GEC04 Handout 3 - Cultural Globalization (PDF)

GEC04 Handout 3 – Cultural Globalization Lesson 4 – A World of Ideas (Culture and Media Culture) Culture - A notoriously difficult term to define. Refers to humans’ way of life – how we present ourselves, our choices, and how are we related to one another (Giddens, et. al, 2017). Also re...

GEC04 Handout 3 – Cultural Globalization Lesson 4 – A World of Ideas (Culture and Media Culture) Culture - A notoriously difficult term to define. Refers to humans’ way of life – how we present ourselves, our choices, and how are we related to one another (Giddens, et. al, 2017). Also refers to the unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior from which people learn. Often passed from one generation to the succeeding generations. Culture as a way of life manifests in: Tangible Objects - everything we consume, create, and use. Collectively referred to as material culture. Humans as Carriers of Culture Intangible ideas – everything people hold dear such Cultural Socialization – culture is learned from as beliefs, traditions, and other practices. homes and communities through direct instruction and participation in community affairs. Collectively referred to as non-material culture. Cultural Exchange – culture is learned when Culture is articulated in: people go out and interact with people from other groups. Symbols – illustrations or other characters that convey meanings. People tend to interpret other cultures using their own frames and negotiate which aspect of that Language – a system of symbols that enables culture aligns with us. members of a society to communicate with one another. Cultural exchange can be done through: Values – what people deem good, desirable, and Acculturation – adopting certain values and important. practices of the new culture. Beliefs – what people deem as true. Accommodation – when people tend to adopt the new culture only when in public. Practices – how people do things. Assimilation – when people begin to resemble Norms - rules, roles, and expectations that we and people in the other group. others have relative to our membership in a society. Globalization and Culture To further illustrate: Culture Wheel by Alana Levandoski & Ian Porteous How globalization facilitates the sharing of ideas, attitudes, and values across national borders. This was due to the increased contact between people and their cultures. Cultural Flows – a term often used to refer to the dynamics of culture in the age of globalization (Ritzer and Dean, 2015). Global Cultural Flows can be viewed as: Cultural Differentialism – when it is recognized that cultures are inherently and strongly uniquely unique from one another. Suggests that there are barriers that shield cultures from being penetrated by external inputs. Cultural Hybridization – views global flows as a creative process that yields combinations of global and local cultures. Instead of conflicting and clashing, these global flows interpenetrate one another, resulting in a hybridized culture that is unique from its local and global origins. The process is called glocalization. Cultural Convergence – views cultures across nation-states as a little more similar and homogenous. Leads to a more isomorphic or uniform culture as well as assimilation. Also related to: Cultural convergence – when cultures consciously impose themselves on other cultures, and: Deterritorialization – when a culture is not anymore Media Cultures tied to the geographic space it originated. Media - Has a more straightforward definition. Global and Local Culture The vehicles or channels that are used to convey Local Culture – a cultural configuration that information, entertainment, news, education, or characterizes the experience of everyday life in promotional messages are disseminated. specific, diverse, and identifiable localities. Has different eras: (1) Oral Communication, (2) Global Culture - A way of life that is governed by a Script, (3) Printing Press, (4) Electronic Media, and set of ideas, beliefs, and values that are based on (5) Digital Media). the exposure and consumption of cultural products uniformly produced for everyone irrespective of their For Lule (2014), globalization could have been background. unimaginable if the media if unavailable. A set of shared experiences, norms, symbols, and Instrumental in the various domains of globalization. ideas that unite people at the global level. Media Cultures Based on the definitions stated above, we can see A term used by Nick Stevenson in his book that the two are essentially polar opposites. “Understanding Media Cultures” and cited the However, we should note that even though this is reasons behind the term: true, their existence is dependent on each other. Much of modern culture is transmitted by the media To better illustrate the point, here is a table that of mass communication. provides an overview of the respective Example: the dominance of digital media that is used characteristics of global and local culture: to convey various information and opinions. Media and the Filipinos The action or process of converting something from religious to secular possession or use. Filipinos are consumers of various forms of media. For Victor Roudometof (2014): Particularly, among the Filipino youth, media is influential in many aspects. In his essay Religion and Globalization. Among these are: shaping how the youth responds Hypothesized the demise of religion and its value in to role expectations, how they consume, and how societies. they take part in cultural production. Manifested in various instances such as the principle Issues on Media Cultures of separation of church and state. Access – who has access to media? Secularization Hypothesis - suggests that the demise of religion will happen alongside the rise of Production and Consumption – What media modernization. contents should/not be produced? Religious Pluralism and Tolerance Inclusion and Participation – How are people represented in the media? One of the consequences of globalization is cultural diversity. Cultural Integrity – How does media shape the inherent culture of the local sphere? Now common for smaller groups of people to live within communities whose culture (and religion) was Lesson 5: Globalization and quite different from theirs. Religion This practice is referred to as: Religion - A unified system of beliefs and practices related to faith, the sacred, and higher moral values. Cultural Pluralism – when a small group of shared identity maintains their cultural practices as long as A process, a search for significance in ways related it aligns with the larger society’s norms. to the sacred (Pargamet, 1997). In religion, cultural pluralism requires a certain form Why do people affiliate themselves with religion: of religious tolerance. Affiliation Motivation – to have positive social Religious tolerance – allowing others to abide by interaction with people; religion provides a platform their own religious practices and beliefs. for social connections. Religious Fundamentalism - The approach of Religious Coping – religion provides some form of those religious groups that look for the literal psychological shield that enables people to battle interpretation of original religious texts or books against undesirable outcomes of their life’s believing that teachings obtained from this kind of challenges. reading must be used in all social, economic, and political aspects (Sage Journal, 2020). Spiritual Experience – an outcome of the experience of the mystical and the divine and a Manifests in two ways (Ylmaz, 2006): celebration of their spirituality. Nonviolent Intolerance – extreme identification Some view religion as a mechanism promoting self- with a particular religion. control and moral behaviors. Violent Intolerance – direct use of physical violence Religion in the Age of Globalization in pursuing subjectively-defined religious missions. Secularization - One of the major effects was Globalization of Religions secularization Glocalization of Religion – universal religions are Refers to the notion of a society becoming less thematized alongside the local. religious over time. Transnational Religions – Religion Major religions identified in certain areas proliferated around the world as cultural exchanges increased.