Macau's Founding: 1557-1630s PDF

the founding of Macau in 1557 the contextualisation of Macau within European and Chinese history the reasons for Macau's Golden Age from 1557 to about 1630s The different ways Macau's founding shaped Macau and Ming China **The European Context: Political, economic, and religious competitio...

the founding of Macau in 1557 the contextualisation of Macau within European and Chinese history the reasons for Macau's Golden Age from 1557 to about 1630s The different ways Macau's founding shaped Macau and Ming China **The European Context: Political, economic, and religious competition** In Europe, Portugal was one kingdom amidst many rivals (e.g. the other Iberians, the French, the Anglo-Saxon/Germanic, the Romans, the Greeks) Had a powerful enemy that invaded Europe in the early 16th century --- the Turkish Ottoman Empire, which already dominated, Eastern Europe, the Arab world and the Middle East Catholic Spain and Portugal and Christian Europe vs the Islamic Ottoman Empire **Navigating the World** In the late-15th century, the Portuguese Kings, especially King Dom Manuel I (1495-1521), sent fleets to explore the west coast of Africa ** Economic :** To find a maritime trade route to India --- Overland trade routes dominated by the Ottoman Empire and the city of Venice Wanted to buy precious products (e.g. spices, gold) direct from Africa and India; bypass the hostile "middlemen" ** Political/Military :** Looking for other Christian kingdoms or other allies to help attack the Ottoman Empire from the other flank **Expansion in Asia** When Portuguese fleets explored the world, they established forts and colonies along coast of Africa and India - to protect their shipping routes and control the Indian Ocean trade **1510**, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered and established a strong base at **Goa 果阿**, which became the capital of the Portuguese mercantile empire in Asia (and the source of Indian cultural influence for Macau) **1511** Albuquerque conquered **Malacca/ Melaka** and installed forts, churches, harbour works, creating another Christian town Malacca/Melaka was a key port-city controlling the trade in island Southeast Asia Became a key source of Malay cultural influence in Macau Became the base for Portugal to send ships to explore East Asia **Main Points** ** The founding of Macau in 1557 must be understood in terms of global, regional, and local contexts** ** Key contexts and causes** --- the political, economic, and religious agendas of Portugal and the desires to discover and dominate new trade routes to India and to find allies against their enemies, the Ottoman Empire Across the 15th century, Portugal conquered many port-cities in Africa and Asia and established a powerful mercantile empire --- heard about a place called China and sent a fleet to locate it **Chinese-Portuguese Relations, 1513-1557 ( Collisions between Portuguese and Ming )** Ming Dynasty China (1366-1644) had bans on maritime trade (especially with foreigners and Japan) and on Chinese leaving the country 海禁 Question: **How did this affect the Portuguese?** Officially, the Chinese were not allowed to trade with the Portuguese But this also meant that the **Portuguese could exploit the fact that Chinese** **merchants were not allowed to trade overseas --- by becoming "middlemen"** **Chinese merchants depended on the Portuguese to bring important products** (e.g. spices from Malacca and Spice Islands) and materials to China (especially silver from Japan) **Collisions between Portuguese and Ming** **Security** --- Chinese officials viewed the Portuguese as foreign barbarians, threats, spies, pirates, especially after Portuguese ships attacked Chinese villages, robbed ships and built fortifications without permission. **Cultural/Ideological** the Portuguese traders and diplomatic missions did not understand the Chinese worldview until later when Portugal conquered Malacca, **the Ming Court saw this as a violation of the** **tributary system** and Ming China's protection of its loyal vassal state **Chinese-Portuguese Relations, 1513-1557** The Portuguese refused to leave the region and continued to engage in illicit trade off the southern Chinese coast, working with other Chinese merchants and Japanese pirates **1542, Portuguese ships accidentally reached Japan and discovered another huge source of profits --- Portuguese more determined to stay and profit from trade** Portuguese traders operated out of temporary bases on Shangchuan island and Lampacau/Lang-bai-ao ; also began to use a narrow rocky peninsula with good harbours --- the place that eventually became Macau **The Breakthrough** 1553, Captain-Major Leonel de Sousa (who headed a Portuguese expedition from Goa to Japan) and Wang Po 汪柏 (the Marine Superintendent of the Guangdong provincial government) made a verbal agreement Portuguese allowed to trade from Lampacau/Langbaiao and Shangchuan allowed to resume trading at Guangzhou and other nearby ports allowed to establish a trading settlement in the area had to pay license fees, customs taxes, and a yearly fee **Why Did the Guangzhou officials change their minds?** Distance from Peking/Beijing --- Guangzhou officials had leeway to make decisions without informing the Imperial Court Trading more tolerated in the Guangzhou-Fujian-Zhejiang coastal regions (pressure from Chinese merchants) ** Portuguese "gifts" and conciliatory actions towards local officials, i.e. bribes** ** Practicality --- Keep and watch the foreigners at a safe distance from Guangzhou while using them to deal with piracy** **Why Macau?** The Portuguese traders chose a narrow rocky peninsula 19 miles to the northwest of Lang-bai-so --- already operating there from the mid-1530s Had an outer harbour 外港 and a inner harbour 内港, and mountains that blocked the winds --- suitable for sailing ships to dock At the south-western tip of the mouth of the Pearl River --- an "excellent gateway to Guangzhou" and to waterways to the other prosperous cities in Guangdong, Guangxi and other parts of China **Locating Macau within Chinese History** The History of Macau as a Portuguese trading settlement and city began from Portugal's Age of Discovery and its establishment in **1557** But the History of Macau as a Place and a Space must be located earlier: **within the history of Chinese civilization** --- How did the area become Sinicized, that is become Chinese? **Within the history of the maritime connections between South China and the rest of** **Asia** --- What made the Chinese in the area willing to trade/ work with the Portuguese (even though the Ming Court officially banned trade and was hostile to foreigners) ? **How did the Lingnan area become part of China?** "Lingnan" inhabited by the "Bai Yue" peoples --- the Han Chinese name for the diverse non-Han Chinese peoples south of the Lingnan mountains Incorporated by the Qin dynasty between 218-214 BC; became independent kingdom of Nanyue (204-111 BC); re-incorporated by the Han in 111 BC Increasing movement of Han Chinese south of the Yangtze River, i.e. South China due to push (warfare) and pull factors (agricultural productivity and economic prosperity) across the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming Dynasties Increasing Sinicization of the Bai Yue peoples (through inter-mixing and through the transfer of Han Chinese culture) **Why the Qin and Han wanted Lingnan?** **To gain access to the luxury products from South Asia and Southeast Asia that came through the ports in the area**, e.g. Pan-yu (near today's Canton/Guang-zhou) Han Dynasty --- **to enhance the legitimacy and superiority of the Chinese civilisation through expanding the "tributary relations system"** **the port-cities in South China thus gained an extra function as the channels for China's diplomatic relations with foreign lands and peoples (a role Macau will also play after 1557)** **What are some characteristics of the Lingnan area?** The Impact of Geography on Economics, Culture, Society Good seafarers, sailors, ship-builders, fishermen Economy of southeastern China mainly coastal, mercantile, agricultural - full of riverine systems that open out into oceans ** Long history of maritime activities and trade with other places and with peoples from other places** more openness towards other peoples/other cultures More positive attitudes towards commerce and trade **Active Trade around South China Seas** Before the Portuguese arrived in 16th century, there was already active maritime trading networks between China, Southeast Asia, South Asia **The Nanhai trade (南海贸易) - trade between southern Chinese ports in the South China Sea and island Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean world** At first dominated by non-Han Chinese traders bringing goods to and from China; later Chinese merchants themselves went out from South China Stimulus during Tang and Song dynasties --- Development of pottery, ceramics, and porcelains industries in Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian + commercial, population, agricultural growth + increase in seafaring and shipbuilding knowledge ** Trade in the East and South China Seas, 6th Century - 18th Century** ** Already a long history of maritime trade between South China and other regions --- Portuguese just another group of foreign traders in an area where foreign traders had come and gone for more than a millennial** **Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644 AD) Maritime Policies - Early Ming** Around 1368-1371, the Hongwu Emperor banned private overseas trade with foreigners by Chinese merchants 海禁; also forbade Chinese from going abroad To maintain a state monopoly on coastal trade To fight rebels against the Ming and Japanese pirates But illegal private trade continued along the coastal areas Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644 AD) The Ming Dynasty itself monopolised the right to trade **To re-establish a Han Chinese world order, the Hongwu Emperor formalised the the tributary system yet again --- Guangzhou designated the port to receive foreign missions** **Sent spectacular naval missions out for both trade and diplomacy**, e.g. Zheng He's 7 Voyages Later Ming courts banned such costly expeditions and destroyed large ocean-going ships; chose to de-emphasize maritime commerce and diplomacy Later Ming Repeated maritime bans on Chinese from leaving the country and from interacting with foreigners, especially the Japanese --- **hence the Ming court's reaction when the Portuguese arrived in the early 16th century** Maritime bans weakened the ability of the Ming court to fight the Japanese pirates and protect the coast --- **hence the eventual decision to use the Portuguese** Also created the space for the Portuguese to get a foothold in the maritime trade around the South China Sea --- **hence the profits of the Portuguese traders** **Connections Through the Portuguese Empire** Macau already connected to the intra-regional trade within China (the historic role of the Guangzhou area) - became another major port where foreign products and goods entered China Being a Portuguese settlement meant that Macau also became connected to the maritime trading routes and networks of the Portuguese empire, including the existing Asian trade networks, e.g. **Malacca/Melaka, Timor** As Portuguese now controlled the "Nanhai" Trade, Chinese merchants have to work with the Portuguese to gain access to the products and markets of Southeast Asia/India **Macau's Immediate Prosperity** Macau became an important pivot of the trade routes from Portugal (**Lisbon**) to India (**Goa**) to Southeast Asia to China and Japan (Nagasaki) Macau's most important Southeast Asian partners --- **Manila, Melaka/ Malacca, Timor** Connections to new markets and products, sources of more silver from the Spanish empire via the Macau-Manila & Mexico connection Connections to the extensive Portuguese maritime trading networks across Africa, India, Straits of Melaka, Spice Islands **The Japan Trade (1546-1638)** Arrival of Portuguese in Japan in 1542, when Jesuit priest Fernão Mendes Pinto and a companion accidentally landed in Tanegashima Island Decision made by Ming emperors in 14th century to forbid trade with Japanese gave the Portuguese the opportunity to be the primary middlemen of the China-Japan trade ** In the next 30 years - amazingly profitable import/export business between Macau and Nagasaki in western Japan --- Chinese silk and other luxury products for Japanese silver** ** Rising demand for silver in Ming China as population and economy grew** The Macau-Manila-Mexico Connection **Between 1580 and 1640, Portuguese and Spanish empire connected under one King** (called the "Dual Monarchy" --- King Philip II was both king of Spain and Portugal More contact and trade between Macau and the Spanish empire More movement of traders, Chinese, missionaries between Macau and Manila --- and silver from Mexico (through Manila or direct from Acapulco) Timor The Spanish and **[Impact of Macau's "Greatest Age"] On the Ming Dynasty's Commercial Revolution** ** Portuguese traders facilitated the economic development of China through exporting Chinese products and bringing silver to China** As prosperity grew, China's population more than doubled during the Ming period --- driving both agricultural and industrial production and domestic consumption ** Vast quantities of silver flowed into China from Japan and Mexico** ** Availability of silver made possible the conversion to a currency system based on silver, displacing bronze coins and paper currency** **Macau Between Goa and Canton, 1557-1639** ** How did Macau's rapid growth led to the** creation of local governance structures and institutions along Portuguese lines? How did Macau's rapid growth affect the attitudes of the Portuguese officials in Goa and Lisbon and the Chinese officials in Canton/Guangzhou **Macau's Growth in the First Century** As Macau became prosperous, it grew in different ways as a city Architecturally, rise of a permanent settlement with grand churches, European-style houses, large warehouses and other buildings Socially, emergence of a local community made up of Portuguese and other groups who began to see Macau as second home Politically, emergence of welfare organisations and local government --- the Senado, elected from among the male local Portuguese residents **The Emergence of Local Government: The Senado** In the first few decades of Macau's history, the influence of the Viceroy of Goa on Macau was low ; Macau's local leadership enjoyed a lot of autonomy The choice of Macau as the place to establish a settlement was made by the Portuguese traders; Goa and Lisbon only found out later about Macau Did not conform to the usual pattern in other Portuguese settlements/ colonies, where the Portuguese Crown immediately appointed or sent officials to establish a government after conquest Instead, a committee of traders stepped up to take charge of local government and administration in Macau --- elected by the other Portuguese in the city **The Emergence of Local Government: The Senado** In 1586, the Viceroy of Goa officially recognised Macau's local government as **the Senado da Camara ("the Senate")** Became Macau's main local government institution in charge of commercial and administrative matters, law and justice, conflict-resolution for more 400 years until Handover of 1999 Most important person, the procurator 理事官, who was the Superintendent of customs and treasurer and the Senado's representative in all dealings with the Chinese Viceroy appointed the Captain-Major as temporary Governor of Macau but he was frequently not in Macau and the Senado did not respect his authority **The Attitudes of the Guangzhou ( Officials The Chinese Perspective )** Chinese officials in Guangzhou grew increasingly anxious as Macau grew rich and crowded very quickly --- **anxiety about increasing number of foreigners in Macau** **Increasing concerns about crime and unrest, the commercial threat of Macau, and most importantly, the risks to Guangzhou's security** By mid-1560s, decided to let the Portuguese stay (to benefit from trade and tax revenue and to use them to defend Guangzhou) But introduced policies, measures, and practices to increase Guangzhou's ability to watch over and control the Portuguese settlement **Chinese Polices and Practices ( To Increase Ability to Control Macau )** Built a wall and a gate in 1573 --- **the Barrier Gate** at the narrowest point of the isthmus connecting the Zhongshan peninsula to Macau **Not meant to be a boundary between Portuguese and Chinese territory** Function --- **To control, and collect levies on, goods passing through the gate and** **when necessary, exert pressure on Macau through controlling the supply of food** **and the movement of Chinese into Macau (i.e. starve the city of food and labour)** Function --- **To block any Portuguese invasion and prevent foreigners from going** **further into the provice** Did not allow Portuguese to possess weapons or ammunitions or build walls or fortifications Stationed a command post and garrison at Qianshan 前⼭寨 Increased official supervision over Macau to ensure Chinese laws were followed, to collect custom duties from foreign ships entering Macau From 1578, regularised the "**ground rent"** (yearly annual tax) that Macau had to pay --- symbol of Chinese authority over Macau and Portuguese acknowledgement that they were lessees/tenants **[Macau's Response] Keeping the Status Quo --- "Dual Jurisdiction"** The Chinese allowed the Portuguese allowed to run their own affairs, to collect tax revenue and custom duties, to apply Portuguese laws in Macau so long as they did not violate China's interests and laws and obeyed Guangzhou's rules and instructions The Chinese people living in and outside of Macau remained subjects of the Chinese emperor, if a case involved a Chinese person, the case must be tried by Chinese officials using Chinese laws. Macau's Response Keeping the Status Quo --- Accepting Increase in Chinese Control **Accepting Increase in Chinese Control** ** Portuguese traders in Macau, in general, accepted and complied with the new policies and practices imposed on the Portuguese settlement** Focused on profiteering from trade Knew that Macau's safety and stability depended on the goodwill of the Canton mandarin-officials **The Catholics' Impact on Macau** From its founding, Catholic missionary orders (Jesuits, Augustinians, Franciscans, Dominicans) shaped the Portuguese settlement in many ways Macau'**s urban topography built around the church parishes** and key churches --- shaping everyday life, architecture in the city and the city's international reputation as the "Rome of the Far East" **built many of Macau's first defence, religious, educational, social and military structures** E.g. first Bishop of Macau, a Jesuit, founded the Hospital of St. Rafael (orphanage and hospital), the Santa Casa da Misericordia, the leprosarium of São Lázaro **Macau as the "Bridgehead" for Christianity** **Macau became a "bridgehead" for Christian (Catholic) evangelism in the East Asia (Protestantism only came in 19th century)** where missionaries stayed before going to their mission fields --- to train/ prepare Macau as the headquarters of the Jesuits in Asia Later, also became a refuge for Christians fleeing persecution Through the persistence and the cultural adaptability of missionaries like Matteo Ricci, Macau **became a base for the introduction of Christianity (Catholicism) and Western learning to China and a centre for East-West cultural and intellectual exchange** **[The Jesuits' Impact on Macau] - Pioneering Education and Evangelism** In 1572, pioneered education by founding a school of elementary studies for children of Macau residents --- taught reading and writing 1594, founded a degree-granting University College of St. Paul's --- Why? To train and produce personnel for the missions to China and Japan **Center for East-West Knowledge Exchange** 1588, Jesuits introduced the movable type printing press to the Far East --- **Macau became a center for East-West knowledge exchange and dissemination** Translations of Chinese classics and books into Latin Translations of European/ Christian books into Chinese **Macau as the "Bridgehead" for Christianity - The Factors for Ricci's and the Jesuits' Successes** **The Policy of Cultural Accommodation** Learnt Chinese language and culture Adapted Christian ideas and beliefs to Chinese culture Accommodated Chinese beliefs, e.g. Chinese superstitions and rites **Cultivated relationships with the Chinese elite** **Indirect Conversion Through Science and Technology** --- using Western learning to draw the attention of the Chinese elites and show the validity of Western religions **Who Were/Are the Macanese?** ** "Macanese"** = the "descendants of the Portuguese in Macau"⼟⽣葡⼈ **A social, ethnic, cultural identity based on Portuguese ancestry, connections to Macau, shared cultural practices like language, cuisine, religion** **Not** a political identity --- many Macanese in Macau hold Chinese citizenship; many Macanese overseas hold citizenships of other countries like Portugal **Not** a geographic identity --- since 18th century, Macanese have been leaving Macau; more Macanese in the diaspora than in Macau today; some were not born or did not live in Macau **[The Origins of the Macanese] - Portuguese Imperialism and Macau as a Global City** Very few Portuguese women left Portugal Colonial policy encouraged Portuguese men to marry local women (after they became Catholics) to integrate with local population and extend Portuguese rule Portuguese traders, businessmen, soldiers, adventurers and sailors married with women in Goa, Malacca, Timor, and the other Portuguese port-cities, or women from Japan and Siam (Thailand) **Most mothers of the first Macanese were therefore non-Chinese Asians** --- Malays, Goans, Japanese, Siamese, Filipinos Some African women --- Portuguese traders brought a substantial number of African slaves to Macau (some of whom were converted to Catholicism and baptised) **Evolving Connections** As Macau became connected to more places around the world, its cultural diversity grew The kinds of inter-ethnic marriages also diversified, e.g. Spanish-Filipinos from Manila Over-time, more intermarriage with non-Portuguese Europeans, e.g. British in Macau or the British in Hong Kong after 1841 --- Hong Kong became another significant home of both Portuguese-speaking Macanese and English-speaking Macanese Another type --- Macanese who went to Portugal and other European countries to study or live and returned with Portuguese or other European spouses **The Chinese in Macau: The Early Years** Earliest communities the Fujian-ese 福建⼈ Lived partly (1) on the water (2) partly in the areas of Mong-Há (Wang Xia 望廈), (3) Patane 沙梨頭 to the west of Monte hill, and (4) near the south around the A-Ma Temple Important for the Portuguese --- fishermen and fresh water, shipbuilding and repairs Cantonese farmers, hawkers, labourers, sailors, merchants and craftsmen started coming to provide food and other essential services Otherwise, very few Chinese in the Portuguese settlement itself --- hence Portuguese Chinese marriages were rare! **A Tale of Two Cities** The Portuguese built a city wall 旧城墙 in 1569 to defend against pirates and the Dutch --- this wall became the boundary between the Portuguese city and the upper half of Macau peninsula (where the Chinese villages and settlement were) ** The Portuguese and the Chinese lived alongside, rather than with each other --- not much intermingling outside of everyday commercial activities and interactions** Co-existence of the Portuguese-dominated multicultural society within the city, and the growing Chinese villages and settlement (Mong-Ha 望厦) in the area between the Barrier Gate 关闸 Portas do Cerco and the Portuguese settlement **The First Chinese in Macau** **The Chinese who converted to Catholicism, were baptised, given Portuguese names** merchants and businessmen who came to Macau Chinese who worked for the Portuguese, e.g. as pilots, interpreters Chinese Jesuits priests (e.g. the ones trained by the Jesuit Ruggieri) **Chinese orphan boys and girls adopted by the churches, welfare institutions, or Portuguese families in Macau** Many of the girls, who grew up Catholic, became the first Chinese wives/concubines of the Portuguese or Macanese men in Macau These Chinese became part of the Portuguese/Macanese community ; ignored by the other Chinese and the Chinese government **The Historical Evolution of Society in Macau** Over 500 years, a changing multicultural society, shaped by Macau's global connections A city where Portuguese was politically and culturally dominant --- Only small numbers of Chinese and Portuguese-Chinese in the first 150 years From the 19th century onwards, increased Sinicization of Macau city From mid-1980s, exodus of Portuguese and Macanese before the Handover in 1999 The Macanese - the Legacy of Portugal in China and of Macau's Global Connections **Food and the History of Macau** Foodways in Macau and Macanese food reflected Macau's society, geography, culture, and global connections Macau as a nexus of globalisation since the 16th century Macau as a product of cultural encounters and interactions since the 16th century The **History of Food and Foodways in Macau** ** Macau as a center of global circulations of products and cultural flows and a site of inter-cultural contact and fusion** ** Macau as a gateway for food from around the world to enter China, and for food from China to go around the world** **Where did Food Come From?** **The Local** --- Availability of ingredients based on climate and geography Macau food and Macanese floodways based on locally available ingredients in the Pearl River Delta region **The Global** --- Accessibility of other ingredients based on trade and movement of peoples Incorporated ingredients and food that (1) the Portuguese brought from Europe (2) came on ships from all over the world due to Portugal's global trade networks ** Local adaptations of Portuguese recipes** **Famous Non-Macanese Macau Food Not "Macanese" food but food invented in Macau** **Pork Chop Bun 猪扒包** --- Most likely a 1968 Chinese adaptation of Portuguese food to suit Chinese tastes by a local shop Tai Lei Loi Kei --- based on Portuguese pork sandwich called bifana **"Portuguese" Egg Tart 葡式蛋挞**--- Invented by a British man in the 1990s for his Portuguese customers, based on Portugal's pasteis de nata (but eventually became more popular with Chinese customers) **Macanese Cuisine** The world's first "fusion food" --- Macanese cuisine A product of Macau's society and culture, and its global connections Reflects the transformation of Macau --- from a Portuguese-dominated multicultural settlement (where Macanese food was everyday food) to a Sinicized city (where Macanese food has become "heritage") **The World's First Fusion Food Not Just a Product of Portugal in China but Wide**r Food Studies scholar Annabel Jackson's argument ** that Macanese cuisine cannot be seen only as a fusion of Portuguese or Chinese -** **instead it was the product of a more dynamic set of intra Asian culinary** **conversations** Blend and fusion of Portuguese and Chinese but with influences from Africa, India, Southeast Asia, South America New dishes were created elsewhere in the Portuguese empire before they were brought to Macau (and modified further), e.g. Vindaloo (Indian spicy meat curry) created in Goa before coming to Macau **What is Macanese Cuisine?** Foundations of Macanese cooking indisputably Portuguese Began as Asian/African wives/concubines/servants trying to cook Portuguese recipes for the men/families reliance on Portuguese non-perishables such as wine, olive oil, and chorizo The women who cooked added their own knowledges or ingredients from home Adapted local Chinese and Cantonese ingredients that's available **Macanese Cuisine - An Evolving Cuisine** New ingredients, recipes and dishes added as Macau evolved E.g. more Chinese/Cantonese ingredients as more Chinese entered Macau or became part of Portuguese/Macanese families E.g. more types of Europeans like the British coming to Macau and south China --- "minchi" reflects the British cultural connection Recipes and cuisines evolved into a fusion cuisine and passed down via families and generations --- mainly a home/domestic cuisine 家常便饭 Macanese cuisine as "restaurant" or "heritage" cuisine a more recent phenomenon --- reflecting Macau's transformations and the anxieties of the Macanese as Macau transformed from a Portuguese city into a Chinese on The challenge of the **Dutch and the British** and **Macau's economic decline** in early 17th century The **revival and transformation of Macau's economy** and society in the late 17th-century as the result of Qing China opening up trade with the West --- Macau as the "Outpost of All Europe" British-Macau-Qing China interactions and the factors for the 1st Opium War The **1st Opium War's impact** on Sino-Portuguese relations and Macau's economy and society The transformation and **Sinicization of Macau's** society and economy The connections between Macau and the **1911 Revolution,** 1890s-1910s --- Macau as a base for Chinese reformers, revolutionaries, and nationalist **The Dutch Attack on Macau 1622** 1600s, the Dutch and the English found their way to Asia and began challenging Portuguese dominance in the region. Dutch attack Portuguese ships between Macau and Nagasaki, Manila and Nagasaki, and Malacca and Macau --- even robbed Macau in July 1603 ** In June 1622, the Dutch attacked Macau,** hoping to capture it as their base to trade with China and with Japan but the Dutch were defeated. Dutch and British replaced Portuguese as the dominant European powers in Asia: Macau's economic decline **Impact of the 1622 Attack** ( Macau's Defences and Urban Topography ) The Guangzhou authorities finally allowed the Portuguese to build defensive fortifications in the coastal areas to defend against other foreigners From few defensive structures to key fortresses and walls, changing the city's urban landscape Goa appointed Macau's **first captain-general and governor Francisco Mascarenhas** to develop Macau's military and defence capabilities expanded and developed the existing defensive structures built a new fort on Guia Hill (Guia Fortress, completed 1638) **The End of Macau's Golden Age in 1639/1640** 1600s Dutch and English Competition 1639 Loss of the Japan Trade 1640 Ban of Portuguese Traders from Guangzhou Restoration of Portugal's Independence from Spain and the Loss of Manila Connections 1641 Loss of Malacca **The End of the Japan Trade** The feudal warlords in Japan, especially Shogun, became hostile towards the rise of Christianity (Roman Catholicism) and the presence of Europeans --- viewed Catholicism as a political and cultural threat **From 1587, successive Japanese shoguns introduced policies expelling missionaries and banning Christianity in Japan** **Economic problems and bad debts** caused relations between Macau's traders and Japan to further deteriorate After **the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637-1638**, the 3rd Tokugawa Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu banned Europeans from Japan and banned Japanese abroad from returning to Japan **The Loss of Other Trade Connections** **Manila** --- Portugal regained independence from Spain in 1640 --- trading links between Manila and Macau cut **Southeast Asia** the Dutch pushed Portuguese out of the Indian Ocean area, the Spice Islands, and Southeast Asia from the early 17th century In **1641, the Dutch conquered Malacca** and seized control of the vital shipping lanes in the Straits of Malacca [**"The Outpost of All Europe"** ] After the Ming Dynasty fell, the Qing Dynasty and Macau had unstable relationships The Portuguese leadership of Macau at first supported the Ming but eventually decided to support the new Dynasty On a few occasions, Macau almost disappeared because the Qing Emperor issued maritime bans and ordered all subjects to move into the interior The Kangxi Emperor 康熙 issued an edict in 1668 allowing the Portuguese to stay but strengthened Chinese control over Macau **Qing China Opens Up Trade with Rest of the West** **Relations between the Qing and Macau stabilised after Macau regained its role as the interface between China and the West.** **1685**, the Kangxi Emperor lifted the ban on foreign trade, opening Guangzhou and three other ports From the late 17th century onwards, regular trade began between Qing China and other Europeans --- French, Dutch, Danes, Swedes, Spanish, the British The Portuguese in Macau were no longer the only Europeans trading in China **Qing's Unhappiness with the Europeans** The Kangxi Emperor became unhappy with the European presence crime, brothels, gambling houses rose in the South China ports as Europeans created troubles and civil unrest Security concerns about the increasing number of Europeans and European ships in China The Kangxi Emperor became unhappy with the European presence **The Rites Controversy** (中国礼仪之争)--- a religious quarrel between different Catholic orders over whether Chinese Catholic converts can: (i) observe traditional ancestral rites (ii) worship Confucius (551-479 BCE) (iii) use terms like "tian" (Heaven 天), "tian zhu" (Lord of Heaven 天主) or "Shang di" (Heavenly Emperor 上帝) to refer to the Christian God. The other Catholic Orders (e.g. Dominicans, Augustinians, Franciscans) complained about the Jesuits' policy of cultural accommodation **The Rites Controversy** In April 1705, the head of the Catholic Church, Pope Clement XI, sent his representative, the Patriarch of Antioch as the Papal Legate to investigate The Kangxi Emperor received him in Beijing but the Patriarch continued to criticise Confucianism; finally, the Emperor threw him out of Beijing and ordered him back to Macau The Patriarch and Pope later ordered all missionaries and Christians to reject Confucian rites the Kangxi Emperor angered by disrespect and criticism of Chinese cultural practices, perceived the foreigners as interfering in religion and culture in China **Giving Up the Chance to Become the Center of Trade** In 1719 and 1733, the Kangxi and Yongzheng Emperors proposed to make Macau the exclusive center for trade with the Europeans --- i.e. to let Macau manage all the Europeans at a distance from the rest of China But the Senado and the Bishop rejected the chances for political, social and religious reasons **The Qing's Restrictive Policies to Control the Europeans** Between 1757 and 1760, the Qianlong 乾隆 Emperor introduced numerous policies that placed many restrictions on the Europeans the One Port Policy and the Canton Trade System foreigners can only trade at Guangzhou foreigners can only trade with the 13-14 Chinese "Hong merchants" ⼯⾏航商 chosen by the court to manage trade with the Europeans (and also supervise their behaviour the 防范外夷规条 "Regulations to Protect Against the Foreign Barbarians" Foreigners cannot stay in Guangzhou outside of the trading season; European women cannot be brought to Guangzhou (or other parts of China) **Macau became...** **a strategic territory for the Chinese authorities to regulate the presence of "the barbarians" while benefiting from the trade** **the base and headquarters of the European traders** --- where they stayed to wait for the trading season in Guangzhou, where they placed their warehouses **the residences of the European traders' families** **The residences of other Europeans** who came to experience, visit, learn about China or work in China, e.g. George Chinnery, Robert Morrison **The base of American traders and residence of their families**, e.g. Harriet Low **[Impact on Macau ]** ** The revival of Macau's economy** Custom duties from European ships Rental of rooms, properties, houses yo the Western traders and their families Services and leisure industries **Cultural and intellectual exchange between Macau and the West** A more cosmopolitan city and **an increase in cultural, gender, religious diversity** **[A More Cosmopolitan Societ]y but Dominated by the British** By 18th century, Britain had became the leading European power in Europe and Asia, sending more ships to China than the other European countries **Chinese tea became the most important commodity** as tea-drinking became increasingly popular in Europe, surpassing silk and porcelain **Macau became the base of the EIC's China operations from 1773 to 1835** British presence in Macau became significant for the enclave's economic and cultural life --- became the most prominent and most economically influential new group in the city **Bridge between China and Europe** ** By becoming the base and stopping point for Europeans, Macau resumed its historic role as the bridge between China and the West** Many Western missionaries, artists, public figures, diplomats intellectuals visited "the outpost of all Europe in China" between 1800 and 1850, or travelled to China through Macau Macau's history, architecture, landscape became the subject of literature, art, and study --- Macau as a proxy for China Western learning and knowledge entering China through Macau Chinese culture and learning going to Europe through Macau **Changes in Macau's Society** The increase in Europeans and Macau's prosperity led to more Chinese (and their families) going to Macau to earn their living, e.g. as servants or labourers for the Europeans Many Chinese merchants established firms in Macau to trade with the European merchants there as well Previously Chinese not allowed to stay in the city --- However, more and more Chinese set up temporary squatters' huts just outside the Portuguese city walls or even found ways to get houses within the city (e.g. rented, sold, or mortgaged to them by Portuguese) Finally, in 1793 the restrictions on the rental of houses to Chinese were lifted **Robert Morrison ⻢礼逊 (1782-1834)** The first Protestant Christian missionary in China --- **introduced Protestant Christianity 基督教** Notable achievements include the first Anglo- **Chinese dictionary**, translations of Christian works into Chinese Reflected Macau's roles as **"a bridgehead of Christianity**" and as **a center of East-West knowledge creation and exchange** **[Conflicts and Changes in Macau, 1757-1840 ]** The Case of Robert Morrison and the Establishment of the Protestant Cemetery (1821) reflected the tensions between the spiritual and religious beliefs of the Protestants, the Catholics, and the Chinese in Macau reflected the restrictions the new Europeans faced in Macau **Conflicts between the British and the Portuguese** Some Portuguese residents made \$\$ from the British presence but others saw the British as (1) economic competition (2) rival Christians (3) threats to Macau's morality, safety, and peace Conflicts between the British and Portuguese in Macau arose as the Europeans had to adapt to a context where (i) the Portuguese enforced restrictions against them (2) helped the Guangzhou government enforce Chinese laws against the British interests and safety Conflicts between the British and the Portuguese **As the centre of British activities in China and China's strategic enclave to control and regulate the foreigners, Macau became caught in the middle of the two bigger powers** Disliked the British and did not want the British to dominate trade with China but did not want to lose the revenue from the European presence in Macau Wanted to preserve self-government over Macau but was dependent on the goodwill of the Chinese officials in Guangzhou and tried to maintain a cooperative relationship The Portuguese residents of Macau had to carefully deal with both sides, while protecting their interests and Macau's safety [I**mpact on Macau-Guangzhou Relations**] **Macau in the Middle** ' The Guangzhou government (i) increased control over Macau to watch the new foreigners (ii) expected the Portuguese in Macau to fulfil their responsibilities of keeping the foreigners at bay and in control blamed the Portuguese for the British's bad behaviour and violations of Chinese laws The British soon realised that the Portuguese were not themselves masters of Macau --- Could not be depended on as their protectors and did not have to obey their authority British merchants and officials began to think about taking over Macau or getting their own base in China where they could apply British laws and protect their welfare and interests more **The British Occupation of Macau 1808** September 1808, British Rear-Admiral William Drury led a fleet of warships into Macau's waters in the name of protecting Macau (as Portugal's ally) and British citizens British soldiers landed and occupied the Guia and Bomparto Forts The Emperor was furious at the unauthorised occupation of Chinese territory and ordered Guangzhou to to attack and drive out the British Macau's Portuguese leadership managed to convince the Chinese to hold off their attack and convince the British warships to leave Macau--- thus a war between the Chinese and British was avoided and Portuguese Macau survived **[Collisions between the Qing and Europe]** Conflicts between the British and Qing China over different issues --- restrictions on trade and movement, property, safety and welfare of the British in China, legal differences --- triggered unhappiness about territoriality and sovereignty increasing tensions that paved the way for the First Opium War between Qing China and the UK in 1839 Lady Hughes Incident 1784 Lord MacCarney's Failed Mission, 1792-93 British Occupation of 1808 **[The War Against Opium]** **Key Causes of the Opium Wars** European unhappiness with the Canton Trade system and the restrictive policies on their movement and on their trade Issue of territorial jurisdiction - the Europeans, especially the British, did not want to be subjected to Chinese laws Unhappy with Qing court's treatment of the Europeans and assumptions of superiority --- e.g. Lord MacCartney's failed mission to the Emperor More Conflicts that Heightened tensions in the 1820s and 1830s --- Lin Zexu's Anti-Opium Campaign was the trigger of open warfare **Opium in Macau** Demand for tea increasing in Europe/Britain but no demand for European products in China--- trade deficit and net outflow of silver from Britain to China The answer was opium --- Chinese from all classes became addicted to opium and kept buying and consuming more As the base of the Europeans, a lot of opium also flowed through Macau Some of the Portuguese residents profited from opium smuggling as well **Opium in China** **Opium became connected to multiple problems for China** Health consequences for the increasing numbers of Chinese elites Rampant corruption of Chinese officials and Chinese merchants Increased smuggling and trade of opium along the Chinese coast (and in Guangzhou and Macau) Outflow of silver from China (creating economic problems) --- after 1825, the balance of trade went against China **[Macau in the middle] Policy of "Neutrality**" Alarmed by the problems opium caused, the Jiaqing Emperor 嘉庆 (1760-1820) and Daoguang Emperor 道光 (1820-1850) issued orders to eliminate opium consumption and smuggling across the 1800s---1830s Macau's Governor and Senado **officially declared "neutrality" 中⽴ while trying their best to remain friendly with both sides, especially the Qing government, and help either side when necessary to protect Macau's safety** Began to police the opium trade in Macau and cooperate with Chinese officials to find and destroy opium ** But tried to warn the British and protect their safety in Macau; alerted them to move their opium away from Macau** to not give the British any reason to attack or take over the city to avoid a military confrontation between China and Britain in Macau After clamping down on the British in Guangzhou, Lin then turned his attention to the British in Macau Between March and September 1838, tensions extremely high in Macau as the Chinese authorities searched for opium and the British tried to deal with the Chinese --- while the Portuguese continued to remain "neutral" **The Road to the Opium War** In June 1839, Lin Zexu believed that the British was trying to make Macau a new storehouse and base for opium --- banned trade in Macau outside of local business In mid-August, Lin decided to expel all British from Macau --- banned the provision of food to the British and ordered a blockade of Macau to force the British to leave By 26 August, all British had left Macau under to a nearby island Hong Kong On 3 November, the First Battle of Chuenpi 穿⿐之戰 --- the first battle of the Opium War **The First Opium War** In early 1840, the British declared war and sent a British Expeditionary Force of modern armed steamships and troopships that blockaded Guangzhou, and then steadily attacked and occupied many ports --- not to conquer per se but to demonstrate Britain's superior firepower and navy to force the Qing to agree to British demands Qing China forced to negotiate in mid-1842, just before the British attacked Nanjing **[The Opium War in Macau]** **Macau became both a beachhead for the Western powers to invade China as well as for China to defend its sovereignty against the West** During the war, the Portuguese leadership maintained "neutrality" by asking Chinese troops to keep out while intercepting British ships and asking them to leave However, in June 1840, 48 British ships with 4,000 soldiers arrived in Macau --- allowed to land Portuguese did not get involved on August 19 when the British attacked and destroyed the Barrier Gate 关闸 and the Chinese garrison there Outside of this, Macau saw little of the Opium War **Macau as a Base of Chinese Patriotism** The Chinese in Macau showed their patriotism by supporting the Qing officials' efforts to destroy opium --- e.g. by obeying the orders to not sell food or to work for the British --- and by criticising and attacking the British in small ways during the war The Portuguese leadership had to mobilise the Portuguese in Macau to patrol the streets and prevent Chinese and British soldiers from fighting ** Macau becoming a new centre of Chinese patriotism and nationalism** **[The First Opium War and Macau]** Qing China's defeat showed that the Qing was helpless against the British and the Western powers' superior technology and industrial capacity --- forced to agree to "unequal treaties" that gave the Western powers many privileges and rights at China's expense **The Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) 1842 End of the First Opium War --- The First "Unequal Treaty"** **Article 3** - The Emperor of China to **cede Hong Kong island to the British, which the British can govern using British laws** **Article 5** - Abolished the Canton "Co-hong system" (where British merchants could only trade at Guangzhou and only with with the "Co-hong" Hong merchants (⾏商) --- **British merchants could trade with whoever they like in Guangzhou** **Opened up 5 ports to trade** --- "treaty ports" Canton (Guangzhou), Amoy (Xiamen), Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai **Equality in official correspondence** **More Unequal Treaties 不平等条约 Treaty of the "Bogue"** British took the chance to push Qing China for more privileges - October 1843, forced the Chinese representative Qi Ying (耆英) --- the Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi --- to sign an additional treaty British gained extraterritoriality 治外法权 - British subjects who commit crimes will be charged under British law while on Chinese soil British warships could anchor at the five treaty ports to protect British traders "Most-favoured-nation-status" 最优惠国待遇 for Britain --- if China signed treaties that gave other rights to other foreign countries, Britain will automatically get the same rights **[Macau as Interface 中国外交的接⼝] Unequal Treaties with the U.S. and France** ** Macau became the interface between China and more Western countries for the unequal treaties** E.g. February 1844, the U.S.'s Caleb Cushing reached Macau to conclude a treaty to gain the same rights the British enjoyed at the Treaty Ports On 3 July 1844, Cushing and Qi Ying (the Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi) signed the Treaty of Wanghia (Mong Ha) in Macau, opening up China to trade with the Americans **Macau and the Sovereignty Question** **Qing China's exposed weaknesses and the many \"unequal treaties" gave Portugal the opportunities and desires to revisit the question of Macau's sovereignty (i.e. control and ownership of Macau)** Portuguese **began to expand their influence over Macau without Chinese knowledge or permission** **November 20, 1845 --- the Portuguese Queen, Maria II, declared Macau a free port** **without Chinese permission** --- so that Macau could attract foreign traders like Hong Kong, which had been founded as a free port **Amaral as Governor of Macau** In 1846, Portugal appointed João Maria Ferreira do Amaral, a captain in the Portuguese navy, as Governor of Macau - **Gave him the mission to pursue Macau's complete autonomy from the Chinese** Amaral expanded Portuguese influence over Macau in many aggressive ways --- became a symbol of Portuguese infringement of Chinese sovereignty **[Amaral's Aggression towards the Chinese] Asserting Authority over the Chinese in Macau** Forced Chinese firms and shops and workers in Macau to pay taxes --- to replace the revenue lost by declaring Macau a free port Imposed a tax of one silver dollar per ship per month for Chinese boats bringing goods and people to Macau Violently suppressing protests by the Chinese **Rejecting Chinese Ownership and Control** 1847, Abolished the Chinese maritime customs office, arrested the custom officer and ordered him to leave Macau Argued that since Macau was now a free port, the customs office should not exist 1849 Stopped paying the ground rent Expelled the Tso-tang and destroyed his house Insisted that Macau had been a Portuguese possession for centuries **Extending Control over the Rest of Macau Peninsula** Demanded that the Chinese staying between city walls and barrier gate pay land taxes to the Portuguese government (and not the Guangzhou government) 1847 onwards, constructed a road from the the city gate in the northeast of Macau city to the Barrier Gate --- through area with the Chinese settlements The road ran through the foot of Guia Hill where many Chinese burial tombs were located --- Amaral ordered the removal of the graves to make way for the road The Chinese people, especially the villagers, whose relatives and ancestors were buried there, were angered **22 August 1849, Amaral assassinated** by Shen Zhiliang and 7 other people near the Barrier Gate Shocked by the violent assassination of the Governor and high levels of tensions in Macau, the Bishop of Macau and other leaders set up an emergency State Council Appealed to the British in Hong Kong for assistance; worried that the Chinese might attack out of revenge for Amaral's actions **The Aftermath of the Assassination - The Passaleão Incident** Tensions were very high and there was increasing numbers of Chinese troops appearing near Macau, increasing fears of an attack on Macau 25th August, a Portuguese officer Vicente Nicolau de Mesquita decided to attack first --- led about 32 soldiers to destroy the Barrier Gate and attacked the Chinese fort on Latashi Hill near the gate--- easily defeated the garrison of 400 Chinese soldiers there ** Thereafter, the Portuguese built a new Barrier Gate (Portas do Cerco)** Completed the Mong-Ha Fortress and Dona Maria II Fortress near the new Barrier Gate to protect Macau from Chinese attacks Gradually the situation calmed down --- **but the Portuguese had effectively seized administrative and military control of Macau** **Qing China did not recognise Portuguese control over Macau but also did not restore or re-establish the policies, practices, facilities that symbolised Chinese influence and rule over Macau** Finally in 1887, mainly due to the need to prevent the French from ever getting Macau and to get the Portuguese to help control the trade of opium in China, **Qing China signed the 1887 Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking with Portugal** **[1887 Sino-Portuguese Treaty] - Lisbon Protocol & Treaty of Peking (Beijing)** **Qing China recognised "the perpetual occupation and government of Macau and its dependencies by Portugal"** i.e. recognising Portuguese control over Macau ** The Portuguese agreed to never "alienate Macao and its dependencies without agreement from China"** i.e. Portugal should never sell, exchange, cede Macau to another foreign country without China's permission --- affirming Chinese ownership over Macau **[Economy and Society after 1840s ]** After the Opium War, the founding of Hong Kong and the opening of the other Treaty Ports - Guangzhou, Amoy (Xiamen), Ningbo, Shanghai, Fuzhou meant **Macau was no longer a center of international shipping** **Also no longer a place of residence and recreation for Western merchants coming** **to China (as it was between 1685 and 1840)** **The new British colony of Hong Kong soon overtook Macau** it was a free port, where ships did not have to pay taxes or custom levies had a deep freshwater harbour, whereas Macau's harbours were being filled with silt 淤泥 from the Pearl and West Rivers --- became shallow and silted **[Aftermath of the Opium War] Emigration of the Non-Chinese** British and other Europeans left for Hong Kong or the other Treaty Ports Many Portuguese and Macanese youth left Macau for better opportunities in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Japan and elsewhere --- foreign firms in these places sought their knowledge of China and Chinese Resulted in **the decrease of Macau's Portuguese and Macanese population** and **new types of Macanese** **Increasing Sinicization** Conversely, **influx of Chinese refugees from south China fleeing war, rebellions (especially the Taiping Rebellion), natural disasters** By 1839, half the population of Macau was Chinese (7,033 Chinese in a population of 13,000) --- influx during late Ming and after Macau became the "Outpost of All Europe" **By 1871, Chinese: 92.4% (26% born in Macau)** of a population of 71,730 **[The Coolie Trade], 1851-1873 "Short-lived prosperity" due to the coolie trade** **The "Dark Episode" in Macau's history --- Macau as a center for the coolie trade between 1851 and 1873** Coolies: In theory, young Chinese men who signed short-term contracts to work overseas in plantations/mines in Southeast Asia, North America or Latin America --- but mostly became forced labour subjected to horrible abuses, neglect and violence in every stage of the journey ** Macau became a centre of the coolie trade** Already a centre for Chinese emigration (e.g. to Southeast Asia) Located next to a source of labour --- Guangdong Coolie agencies and brokers moved to Macau (and Hong Kong due to the Qing banning the coolie trade in 1860s --- taking advantage of Portuguese seizure of control Global condemnation of the coolie trade forced the Portuguese governor of Macau to ban the trade in 1873 with great negative impact on Macau's economy **[The Growth of the Vice Industry] The Opium Trade** To solve Macau's economic problems, the government decided to legalize and profit from the "vice economy", i.e. by taxing and farming out the right to operate gambling, opium, prostitution, alcohol businesses **The Opium Trade until 28 May 1946 when Macau stopped the sale of all opium** **The Growth of the Gambling Industry** Portuguese Governor Amaral gave out the first gambling licenses in 1846, i.e. Amaral legalised gambling in Macau --- thereafter the gambling industry grew 1850s, new Governor of Macau Isidoro Guimaraes introduced a licensing system for gambling houses in Macau to raise revenue **1870s, the British authorities in Hong Kong banned gambling as an immoral activity; the Viceroy of Guangdong also decided to ban gambling --- gambling businesses and gamblers in Hong Kong and Guangzhou had to go to Macau** **From 1870s to late 1910s, gambling business developed in Macau and strengthened Macau's reputation as a regional center for gambling** ** Under Portuguese control and not following Qing China policies** --- hence while gambling was banned and discouraged in China, Macau's Portuguese government legalised and developed the gambling industry, created an effective system for licensing gambling houses **Inflow of gambling capital and gambling management knowledge** ** Inflow of Chinese labour, a.k.a. customers** **The Sinicization of Macau's Economy** **[Rise of Chinese Merchant Class]** **Growth of Chinese population in Macau and arrival of wealthy silk and tea merchants from Guangzhou arriving as refugees from the Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion** Led to **increase in number of Chinese merchants and entrepreneurs in Macau** for different kinds of industrial activities and different import-export businesses Led to increase in availability of Chinese labour for Chinese industries Example: Rise of tea industry due to arrival of tea merchants from Guangzhou --- by 1880s about 15 tea factories, processing imported tea for European consumers ** With the decline of Portuguese merchants and the departure of the Europeans, Chinese merchants, businessmen, and tycoons began to control Macau's international trade and commerce from the mid-19th century** By 1896, 1075 commercial and industrial companies were owned by Chinese (with 6,803 workers) compared to 11 Portuguese enterprises with 35 workers Previously majority of Chinese in Macau occupied positions like fishermen, translators, hawkers, stallholders, manual labour But now, increasing richer and mercantile class, being to invest in the "vice economy",e.g. gambling shops, opium dens, brothels, but also traditional Chinese industries like tea, salted fish, silk The Sinization of Macau's Economy Rise of Early Chinese Industries **Rise of Early Chinese Industries** 1910s-1930s, rise of the early Chinese industries Production of incense ，firecrackers 爆⽵，matches ⽕柴 as three key early industries (accounting for 37.8% of total exports from Macau in 1930) Also other factories and export-businesses for salted fish, silk, rice, sea cucumber tobacco, cooking oil, canned products, liquor, glass, flour, copper Industrial development slow since Macau was small and short of natural resources --- Macau's industries dominated by small and medium enterprises But Chinese merchants began investing in improvements and developments, for example, began large scale reclamation in the Inner Harbour area and built first hospital run by Chinese for Chinese, the Kiang Wu Hospital in 1871 **Macau and the [1911 Revolution] ( what )** Macau **became a base and a haven for prominent Chinese intellectuals, nationalists, reformers, and revolutionaries trying to change China** The most famous of these? **Zheng Guan-yin** (a reformer) and **Sun Yat-sen** (a revolutionary) Macau's residents, especially the Chinese, supported the reform and revolutionary movements The Macau Tongmenghui (United League) participated in the Revolution and helped inspire the other uprisings in Guangdong **Reformers and Revolutionaries in Macau** ( Why ) **Macau's unique situation of "Chinese territory under Portuguese control"** Space for the discussion of new ideas, anti-Qing sentiments and movements - Portuguese neutrality - did not interfere **more than 90% Chinese** --- majority of residents now care about about happens in China, especially higher-status and higher-educated merchants and intellectuals its strategic location between Guangdong and Hong Kong and its connections to Southeast Asia and elsewhere (where there were overseas Chinese) Proximity to Guangzhou, Shanghai and other Treaty Ports --- the Chinese there first to be exposed to presence of Westerners in China (with pros and cons) **Connections between Macau and the Reform Movement** Pioneering merchant-reformer Zheng Guanyin stayed in Macau between 1886 and 1891, started writing his most famous work, 盛世危⾔ (Honest Words for a Prosperous Age) that advocated new ideas to solve China's problems The leaders of the Reform movement, especially Kang Youwei, visited Macau and got the support of local Chinese merchants who supported the reformers financially, and through starting a newspaper --- Zhixin Bao After 1898, Macau remained a refuge and base of the reformers until they moved to Hong Kong after 1903 The failure of the reformist movements and the continued weaknesses and corruption of the Qing court caused many Chinese intellectuals and nationalists to believe that it was too late for reform **A revolutionary movement emerged from the mid-1890s, culminating in the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911** --- the leading figure was Sun Yat-Sen, Macau remains proud of its connections to "the Father of Modern China" --- **Macau was where SYS started his medical career and political activities** **Sun Yat-sen in Macau** Became good friends with Zheng Guan-yin and frequently discussed the solutions to China's problems Met prominent Portuguese, Macanese and Chinese in Macau to get their moral support and financial assistance Recruited and inspired many youth of Macau to join him Used Macau to organise the anti-Qing rebellion in neighbouring Xiangshan County and Guangzhou Macau became a gathering place for revolutionaries who came to meet him Sun Yat-sen in Macau SYS was very good friends with a Macanese Francisco H. Fernandez ⻜南第 (1863-1923), whose father owned a printing plant in Macau Fernandez helped Sun found a newspaper. SYS's earliest political writings appeared in the Chinese editions --- 镜海丛报 Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao (\>130 issues between 1893-1895) Carried anti-Qing propaganda, news about revolutionary activities --- **the first newspaper of the revolutionary movement** **The Wuchang Uprising = 1911 Revolution 武昌起义** On October 10, 1911, the Revolution started in Wuchang in Wuhan and anti Qing rebellions quickly arose in the other provinces the Macau Tongmenghui launched their armed uprising in Xiangshan on November 2; captured the county by November 5, inspiring other revolutionaries in Guangdong On December 1911, Sun Yat-Sen was elected the provisional president of the new Republic of China 中华⺠国, inaugurated in Nanjing on 1 January 1912 When the 1911 Revolution was won, there was a lot of celebrations in Macau --- till today, Macau celebrates its connections to the Father of Modern China How was Macau both a beneficiary and facilitator of Sino-European interactions since the 15th century? Why and how did a barren village with no natural resources become a vibrant port-city vital to both Europe and China? How did these processes shape Macau society and culture? The Founding of Macau in 1557 - Why? In 1557, the Portuguese established a permanent settlement in Macau, with the permission of Chinese officials, and administered it until the Handover in 1999 The big question: Why and how did the Portuguese come to Asia in the early-16th century Portuguese explorer Jorge Álvares reached China in 1513 but the Portuguese only established a long-term trading base in Macau in 1557. Why? ** What explains the 40+ years gap? Why couldn't the Portuguese establish a permanent base before the mid-1550s?** What were the key events and developments in Chinese-Portuguese relations between 1513 and 1557? What were the Chinese's attitudes towards the Portuguese? **Why did the Chinese officials in Canton eventually allow the Portuguese to establish a permanent settlement in Macau in 1557?** **Macau, the Nanhai, and the Ming** What were the maritime trading networks that South China were connected to historically, even before the arrival of the Portuguese? What were Ming Dynasty's policies and attitudes towards maritime activities in south China and how did these affect the Portuguese? **Macau's Greatest Age** What were the factors that made Macau extremely rich and prosperous in the f irst sixty years of its existence? What were the important trade networks that Macau were connected to and benefited from? **Macau Between Goa and Canton, 1557-1639** How did Macau's rapid growth led to the creation of local governance structures and institutions along Portuguese lines? How did Macau's rapid growth affect the attitudes of the Portuguese officials in Goa and Lisbon and the Chinese officials in Canton/Guangzhou **The Jesuits and Other Early Missionaries** How did the Catholic Orders, especially the Jesuits contribute to the development of Macau during the 17th century? What was Macau's historic role as a "bridgehead" for Christianity (Catholicism) to enter China and Japan? **The Evolution of Local Society in Macau** Who were/are the Macanese? Who produced the Macanese? How do the Macanese reflect the evolution of Macau's society and Macau's historic role as a globally-connected port-city? ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### **6. Unity and Fellowship** - ### **7. Symbolic Acts** - ### **8. Passover Connection** - ### ### ### ### ### **David's Kingship** - - - ### **David and Bathsheba** - ### **Solomon's Wisdom** - - - **Building the Temple** - - ### **Sons and Daughter of David** **Summary**: David had many children from his various wives and concubines. His notable sons include Amnon, who was killed by his brother Absalom for raping their sister Tamar; Absalom, who rebelled against David and was eventually killed; Adonijah, who attempted to seize the throne before Solomon was crowned king; and Solomon, who succeeded David and became known for his wisdom and building the Temple. David's only mentioned daughter, Tamar, was tragically raped by her half-brother Amnon.. **The Annunciation** **Summary**: The Annunciation refers to the angel Gabriel's visit to Mary, announcing that she would conceive and bear a son, Jesus, through the Holy Spirit. Mary responds with faith and humility, accepting God's will. Jesus was born in Bethlehem, fulfilling prophecies about the Messiah's birthplace. ### **Parents of Mary** **Summary**: According to tradition, Mary's parents were Joachim and Anne. They were a devout couple who prayed for a child and were blessed with Mary in their old age. Their story is not detailed in the Bible but comes from apocryphal texts like the Protoevangelium of James. ### **The Visitation of Elizabeth** - - ### **The Nativity of Jesus' Birth** - - **Jesus the Messiah** **Summary**: Jesus is recognized as the Messiah, the anointed one sent by God to save humanity. Throughout the New Testament, Jesus fulfills numerous prophecies about the Messiah, performing miracles, teaching about God's kingdom, and ultimately sacrificing himself for the sins of the world. ### **Matthew, Luke, and Mark on Jesus** **Summary**: The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John provide different perspectives on the life and teachings of Jesus. Matthew emphasizes Jesus as the fulfillment of Jewish prophecy, Mark presents a vivid and immediate account of Jesus' ministry, Luke highlights Jesus' compassion and concern for the marginalized, and John focuses on Jesus' divine nature. ### **John the Baptist** - - ### **Mark 6** - - ### **John the Baptist and Salome** - ### **Jesus\' Disciples** **Summary**: Jesus\' disciples were a group of twelve men chosen by Jesus to follow him closely, learn from his teachings, and spread his message. They included Peter, James, John, Andrew, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James the Less, Thaddeus, Simon the Zealot, and Judas Iscariot. **Significance**: - - - ### **The Last Supper** **Summary**: The Last Supper was Jesus\' final meal with his disciples before his crucifixion. It is traditionally understood to have been a Passover meal. During the meal, Jesus instituted the practice of Communion, breaking bread and sharing wine as symbols of his body and blood, signifying the new covenant. **Significance**: - - - ### **Jesus\' Miracles and Parables** **Summary**: Jesus performed numerous miracles, such as healing the sick, raising the dead, calming storms, and feeding multitudes. He also taught using parables---simple, illustrative stories that conveyed deep spiritual and moral lessons. **Significance**: - - - - depictions of Jesus\' baptism and John the Baptist in art: 1. - - 2. - - 3. - - ### **Birth and Early Life** - - - ### **Ministry** - - - - ### **Key Events** - - - ### **Crucifixion and Resurrection** - - - - ### **Titles and Names** - - - - - ### **Impact and Legacy** - - - The Last Suppe **1. Institution of the Eucharist** - ### **2. New Covenant** - ### **3. Betrayal Foretold** - ### **4. Servant Leadership** - ### **5. Preparation for Crucifixion** -