Readings in Philippine History GED 105 - PDF

GED 105 - READINGS IN PHILIPPINE TEODORO ANDAL AGONCILLO HISTORY (November 9, 1912 – January 14, 1985) LESSON 1: Questions and Issues in History Prehistory Prehistory refers to that period where information...

GED 105 - READINGS IN PHILIPPINE TEODORO ANDAL AGONCILLO HISTORY (November 9, 1912 – January 14, 1985) LESSON 1: Questions and Issues in History Prehistory Prehistory refers to that period where information of the past were recorded in materials other than written documents, which may not be understood by a historian. These include artifacts, drawings, paintings, sculptures and any other forms. History covers information derived from largely written records of past experiences. - He was named National Scientist of the What is HISTORY? Philippines in 1985 for his distinguished - Study of the past contributions in the field of history. - Came from the Greek word “historia” Ang Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas (with meaning knowledge acquired through Gregorio F. Zaide, 1941) inquiry or investigation The Writings and Trial of Andres Bonifacio (1963) Historiography Introduction to Filipino History (1974) - The history of history - It is the study of historical writing REYNALDO “REY” CLEMEÑA ILETO “How history was written?” “Who wrote it?” “What factors influenced how it was written?” Why study HISTORY? 1. History helps us understand people and societies. 2. History helps us understand change and how the society we live in came to be. 3.History contributes to moral understanding. - He is known for his seminal work 4. History provides identity. Pasyon and Revolution: Popular 5. Studying History Is Essential for Good Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910 Citizenship. first published in 1979. FILIPINO HISTORIANS ENCARNACIÓN A. ALZONA Historians are people who study history. (March 23, 1895 – March 13, 2001) - Their main concern is human activity in the past. - Historians study the past to understand people’s culture - The knowledge, beliefs, customs, and values of a group of people - She was a pioneering Filipino historian, Archaeology educator and suffragist. - Study of the past based on what people left - She was conferred in 1985 the rank and title behind of National Scientist of the Philippines. Archaeologists - Her first book, published in 1932, was -explore places where people once lived, entitled A History of Education in the worked, or fought. The things that people left Philippines 1565–1930. in these places may include jewelry, dishes, or weapons. AMBETH R. OCAMPO Historiography -It is about the methods and practices used in producing history, the development of history as a discipline, or the philosophy or significance of historical writing. QUESTIONS ABOUT HISTORY 1. Why is history always written by the victors? 2. Why are the flaws/mistakes of “heroes” are - He is a Filipino public historian, academic, not usually presented ? cultural administrator, journalist, author and curator. - Best known for his definitive writings about Philippines' national hero José Rizal and on topics on Philippine history and Philippine art through Looking Back HOW DO WE STUDY THE PAST ? Oral History - Stories passed down from generation to generation that attempt to explain the past and/or a worldview. Oral Tradition - It is the cultural knowledge and information that has been passed down through speech from one generation to the next. epic/songs artifacts memory architecture Written History - Record of language and symbols on a variety of materials - Based on a written record or other documented communication.  GED 105 - READINGS IN PHILIPPINE Padron General de Chinos (General register HISTORY of Chinese) LESSON 2: Distinction Between Primary And Presos (Prisoners) Secondary Sources What are Primary Sources? National Archives Primary sources are original records of -Aside from Spanish sources, the a certain event by people who have National Archives is also the repository of experienced or witnessed it. 20th-century documents such as civil Letters records, notarial documents, and Japanese Legislations wartime crime Torrentira, Readings in Newspaper records. Articles Diaries The National Museum of the Philippines Interviews As an educational, scientific, and government documents cultural institution, the National Museum Reports (NM) operates the National Museum of Fine Photographs Arts, National Museum of Anthropology, Literature and other creative outputs National Museum of Natural History, National Planetarium and other branch museums LOCATING PRIMARY SOURCES around the country. Its collection covers fine National Library of the Philippines arts, archeology, ethnography, and natural Philippine Revolutionary Records history. (1896-1901) Historical Data Papers (1952-1953) What are Secondary Sources? Presidential papers of different Secondary sources, on the other hand, administrations from Manuel Quezon to are records based on primary sources. They Joseph Ejercito explain a certain event of the past through evaluation and interpretation of the records National Archives created during a historical period. The National Archives holds a Researches substantial collection of catalogued and Textbooks uncatalogued Spanish documents about the Journals Philippines composed from 1552 to 1900. Commentaries Biographies ▪ Administration Central de Rentas y Criticism or reviews of literary and Propiedades (Central Administration of creative works Rentals and Properties) ▪ Administration de Hacienda Publica WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO USE PRIMARY (Administration of Public Finance) SOURCES? ▪ Aduana de Manila (Customs Office of Remember: Manila) The use of primary sources is important ▪ Almacenes Generales (General Stores) because of the following reasons: ▪Asuntos Criminales (Criminal matters) 1. Direct contact with the original Ayuntamiento de Manila (Town Council of records and artifacts invites students to Manila) explore the content with active and deeper Colera (Cholera) analysis, and to respond thoughtfully;  2. Critical thinking is developed as INTERNAL CRITICISM students probe the context, purpose, It looks within the data itself to try to meaning, bias, and perspectives in their determine the truth analysis of the past; – facts and the reasonable interpretation. 3. In the interaction with the various It includes looking at the apparent or sources from the past, a learn-led inquiry is possible motives of the person providing the being fostered; data. 4. There is a realization that history is a It indicates the accuracy, trustworthiness, reflection of various perspectives of those and veracity of the materials to which who interpret the past events; and historical data will be based. 5. It brings back to story to history allowing students to share the author’s EXTERNAL CRITICISM perspectives. It applies experimental science to certify the authenticity of the material that holds the INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CRITICISM data in which historical information will be What is Historical Method? based. Historical method refers to the It involves knowledge of when certain process of probing primary sources that will things existed or it supports the claim be used in writing history. This includes whether it is possible or impossible to exist. source criticism which studies the external It evaluates the authenticity and and internal validity of sources. genuineness of data According the Gilbert J. Garraghan and SOURCE CRITICISM FOR DETERMINING Jean Delanglez in 1946, source criticism RELIABILITY asks the following questions: Human sources may be relics such as a 1. When was the source, written or unwritten, fingerprint; or narratives such as a statement produced? or a letter. Relics are more credible sources 2. Where was it produced? than narratives. 3. By whom was it produced? Any given source may be forged or 4. From what pre-existing material was it corrupted. Strong indications of the produced? originality of the source increase its reliability. 5. In what original form was it produced? The closer a source is to the event which it 6. What is the evidential value of its contents? purports to describe, the more one can trust it to give an accurate historical description of what actually happened. ✓ A primary source is more reliable than a secondary source, which is more reliable than a tertiary source, and so on. ✓ If a number of independent sources contain the same message, the credibility of the message is strongly increased. ✓ The tendency of a source is its motivation for providing some kind of bias. Tendencies should be minimized or supplemented with opposite motivations. ✓ If it can be demonstrated that the witness or source has no direct interest in creating bias then the credibility of the message is increased. What if there are two or more sources to prove a certain historical event? 1. If the sources all agree about an event, historians can consider the event proved; 2. However, majority does not rule; even if most sources relate events in one way, that version will not prevail unless it passes the test of critical textual analysis; 3. The source whose account can be confirmed by reference to outside authorities in some of its parts can be trusted in its entirety if it is impossible similarly to confirm the entire text; 4. When two sources disagree on a particular point, the historian will prefer the source with most "authority"—that is the source created by the expert or by the eyewitness; 5. Eyewitnesses are, in general, to be preferred especially in circumstances where the ordinary observer could have accurately reported what transpired and, more specifically, when they deal with facts known by most contemporaries; 6. If two independently created sources agree on a matter, the reliability of each is measurably enhanced; 7. When two sources disagree and there is no other means of evaluation, then historians take the source which seems to accord best with common sense.  GED 105 - READINGS IN PHILIPPINE eventually selected by King Charles I of Spain HISTORY to search for a westward route to the Maluku LESSON 2: Content And Contextual Analysis Islands (the "Spice Islands"). Of Selected Primary Sources In Philippine History TREATY OF TORDESILLAS First Voyage Around the World by Magellan On June 7, 1494, the governments of by ANTONIO PIGAFETTA Spain and Portugal agreed to the Treaty of Tordesillas, named for the city in Spain in which it was created. SPICE ISLAND ◦He was a Venetian scholar and explorer ◦He joined the expedition to the Spice Islands led by explorer Ferdinand Magellan under the flag of King Charles I of Spain MAGELLAN’S EXPLORATION FERDINAND MAGELLAN ◦ September 20, 1519 ◦ 5 ships - Trinidad (commanded by Magellan) - San Antonio - Victoria - Conception - Santiago ◦ 270 crews STRAIT OF MAGELLAN Portuguese navigator and explorer who sailed under the flags of both Portugal (1505–13) and Spain (1519–21). ◦ After King Manuel I of Portugal refused to support his plan to reach India by a new route, by sailing around the southern end of the South American continent, he was  PACIFIC OCEAN - “Mar Pacifico” (Tranquil or Calm Ocean) - March 6, 1521, they reached Guam March 16, 1521 - They landed on Cebu MAGELLAN”S DEATH “That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide.”