GEC 601 Readings in Philippine History PDF

GEC 601 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology  Course Description: The course analyzes Philippine History from multiple perspectives through the lens of selected primary sources coming from various disciplines...

GEC 601 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Introduction to History: Definition, Issues, Sources, and Methodology  Course Description: The course analyzes Philippine History from multiple perspectives through the lens of selected primary sources coming from various disciplines and of different genres. Students are given opportunities to analyze the author’s background and main arguments, compare different points of view, identify biases and examine the evidences presented in the document. The discussions will tackle traditional topics in history and other interdisciplinary themes that will deepen and broaden their understanding of Philippine political, economic, cultural, social, scientific and religious history. Priority is given to primary materials that could help students develop their analytical and communication skills. The end goal is to develop the historical and critical consciousness of the students so that they will become versatile, articulate, broad-minded, morally upright and responsible citizens. This course includes mandatory topics on the Philippine Constitution, agrarian reform, and taxation. LEARNING OBJECTIVES To understand the meaning of history as an academic discipline and to be familiar with the underlying philosophy and methodology of the discipline. To apply knowledge in historical methodology and philosophy in assessing and analyzing existing historical narratives. To examine and assess critically the value of historical evidences and sources. To appreciate the importance of history in the social and national life of the Philippines. 3 4 CHOOSE A BOOK!!! 5  DEFINITION AND SUBJECT MATTER History Historia Derived from the Greek Became known as the word “historia” which account of the past of a means “knowledge person or a group of acquired through inquiry people through written or investigation.” documents and historical evidences. 6  HISTORY vs. PRE-HISTORY History is the study of the past starting Prehistory is the study of the past, from the time period when the writing even before writing was invented system was introduced and written and written records were maintained. records were maintained. Artifacts, Carvings on rocks etc. Written records of the past events are are the sources of information the source of information. while studying prehistory. Research on History is carried out by Research on prehistory is historians. Rare manuscripts written on carried out by archaeologists leaves, dried animals skins, and papers and anthropologists who use are some of the sources used to study excavation, geology, molecular history. genetics, paleontology etc. Hence a wide variety of social Study of History can be classified into and natural sciences are used different domains like Ancient to study prehistory. History, Contemporary History, Modern History, Political History, Prehistory studies 3 different time Military History, Cultural History, periods – stone age, bronze age Economic History, Environmental and iron age. History, History based on different Geographical locations, People’s history, Intellectual history etc. 7 8 CITY GAMES! LONDON TOKYO MANILA 1 3 5 2 4 6 NEW YORK MELBOURNE PARIS 9 WHAT COUNTS AS HISTORY? “ Traditional historians Lived with the mantra of “no document, no History progressed and opened up to the possibility of valid history.” historical sources. Oral Traditions In forms of epics and songs, artifacts, architecture, and memory. 10  “ ARCHAEOLOGY LINGUISTICS BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 11 12  “ STATEMENTS TRUE FALSE Personal Letters are considered as a valid historical sources. Traditional historians has a mindset that “no document, no history” Linguistics helps explains history by analyzing genetics and DNA patterns. Memories can be cited as part of oral traditions. Peasant families or indigenous groups do not have existing history of their own. History itself is biased at some point. Archaeologist aids historian to explain ancient civilizations using artifacts. 13 QUESTIONS AND ISSUES IN HISTORY 14  HISTORY HISTORIOGRAPHY Study of the past History of history. during the invention Focuses on understanding of writing, the events the facts and the historian that happened during contexts. this course of time, and the causes of such events. 15 16  Robert’s critical William analysis The Paleography onbeen Conqueror has women’s key in Harappa Andrew hasNiña and been Mohenjo-daro conducted focusing his can be considered carbon-dating reading to as two Defeats role during Harold understanding election At The received Battlepraise historical huge of of towards the greatest determine civilizations WorldtheWar ofartifacts. ageIIof the the Indus valley from hisHastings - 1066 colleague. documents. HISTORY HISTORIOGRAPHY Robert’s critical analysis on Andrew has been focusing his women’s role during election reading towards World War II received huge praise from his Harappa and Mohenjo-daro colleague. can be considered as two of Niña conducted carbon-dating the greatest civilizations of to determine the age of the the Indus valley artifacts. William The Conqueror Paleography has been key in Defeats Harold At The Battle of understanding historical Hastings - 1066 documents. 17 ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE NARRATIVE History is History is written conducted by in to tell a historians, story/events, and individuals who has been taught take the time to and intended for a research, interpret, certain group of and put past people. events into context in a recorded fashion. 18 19 LET’S TRAVEL PART 20  POSITIVISM Is the school of thought that emerged between the eighteenth and nineteenth century. This thought requires empirical and observable evidence before one can claim that a particular knowledge is true. 21  POSTCOLONIALISM Is the school of thought that emerged in the early twentieth century when formerly colonized nations grappled with the idea of creating their identities and understanding their societies against the shadow of their colonial past. 22 23  Baybayin is the earliest form of writing POSITIVISM of the Filipino. The belief that a country’s wealth could be judged POSTCOLONIALISM by the amount of metals or bullion it possessed is called Mercantilism. POSTCOLONIALISM Christianity has been the predominant religion of the Philippines for the past 3 centuries POSTCOLONIALISM The addition of Haiku and Tanka to the Philippine Literature has been key to its development. POSITIVISM The Philippines’ largest island is Luzon. POSITIVISM The president of the Republic is prohibited by the constitution on re-election. 24 ✓ Historian’s job is not just about seeking historical evidences and facts but also to interprets facts. ✓ A historian is a person of his own who is influenced by his own context, environment, ideology, education, and influences, among others. ✓ History is always subjective. ✓ Historical methodology comprises certain techniques and rules that historians follow in order to properly utilize sources and historical evidences in writing history. 25 26 HISTORICAL DATA are sourced from artifacts have been left by the fast. These artifacts can either be relics or remains, or the testimonies of witnesses to the past. Thus, historical sources are those materials from which the historians construct meaning. To rearticulate, a source is an object from the past or testimony concerning the past on which historians depends to create their own depiction of the past. 27 Relics or “remains”, whose existence offers researchers a clue about the past, for example, the relics or remains of a prehistoric settlement. Artifacts can be found where relics of human happenings can be found, for example, a potsherd, a coin, a ruin, a manuscript, a book, a portrait, a stamp, a piece of wreckage, a strand of hair, or other archeological or anthropological remains. These object, however never happening or the events; if writing documents, they may be the results or the records of events. Whether artifacts or documents, they are materials out of which history may be written. 28 Testimonies or witnesses, whether oral or written, may have been created to serve a record or they might have been created for some purposes. All these describe an event, such as the records of a property exchange, speeches and commentaries. 29 Written sources are an important source of history that help us to construct past. Written sources are those which are in the form of written text. They are used by historians to reconstruct ancient, medieval and modern history. Written sources are usually categorized in three ways: (1) narrative or literary (2) diplomatic or juridical and (3) social documents. 30 are chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form, written to impart a message whose motives for their composition vary widely. Examples: ❖ a newspaper article might be intended to shape opinion; ❖ the so- called ego document or personal narrative such as a diary or memoir might be composed in order to persuade readers of the justice of the author’s actions ; ❖ a novel or film might be made to entertain ,to deliver a moral teaching, or to further a religious cause; ❖ a biography might be written in praise of the subject’s worth and achievements (a panegyric, a public speech or published text in praise of someone or something or ❖ Hagiography, the writing of the lives of saints). 31 are understood to be those which document/record an existing legal situation or create a new one, and it is these kinds of sources that professional historians once treated as the purest, the “best” source. Examples: ❑ Diplomatic sources possess specific formal properties, such as hand and print style, the ink, the seal, for external properties and rhetorical devices and images for internal properties, which are determined by ❑ the norms of laws and by tradition. ❑ The classic diplomatic source is the charter, which a legal instrument. A legal document 32 are information pertaining to economic, social, political, or judicial significance. They are records kept by bureaucracies. A few examples are government reports, such as municipal accounts, research findings, and documents like these, parliamentary procedures, civil registry records, property registers, and records of census. 33 Unwritten sources are as essential as written sources. They are two types: the material evidence and oral evidence. 34 also known as archaeological evidence is one of the most important unwritten evidences. This includes artistic creation such as pottery, jewelry, dwellings, grave, churches, roads, and others that tell a story about the past. These artifacts can tell a great deal about the ways of life of people in the past, and their culture. These artifacts can also reveal a great deal about the socio-cultural interconnections of the different groups of people especially when an object is unearthed in more one place. Similarly, historians can get substantial information from drawings, etching, paintings, films, and photographs. These are the visual representations of the past. 35 an important source of information for historians. Much are told by the tales or sagas of ancient peoples and the folk songs or popular rituals from the premodern period of Philippine history. During the present age, interviews are another major form of oral evidence. 36 HISTORICAL SOURCES 37 38 39 ❖ to discover the original meaning of the text in its primitive or historical context and it's literal sense or sensus literalis historicus. ❖ to establish a reconstruction of the historical situation of the author and recipient of the text. 40 EXTERNAL CRITICISM – is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristics of the time when it was produced; and the materials used for the evidence. E.g. quality of the paper, type of the ink, language and words used in the material, appearance, handwriting. INTERNAL CRITICISM – is the examination of the truthfulness of the evidence. It looks at the content of the source and examines the circumstance of its production. It views at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at the author of the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which informed it, and its intended purpose, among others. E.g. Noli Me Tangere was written to expose the sufferings of the Filipino people 41 42  Diary and Journals Journals - is a place to Diary - is a record with write down your daily discrete entries arranged reflection entries. It can be by date reporting on Anne Frank was a teenager during World something good or bad War II. is a book of the writings from the what has happened over that has happened to you Dutch-language diary kept by Anne Frank the course of a day or while she was in hiding for two years with that you can self-reflect on her family during the Nazi occupation of the other period. and learn from past Netherlands. experiences. 43  Is a self-written account of one’s life. Autobiography The book profiles his early life, coming of age, education and 27 years spent in prison. 44 Sound Recordings These sources are often akin to biographies or and Interviews autobiographies, but expressed through speaking or through sound. Televised interviews and radio recordings and speeches are considered primary sources. 45  Letters a written, typed, or printed communication, especially one sent in an envelope by mail or messenger. In 1527 King Henry VIII put his royal pen to use writing a love letter to the woman who would go on to become his second wife. What makes this letter particularly interesting is that at the time he was still married – to his first wife Catherine of Aragon, who had failed to provide him with the son and heir he yearned for. 46  Other Examples of Primary Sources Theses, dissertations, scholarly journal articles (research based), some government reports, symposia and conference proceedings, original artwork, poems, photographs, speeches, letters, memos, personal narratives, diaries, interviews, autobiographies, and correspondence. 47  PRIMARY SOURCES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Primary sources provide a Primary sources are often window into past – incomplete and have little unfiltered access to the context. Students must record of artistic, social, use prior knowledge and scientific, and political work with multiple thought and achievement primary sources to find during the specific period patterns. under study, produced by the people who lived In analyzing primary during that period. sources, students move from These unique, often concrete observations and profoundly personal, facts to questioning and documents and objects making inferences about the can give a very real sense materials. of what is was like to be alive during a long-past era. 48 Textbooks A textbook is a book containing a comprehensive compilation of content in a branch of study with the intention of explaining it. Textbooks are produced to meet the needs of educators, usually at educational institutions.. 49 Biography A biography, or simply bio, is a detailed description of a person's life. It involves more than just the basic facts like education, work, relationships, and death; it portrays a person's experience of these life events. 50  Other Examples of Secondary Sources Textbooks, edited works, books and articles that interpret or review research works, histories, biographies, literary criticism and interpretation, reviews of law and legislation, political analyses and commentaries. 51  SECONDARY SOURCES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Secondary sources can Their reliability and provide analysis, validity are open to synthesis, interpretation, question, and often they or evaluation of the do not provide exact original information. information. Secondary sources are They do not represent first best for uncovering hand knowledge of a subject background or historical or event information about a topic There are countless books, and broadening your journals, magazine articles, understanding of a topic and web pages that attempt by exposing you to others’ to interpret the past and perspectives, finding good secondary interpretations, and sources can be an issue. conclusions 52  DICTIONARY ALMANAC ENCYCLOPEDIA HANDBOOKS/MANUALS 53  Other Examples of Tertiary Sources Dictionaries/encyclopedias (may also be secondary), almanacs, fact books, Wikipedia, bibliographies (may also be secondary), directories, guidebooks, manuals, handbooks, and textbooks (may be secondary), indexing and abstracting sources. 54  TERTIARY SOURCES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES They offer a quick, easy Because of their distance, introduction to your topic. they may oversimplify or They may point to high- otherwise distort a topic. quality primary and By rehashing secondary secondary sources. sources, they may miss new insights into a topic. ∙ Easy access Time lag ∙ Easy to use Outdated ∙ Concise Incomplete information ∙ Relatively Incorrect interpretation inexpensive 55 The late historian David Herbert Donald was known to author the most-well known biography of Abraham Lincoln. 56 57 Encyclopedia.com define carbon dating as a technique used to determine the approximate age of once-living materials. 58 In the first part of Zaide’s discussion, he highlighted the topic Evolution and the theories surrounding the creation of the universe. 59 The work of Nathaniel Burn entitled “ The Mummifier’s Daughter” centered on Egypt’s oldest practice of preserving dead people. 60 In his memoir which was released last November 2020, Obama himself talks about his campaign and his first term as president of the United States. 61 Merriam Webster describes history as the study of past events. TERTIARY SOURCE 62 14 $ 1 MILLION 13 $ 500,000 12 $ 250,000 11 $ 100,000 10 $ 50,000 9 $ 30,000 8 $ 20,000 7 $ 10,000 6 $ 7,000 5 $ 5,000 4 $ 3,000 3 $ 2,000 2 $ 1,000 1 $ 500  $ 500 This Greek term means “knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation.” A: History B: Historia C: Historium D: Historiador 14 $ 1 MILLION 13 $ 500,000 12 $ 250,000 11 $ 100,000 10 $ 50,000 9 $ 30,000 8 $ 20,000 7 $ 10,000 6 $ 7,000 5 $ 5,000 4 $ 3,000 3 $ 2,000 2 $ 1,000 1 $ 500  $ 1000 The study of the past starting from the time period when the writing system was introduced and written records were maintained. A: History B: Pre-history C: Meso-history D: Post-history 14 $ 1 MILLION 13 $ 500,000 12 $ 250,000 11 $ 100,000 10 $ 50,000 9 $ 30,000 8 $ 20,000 7 $ 10,000 6 $ 7,000 5 $ 5,000 4 $ 3,000 3 $ 2,000 2 $ 1,000 1 $ 500  $ 2000 The following are the 3 different Periods of pre-history EXCEPT: A: Stone Age B: Iron Age C: Copper Age D: Bronze Age 14 $ 1 MILLION 13 $ 500,000 12 $ 250,000 11 $ 100,000 10 $ 50,000 9 $ 30,000 8 $ 20,000 7 $ 10,000 6 $ 7,000 5 $ 5,000 4 $ 3,000 3 $ 2,000 2 $ 1,000 1 $ 500  $ 3000 They have this mantra, “No documents, no history” A: Philosophers B: Modern historians C: Traditional Historians D: Anthropologists 14 $ 1 MILLION 13 $ 500,000 12 $ 250,000 11 $ 100,000 10 $ 50,000 9 $ 30,000 8 $ 20,000 7 $ 10,000 6 $ 7,000 5 $ 5,000 4 $ 3,000 3 $ 2,000 2 $ 1,000 1 $ 500  $ 5000 The following are forms of Oral Tradition except: A: Songs B: Memory C: Epics D: Manuscripts 14 $ 1 MILLION 13 $ 500,000 12 $ 250,000 11 $ 100,000 10 $ 50,000 9 $ 30,000 8 $ 20,000 7 $ 10,000 6 $ 7,000 5 $ 5,000 4 $ 3,000 3 $ 2,000 2 $ 1,000 1 $ 500  $ 7000 This focuses on understanding the facts and the historian contexts. A: History B: Criticisms C: Historiography D: Pre-history 14 $ 1 MILLION 13 $ 500,000 12 $ 250,000 11 $ 100,000 10 $ 50,000 9 $ 30,000 8 $ 20,000 7 $ 10,000 6 $ 7,000 5 $ 5,000 4 $ 3,000 3 $ 2,000 2 $ 1,000 1 $ 500  $ 10000 History is written to interpret and put past events into context in a recorded fashion. A: Academic Discipline B: Social Science C: Narrative D: Research-based 14 $ 1 MILLION 13 $ 500,000 12 $ 250,000 11 $ 100,000 10 $ 50,000 9 $ 30,000 8 $ 20,000 7 $ 10,000 6 $ 7,000 5 $ 5,000 4 $ 3,000 3 $ 2,000 2 $ 1,000 1 $ 500  $ 20000 This thought requires empirical and observable evidence before one claim that a particular knowledge is factual? A: Postcolonialism B: Positivism C: Optimism D: Precolonialism 14 $ 1 MILLION 13 $ 500,000 12 $ 250,000 11 $ 100,000 10 $ 50,000 9 $ 30,000 8 $ 20,000 7 $ 10,000 6 $ 7,000 5 $ 5,000 4 $ 3,000 3 $ 2,000 2 $ 1,000 1 $ 500  $ 30000 This thought requires empirical and observable evidence before one claim that a particular knowledge is factual? A: Postcolonialism B: Positivism C: Optimism D: Precolonialism 14 $ 1 MILLION 13 $ 500,000 12 $ 250,000 11 $ 100,000 10 $ 50,000 9 $ 30,000 8 $ 20,000 7 $ 10,000 6 $ 7,000 5 $ 5,000 4 $ 3,000 3 $ 2,000 2 $ 1,000 1 $ 500  $ 50000 It comprises certain techniques and rules that historians follow in order in writing history? A: Historical Analysis B: Historical Methodology C: Historical Strategy D: Historical Criticism 14 $ 1 MILLION 13 $ 500,000 12 $ 250,000 11 $ 100,000 10 $ 50,000 9 $ 30,000 8 $ 20,000 7 $ 10,000 6 $ 7,000 5 $ 5,000 4 $ 3,000 3 $ 2,000 2 $ 1,000 1 $ 500  $ 100000 A source of history which includes hand and print style, the ink, the seal and etc. A: Narrative Source B: Diplomatic Source C: Social Source D: Written Source 14 $ 1 MILLION 13 $ 500,000 12 $ 250,000 11 $ 100,000 10 $ 50,000 9 $ 30,000 8 $ 20,000 7 $ 10,000 6 $ 7,000 5 $ 5,000 4 $ 3,000 3 $ 2,000 2 $ 1,000 1 $ 500  $ 250000 These are also called “archaeological evidence”? A: Oral B: Material C: Social D: Tangible 14 $ 1 MILLION 13 $ 500,000 12 $ 250,000 11 $ 100,000 10 $ 50,000 9 $ 30,000 8 $ 20,000 7 $ 10,000 6 $ 7,000 5 $ 5,000 4 $ 3,000 3 $ 2,000 2 $ 1,000 1 $ 500  $ 500000 These historical sources do not usually credit a particular author? A: Primary B: Secondary C: Tertiary D: Dictionaries 14 $ 1 MILLION 13 $ 500,000 12 $ 250,000 11 $ 100,000 10 $ 50,000 9 $ 30,000 8 $ 20,000 7 $ 10,000 6 $ 7,000 5 $ 5,000 4 $ 3,000 3 $ 2,000 2 $ 1,000 1 $ 500  $ 1 Million It was John Paul’s first day in his first year of college in a Bago City College. His excitement made him come to class unusually early and he found their classroom empty. He explored the classroom and sat at the teacher’s table. He looked at the table drawer and saw a book entitled U.G. An Underground Tale: The Journey of Edgar Jopson and the First Quarter Storm Generation. He started reading the book and realized that it was a biography of a student leader turned political activist during the time of Ferdinand Marcos. The author used interviews with friends and family of Jopson, and other primary documents related to his works and life. A: Primary B: Secondary C: Tertiary D: Dictionaries Thanks! 92  LET’S TRAVEL PART The California Gold Rush was a gold rush that began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. 93 LET’S TRAVEL PART Christ the Redeemer has become a symbolic protector of people and has attracted millions of visitors and scholars yearly. 94 LET’S TRAVEL PART On 19 March 1882, construction of the Sagrada Família began under architect Francisco de Paula del Villar. 95 LET’S TRAVEL PART Hong Kong was established as a colony of the British Empire after the Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island from Xin'an County. 96 LET’S TRAVEL PART Looking back last eight years of Melbourne's population, the grow rate is very consistent ranging from 1.67% to 6.23%, adding around 70,000 to 280,000 people each year to the overall population. 97 LET’S TRAVEL PART Scientists have discovered a new human-like species in a cave in South Africa. The discovery of 15 partial skeletons is the largest ever discovery of primitive human remains in Africa. 98 HISTORY OR PRE-HISTORY 99 HISTORY OR PRE-HISTORY 100 HISTORY OR PRE-HISTORY 101 HISTORY OR PRE-HISTORY 102 HISTORY OR PRE-HISTORY 103 HISTORY OR PRE-HISTORY 104 1. DO YOU AGREE/DISAGREE THAT ALL EVENTS IN THE PAST ARE PART OF HISTORY? 2. DO YOU FIND HISTORY AS A BORING OR AN INTERESTING SUBJECT? 3. WHAT IS YOUR UNDERSTANDING OF HISTORY AND PRE- HISTORY?