stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas & reducing appetite. used in Type II diabetes and anti-obesity Decrease the production of glucose in the liver and improve insulin sensitivity. Stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin. Regular Insulin Lispro Insulin Glargine Insulin Ranitidine, Famotidine, Cimetidine Protection of the Gastric Mucosa by Magnesium neutralizing excess HCl in gastric juice hydroxide, and inhibit the proteolytic enzyme Aluminum hydroxide, Calcium carbonate pepsin. Relieve symptoms of nausea and prevent Ondansetron Metoclopramide vomiting (emesis) Domperidone Promotion of bowel movements and Bisacodyl, Senna, relieve constipation. Lactulose Treat or prevent diarrhea by reducing Diphenoxylate, intestinal motility or absorbing irritants Loperamide and soothing the intestinal lining Relieve or prevent muscle spasms in the Scopolamine, Mebeverine gastrointestinal and urinary tracts Antidiabetic Agents: Injectable Hypoglycemic Agents Insulin: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) Biguanides Sulfonylureas Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: used in Type II diabetes Tirzepatide, Liraglutide, Semaglutide Metformin Glibenclamide, Glimepiride Thiazolidinedione Improve insulin sensitivity in peripheral Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone tissues. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors Reduce glucose reabsorption in the Dapagliflozin, kidneys, leading to increased excretion Empagliflozin of glucose in urine. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors: Increase insulin secretion and reduce Sitagliptin Vildagliptin, glucagon levels. Saxagliptin Central Nervous System: Act on nervous system to relieve anxiolytics and sedativehypnotics Anxiolytics , antianxiety Antipsychotics Treating patients with panic disorders, diazepam, alprazolam, generalized anxiety Lorazepam 3 Sedative-Hypnotics Antipsychotics, neuroleptics Typical Antipsychotics Atypical Antipsychotics Antidepressants Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs Anticonvulsants, Antiepileptic CNS stimulant Antiparkinsonian Muscle relaxants Induce relaxation, drowsiness, and sleep. Triazolam, Zolpidem, used to treat insomnia Rameletone altering the effects of neurotransmitters haloperidol, in the brain , particularly dopamine & chlorpromazine 5HT. used to manage symptoms of risperidone, olanzapine, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. quetiapine Relieve depression by raising brain Fluoxetine, levels of certain neurotransmitters in the sertraline, brain, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, escitalopram Imipramin, and dopamine. Amitriptyline Suppress or reduce the number and/or Carbamazepine, intensity of seizures by stabilizing the Valproic Acid, Lamotrigine electrical activity in the brain Pregabalin increase alertness, attention, and energy. Methylphenidate, used to treat conditions such as attention Amphetamine, deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Atomoxetine narcolepsy treat the symptoms of Parkinson's Levodopa disease, a progressive neurological Pramipexole disorder that affects movement control. Rasagiline Entacapone Depress nervous system stimulation of Baclofen, skeletal muscles; used to control muscle Chlorzoxazone, Orphenadrine spasms and pain Respiratory System: Antitussives Bronchodilators Expectorants Mucolytics Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists Antihistamines Inhaled Corticosteroids Suppress coughing Dextromethorphan, Codeine Relaxing bronchial smooth muscle; used Salbutamol, Terbutaline, to treat asthma and bronchitis Theophylline, Tiotropium Induce productive coughing to eliminate Guaifenesin respiratory secretions Loosen mucus to promote its elimination Acetylcysteine, Bromhexine blocking the action of leukotrienes, Montelukast, which are inflammatory and allergic Zafirlukast substances. Prevent responses mediated by Diphenhydramine, histamine: allergic and inflammatory Fexofenadine, Loratadine, reactions Cetirizine reducing inflammation in the airways. Fluticasone, used to treat asthma and chronic Budesonide, obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Mometasone 4 Antiinflammatory drugs Corticosteroids Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland; Counteract inflammation and swelling Reduce inflammation and pain by interfering with synthesis of prostaglandins; also antipyretic Prednisolone, Dexamethasone, Betamethasone Aspirin Ibuprofen Etirocoxib Celecoxib Antimicrobial Agents: Penicillins: Cephalosporins Antibiotics (antibacterials) Macrolides Aminoglycosides Fluoroquinolones Antifungals Antiparasitics Antivirals Beta-Blockers Antiglaucoma Antihyper uricemics Antiobesity Agents Erectile Dysfunction Agents Antithyroid Agents Acne Medications Oxytocics Antineoplastics, anticancer, chemotherapy Alpha Agonists Interfere with synthesis. Interfere with synthesis. bacterial cell bacterial cell wall Amoxicillin, Ampicillin wall Cefuroxime, Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Cefepime, Interfere with bacterial protein synthesis. Azithromycin, Clarithromycin Disrupt bacterial protein synthesis by Gentamicin, Amikacin binding to the ribosome Interfere with DNA replication and Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin repair in bacteria. Effective against fungi Fluconazole Itraconazole Miconazole, Effective against parasites: protozoa, Metronidazole, Albendazole worms Effective against viruses Acyclovir, Oseltamivir, reduce aqueous humor production, Timolol Betaxolol thereby lowering intraocular pressure. decrease aqueous humor production and Brimonidine, apraclonidine increase its outflow. increase the outflow of aqueous humor, Latanoprost, Travoprost reducing intraocular pressure. Prostaglandin Analogs reduce elevated levels of uric acid in the blood which can lead to Allopurinol, conditions such as gout or kidney stones Febuxostat manage or reduce obesity. by suppressing appetite, absorption of Orlistat, Phentermine/ nutrients, or increasing energy expenditure. Topiramate Sildenafil, treat impotence or the inability to achieve and maintain an Tadalafil, erection suitable for sexual activity. Vardenafil treat hyperthyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland Methimazole, Propylthiouracil produces an excess of thyroid hormones Isotretinoin, Adapalene Stimulate or mimic the effects of oxytocin, Induction of labor, Misoprostol, Methylergometrine prevention of postpartum hemorrhage Destroy cancer cells; they are toxic for all cells but have greater Cyclophosphamide, effect on cells that are actively growing and dividing; hormones Methotrexate, Tamoxifen and hormone inhibitors also are used to slow tumor growth Treatment of acne vulgaris 5