Pharmacy Orientation & Medical Terminology Fall 2024 Lecture 4 PDF

Pharmacy Orientation & Medical Terminology Fall 2024 PPH101 Dr. Ali Nasr Disintegration: The process that a solid drug product disintegrates into small particles. Dissolution: The process in which amount of active ingredient in a solid dosage form dissol...

Pharmacy Orientation & Medical Terminology Fall 2024 PPH101 Dr. Ali Nasr Disintegration: The process that a solid drug product disintegrates into small particles. Dissolution: The process in which amount of active ingredient in a solid dosage form dissolves under standardized conditions of temperature and media composition. Absorption: Is the movement of a drug into the blood stream. Bioavailability: The rate and extent of Drug Absorption. "Fraction of a dose of drug that is absorbed from its site of administration and reaches, in an unchanged form, the systemic circulation." Bioequivalence: Comparable bioavailability indicates that two or more dosage forms of the same drug reach, the general circulation at the same relative rate and relative extent. - Bioequivalence means that the two drugs must release the active ingredient at the same amount, the same rate, and have the same quality. Therapeutic Equivalence: comparable clinical effectiveness and safety. Definition. Per the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Two medicines that have the same clinical effect and safety profile are said to have therapeutic equivalence Quality: It is the intrinsic characters of the product which satisfy the user's need. Quality control: Physical and chemical tests used to ensure the required specifications of a raw material or a dosage form. Manufacture: All operations of purchase of materials and products, production, quality control, release, storage, shipment of finished products, and the related controls. Starting Material: Any substance of a defined quality used in the production of a pharmaceutical product, but excluding external packaging materials. Intermediate Product: Partly processed material that must undergo further manufacturing steps before it become a bulk product. Finished Product: A product that has undergone all stages of production, including packaging in its final container and labeling. Returned Product: Finished product sent back to the manufacturer. Production: All operations involved in the preparation of a pharmaceutical product, from receipt of materials, through processing and packaging, to completion of the finished product. Packaging: All operations including filling and labeling, that a bulk product leads undergo to a finished product. Validation: The documented act of proving that any procedure, process, equipment, material, activity, or system actually leads to expected results. Stability: - The stability of a pharmaceutical product can be defined as the ability of its formulation, in a specific container closure system, to remain within the defined physical, chemical, microbiological, therapeutic, and toxicological specifications till the end of the stated dating, under defined storage conditions. Expiration Date: -The date placed on the container label of a product that through which the product is expected to remain within specifications. - If the expiration date includes only a month and year, it is expected that the product will meet specifications through the last day of the month. - Kinetically it is the time at which 90% of the materials remain active. Expiration Dating Period (Shelf-Life): - The interval of time that drug product is expected to remain within specifications as determined from stability studies on a limited number of batches of the product. - Two or Three years. Shelf-storage Stability: The stability of the drug product at ambient room temperature (15-30°C). Storage: The term used to describe safe keeping of starting materials, packaging materials and finished products in drug stores, pharmacies, and hospitals under the specified conditions. Storage Conditions: The conditions specified for storing the product e.g. temperature, humidity, container and light. Storage Temperatures: The actual storage temperature (numerical) used during stability studies. Stability studies: Carried out under stress conditions e.g. high temperature. - Refrigerator: The temperature is between 2°C and 8°C. - Freezer: The temperature is less than -10°C. - Cold Place: The temperature is between 8°C and 15°C. - Warm Place: The temperature is between 30°C and 40°C. - Room Temperature: The temperature is between 15°C and 30°C.  MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Contraceptive, Oral: Orally effective drug that prevents conception. All currently available oral contraceptives are for use by females. Anti-anemic: A drug that stimulates production of erythrocytes in normal number, size and hemoglobin content. Anticholesteremic: A drug that lowers plasma cholesterol level. Antihyperlipidemic: A drug that lowers plasma cholesterol and lipid level. - Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb) is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body Anticoagulant, Systemic: A systemically acting drug that slows clotting of circulating blood. (Warfarin Sodium) Antihypertensive: A drug that lowers arterial blood pressure. Diuretic: A drug that promotes renal excretion of electrolytes and water, useful in treating generalized edema. (Furosemide) Hematinic: A drug that promotes hemoglobin formation by supplying iron needed for incorporation. (Ferrous Sulfate) Metal Complexing Agent: A drug that binds tightly to metals, removing them from ionic solution, useful in treating poisoning with the metal. (Edetate Calcium Disodium Complexing agent for lead) Systemically Acting Drug: A drug administered and absorbed into systemic circulation, from which the drug diffuses into all tissues including the site of therapeutic action. Anti-anginal: A coronary vasodilator useful in preventing or treating attacks of angina pectoris. (Nitroglycerine Tablets) - Angina, also known as angina pectoris, is chest pain or pressure, usually due to not enough blood flow [Low Oxygen] to the heart muscle. - Angina is usually due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries Antitussive: A drug that suppresses coughing. (Codeine Phosphate) Bronchodilator: A drug that expands bronchiolar airways, useful in treating asthma and related conditions. Expectorant: A drug that decreases respiratory tract secretion, lowering its viscosity and promoting its removal. Mucolytic: A drug that hydrolyses mucoproteins, useful in reducing the viscosity of pulmonary mucous (Acetylcysteine). Anticonvulsant: An antiepileptic drug or a drug that arrests convulsions by inducing general anesthesia. Antidepressant: A central acting drug that selectively induces mood elevation, useful in treating mental depression. Anti-epileptic: An anticonvulsant drug that selectively suppresses epileptic seizures without inducing loss of consciousness. Hypnotic: A central nervous system depressant that with suitable dosage induces sleep. Sedative: A central nervous system depressant which, in suitable dosage, induces mild relaxation and reduces emotional tension. Antidiabetic: A drug that replaces insulin or stimulates secretion of insulin, useful in treating diabetes mellitus. [High blood glucose level due to low insulin] Antihypoglycemic: A drug that elevates plasma glucose level, useful in treating hypoglycemia, including that induced by over dosage with anti-diabetic drugs. Analgesic: A drug that selectively suppresses pain perception e.g. Aspirin. Antipyretic: A drug that lowers body temperature in the presence of fever. [Paracetamol] Antirheumatic: A drug that alleviates inflammatory symptoms of arthritis and related rheumatic diseases. Digestive Aid: A drug that promotes digestion, usually by supplementing a naturally occurring digestive enzyme (Pancreatin). Antacid: A drug that neutralizes excess gastric acid locally. (Aluminum Hydroxide Gel). Anti-amebic: A drug that kills or inhibits the pathogenic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, causative agent of intestinal and extra intestinal amebasis. Anti-emetic: A drug that prevents vomiting. Emetic: A drug that induces vomiting useful in removing unabsorbed accidentally ingested poisons (Ipecas). Antiflatulent: A drug that reduces gastrointestinal gas (Simethicone). Antibacterial: A drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic bacteria. Antifungal, Systemic: A systemically active drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic fungi that causes systemic, gastrointestinal infections (Griseofulvin). Antifungal, Topical: A topically active drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic fungi that causes topical infections. Antimalarial: A drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic protozoa that causes malaria. (Chloroquine Phosphate). Emollient: A topical drug, especially an oil or fat, used to soften the skin (Cold Cream). Keratolytic: A topical drug that softens the superficial keratin- containing layer of the skin and promotes its desquamation (Salicylic Acid). Sun Screening Agent: A skin protectant that absorbs light energy at the wavelengths that cause sunburn.