GE3 The Contemporary World - Globalisation PDF

CHAPTER 1 2. It is a process coterminous with the spread and development of capitalism and Lesson 1: Concepts and its Underlying modernity, hence a 500-year frame. Philos...

CHAPTER 1 2. It is a process coterminous with the spread and development of capitalism and Lesson 1: Concepts and its Underlying modernity, hence a 500-year frame. Philosophies of Globalization 3. It is a recent phenomenon associated with post-industrialization, post modernization, or The emergence of globalization brought us to the reconstruction of capitalism, hence a 20– become more sociable and increases our 30-year time frame. awareness on technological aspects through this we have interactive movement on different spheres such as political, social, cultural, economic, and technology. SIX CORE CLAIMS OF GLOBALIZATION 1. Globalization is about the liberalization and Before the global age, people, things, information, global integration of markets. places, and objects tend to harden overtime. Their 2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible. common characteristic was solidity, which is the 3. NOBODY is in charge of globalization. characteristic of being limited to one place or it refers 4. Globalization benefits everyone. to the persistence of barriers that prevented free 5. Globalization furthers the spread of movement of people, information, and objects in that democracy in the world. period. Now in the global age, the term fluidity is 6. Globalization requires a global war on terror. used to indicate that the solidity of the past tends to melt and has become increasingly mobile. FACTS ABOUT GLOBALIZATION Globalization is increasingly characterized by flows of liquid phenomena including people, objects, In Economics – refers to the international decisions, information, and places. While movement of goods, capital services, technology, globalization flows more easily through the and information. Increasing economic integration developed world, the globe is still characterized by interdependence of all economies. great inequality. In Politics – refers to growing power of institutions. “Globalization is the worldwide integration of Politics can take place above the state through economic, technological, political, cultural, and political integration patterns and intergovernmental social aspects between countries.” organizations. – Hamilton, 2008 In Culture – refers to the transmission of ideas, “Globalization is reshaping how we have meanings, and values around the world in such a traditionally gone about studying the social world way as to extend and intensify social relations. and human culture and a field of globalization Marked by common consumption of cultures studies is now emerging across the disciplines.” diffused by the internet, pop-culture media, and – Appelbaum and Robinson, 2005 international levels. Schirato and Webb (2003), view globalization as a In Religion – refers to the impact globalization has “discursive regime; a kind of machine that eats up brought into religious pluralism as it provides a fertile anyone and anything in its path.” ground for a variety of non-constitutionalized religious manifestations. Globalization – a set of texts, ideas, goals, values, narratives, dispositions and prohibitions, a veritable In Technology – refers to the speed of innovation template for ordering and evaluating activities. It is a largely amplified by technological diffusion, across historical process that began with trade and borders, to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations. migration in the distant past. BROAD APPROACHES IN GLOBALIZATION GLOBAL ISSUES 1. It is a process that has been going on since Overpopulation the dawn of history, hence a 5,000-10,000- Limited Food Production year time frame. By: James Michael T. Dacara  Fossil Fuel Energies leading to Climate interrelated activities that involves the production, Crisis consumption, and exchange of goods and services. Military Issues Global Economic Inequality Economic relationships were established then Environmental Concerns such as pollution where the Philippines bartered goods with China and improper disposal of hazardous waste. such as porcelains, silk, and other goods. The Poverty Galleon Trade which was implemented by the Spaniards in the Philippines. The Silk Road which was introduced by China as the oldest international Lesson 2: Theorization of Globalization trade route where goods were transported to the other side of the globe. IMPERIALISM Is a broad concept that describes various methods BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM employed by one country to gain control, often through territorial conquest, of another country or The fears of another depression after World War II geographic area to then exercise control in the led to the Bretton Woods System in 1944. The US area’s politics and economy. Dollar was adopted as the standard, almost a “global currency”, in order to establish COLONIALISM international exchange rates. Generally, involves settlers as well as more formal mechanisms of political control than those of An international monetary system that was in place imperialism. from 1945 to 1972. It was designed to stabilize exchange rates, prevent competitive devaluations, Decolonialization – the process of and promote economic growth. The system was dismantling colonialist power in all its forms established at a summit in Bretton Woods, New including hidden aspects of those Hampshire in 1944 by delegates from 44 allied institutional and cultural forces that have nations. The Bretton Woods system led to the maintained by the colonialist power even creation of several institutions, including: after achieving independence. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) in NEO-LIBERALISM order to create a stable global monetary It tends to view the west as a map for global system. development. “Neo-liberal and Laissez-faire The International Bank for economic ideologies favor free trade, free circulation Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), of capital, and freedom to invest anywhere have which is now known as the World Bank. encourages the growth of a complex international The General Agreement on Trade in system of economic interdependence that Services (GATS), protection of IPs through transcends national borders.” – Filmer, 1995 TRIPS & TRIMS measures that allow a nation-state to control the effects of foreign investment. CHAPTER 2 While the International Trade Organization (ITO) was unsuccessful due to the US not backing them, Lesson 1: Structures of Globalization the General Agreement of Trade and Tariffs (GATT) was soon replaced by the World Trade The word "economy" comes from the Ancient Greek Organization (WTO), a forum for international words oikonomia or oikonomos, which are a negotiations on trade, with member countries combination of oikos meaning "house" and participating in successive “rounds” of discussion, nemein meaning "to manage". An economy is that then added a concern for the reduction of non- made up of consumers, businesses, and the tariff barriers. government, which all interact with each other. The interconnected worldwide economic activities that “One of the dimensions of Globalization is the take place between multiple countries. A system of economic globalization which involves trading and investing between countries. Trade is a driving force By: James Michael T. Dacara behind international relations and trade impacts IMPACT OF GLOBAL ECONOMY nearly every aspect of society.” – Hamilton, 2008. Free Trade: an excellent method for countries to exchange goods and services. Allows for product Global trade operates through various economic specialization. networks such as Supply Chains, International Production Networks, Global Commodity Movement of Labor: reduces geographical Chains, and Global Value Chains. GVC follows the inequality. Increased migration of the labor force is creation of value through different stages, from the advantageous for the recipient country as well as for creation of a product to its disposal after use. the workers. Commodities are often the first link in this chain. Increased Economies of Scale: specialization of goods production in most countries leads to lower Outsourcing is also an important global flow. average cost and lower prices for customers. Offshore Outsourcing involves contracting work to companies located in other countries. From Increased Investment: investment in developing healthcare to military domains, this typically countries go a long way in improving their operates in macro-levels, but in can also be economies. It has become easier for countries to observed in micro- and meso- levels. attract short0term and long-term investment. Restrictions: restricting imports and exports of CHARACTERISTICS COMPRIMISING GLOBAL goods and services can potentially hamper the ECONOMY economic stability of countries who choose to International Trade – The exchange of impose too many. goods, services, and capital across national borders. It’s also known as importing and Monopoly Power of Multinationals: Transnational exporting. Corporations (TNC) can monopolize certain markets International Finance – Known as due to funds being readily available to them. international macroeconomics, is the study of monetary interactions between two or more countries, focusing on areas such as foreign FACTORS AFFECTING GLOBAL ECONOMY direct investment and currency exchange 1. Actors in Globalization rates. Process of interconnecting involved mane forces Global Investment – Enables you to access which are very influential in the result of investment opportunities that are not present globalization. domestically. Category of Organization IMPORTANCE OF GLOBAL ECONOMY The growth and resilience shown by emerging Intergovernmental Organizations of markets is a good sign for the world economy. International Organization – is an organization 1. Increased Trade made up of multiple national governments that work 2. Job Creation together to achieve common goals. IGO's are 3. Innovation established by treaties or conventions, and they 4. Risk Management have a separate legal identity from their member Microeconomics – refers to the study of the states. behavior of households, individuals, and firms with World Trade Organization (WTO) respect to the allocation of resources and decision- World Health Organization (WHO) making. Asian Development Bank (ADP) HOW DOES THE GLOBAL ECONOMY WORK? Supranational Organization – is an alliance of Transactions – International ones taking place countries that shares power and sovereignty on between top economies in the world help in the some matters such as promoting economic, political, continuance of the global economy. International and cultural unity of members. Trade includes the exchange of a variety of products International Labor Organization (ILO) between countries such as fruits and foods, to United Nations (UN) natural oil and weapons. European Union (EU) By: James Michael T. Dacara International Non-Government Organizations – is a non-profit organization that operates THE BRANDT LINE – an invisible line separating internationally and is not established by an the rich north and poor south. The Brandt Line is a intergovernmental agreement. visual depiction of the North-South divide between Amnesty International (IA) their economies, based on GDP per capita, International Committee of Red Cross proposed by Willy Brandt in 1980. This provided an European Union (EU) understanding of drastic differences in economic Anti-slavery International (ASI) development for north and south hemispheres of the world. Multinational Corporations (MNC) – any corporation that is registered and operates in more 3. Global Economic Integration than one country at a time. Generally, the Global economic integration is an arrangement corporation has its headquarters in one country and between countries or regions that aims to reduce or operates wholly or partially owned subsidiaries in eliminate trade barriers and coordinate monetary other countries aside from their home country. and fiscal policies. The goal is to create a more Unilever interconnected global economy. Economic Nestle integration is based on the idea that the global Toyota Motor Corporation economy is better off when markets can function together with minimal government intervention. Transnational Corporations (TNC) – is a company that operates in more than one country. They are Benefits: also known as multinationals. TNC's are large, profit- Increased market access & efficiency. oriented businesses that can have a significant Trade creation impact on the global economy. Employment opportunities Coca-Cola Consensus and cooperation Apple McDonalds’s Ways to achieve: Nike Multilateral organizations They typically import and export goods and services, International agreements make a significant investment, buy and sell licenses, Regional agreements engage in contract manufacturing, and operate Unilateral national actions manufacturing facilities in foreign countries. 2. Modern World System FACTORS THAT AFFECT ECONOMIC Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems theory (1979) GROWTH is a multidisciplinary approach to social change and o Privatization: the transfer of ownership, world history that divides the world into three property or business from the government to economic classes: core, periphery, and semi- the private sector. periphery. The theory posits that the world's o Deragulation: removal or reduction of laws economic system benefits some countries while or other demands of governmental control. exploiting others. o Core Countries – these countries have o Foreign Direct Investment: refers to higher-skill, capital-intensive industries and purchase of an asset in another country, exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw such that it gives direct control to the materials. purchaser over the asset. o Peripheral Countries – these countries have underdeveloped industries and are o Trade Liberalization: is the process of dependent on core countries for capital. reducing or removing barriers to international o Semi-periphery Countries – these share trade. These barriers can include: both core and periphery country Tariffs characteristics. They are a necessary Import Quotas structural element in a world economy where Licensing Rules they play a role parallel to those played by The goal of trade liberalization is to make an middle trading groups in an empire. economy more open to trade and By: James Michael T. Dacara  investment, which can help it engage more European post-war recovery and directly in the global economy. encouraged international investments, particularly in industries like automobiles and o Regional Integration: is the process by computers. A key development in terms of which two or more nation-states agree to co- investment involved MNCs, esp. American- operate and work closely together to achieve based firms. peace, stability, and wealth. To eliminate the restrictions on the use of currency for international trade, the member states decided to Lesson 2: Market Integration come up with an agreement known as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). This Market integration occurs when markets of goods focused on trades in goods, the WTO also took on and services that are related show similar patterns the responsibility for the increasingly important trade of price changes, indicating a level of in services. GATT is a forum for the meetings of interconnection. It is used to identify a phenomenon representative countries while WTO was an in which market of goods and services that are independent organization. somehow related to one another being to experience similar patterns of increase or decrease in terms of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property the prices of those products. Rights (TRIPS) was negotiated through WTO, which involves tangible ideas, knowledge, and EFFECTS OF INTEGRATION ON MARKET expressions that require their use to be approved by DEVELOPMENT their owner (Correa, 2000). 1. Provides opportunity to expand market coverage by selling local products in the Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIM) are a global market. range of operating or performance measure that 2. Helps to reduce market failure host-country governments impose on foreign firms to 3. Difference in prices in the integrated market keep them from having distorting effect on trade in should be equal if they are well integrated. goods and services (Grimwade, 2007). International Financial Institutions THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) Bretton Woods Agreement: Established the US Is a multilateral organization headquatered in dollar as the global reserve currency, linked to the Geneva, Switzerland, with-as of 2018-152 member gold standard. It had a powerful effect on global nations (Kruger, 2018). Placed at the heart of trade, global monetary order, and global investment economic globalization, WTO focuses more on non- (Peet, 2003). tariff-related barriers while GATT focuses on tariff reduction to trade. o Global Trade: Introduced fixed exchange rates between currencies, with the US dollar as a stable anchor. A key was the idea of THE INTERNATONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) “unconditional most-favored nation” which The goal of IMF is macroeconomic stability for both “required governments to offer the same member nations and, more generally, the global trade concessions to all” (Frieden, 2006) economy (Cardim de Cavalho, 2007). o Global Monetary Order: The International THE WORLD BANK (International Bank for Monetary Fund (IMF) played a central role in Reconstruction and Development [IBRD]) ensuring stability and flexibility in the It is a specialized agency of the UN and is the most monetary system. What emerged between important element of the World Bank Group (WBG). 1958 and 1971 was a system in which the US The IBRD was established in 1944 at Bretton Woods could not change the value of its dollar, while and began operating in 1946. It provides funds to other countries could, but as infrequently as government-sponsored or guaranteed programs in possible. so-called Part II countries. o Global Investment: The World Bank, GLOBAL CORPORATIONS – companies with alongside the Marshall Plan, aided in significant investments and operations in multiple By: James Michael T. Dacara countries, often without a central headquarters. o International organizations facilitate these These corporations operate across borders, taking interactions (i.e. UN) and take on lives of advantage of global opportunities while being their own; sensitive to local conditions. o Sovereignty and non-interference are key principles. ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CORPORATIONS They operate in a global scale with many assets in NATION: an imagines community with shared different countries and is governed by the laws of the culture, language, and identity. country they are incorporated in. These are STATE: a political entity with a defined territory and vulnerable to local threats but gain opportunities government. across political boundaries and manages worldwide operations centrally, while growing through In a nation-state, the boundaries of the nation technology upgrades and mergers. (cultural group) align with state (political entity), resulting in a unified identity that governs itself Advantages: independently. Investment for Foreign Capital Generation of Employment Interstate System is a system of competing and Use of Advances technology allying states. Wherein, Treaty of Westphalia is a set Growth of Ancillary Units of agreements signed in 1648 to end the Thirty Increase of Exports and Foreign Exchanges Years’ War between the major continental powers of Promotes healthy competition Europe. It was designed to avert wars in the future by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise Disadvantages: complete control over their domestic affairs and Least concern for Host Country’s Priorities swear not to meddle in each other’s affairs and Adverse effect on domestic enterprise provide stability for the nations of Europe. Cultural change The Peace of Westphalia marked the end of the Holy Roman Empire. Lesson 3: Global Interstate System Nationalism – a doctrine and/or a political The origin of the modern nation-state is traced to the movement that seeks to make the nation the basis Treaty of Westphalia (1648) which lead to the of a political movement that seeks to make the notion that nation-states are autonomous. With nation the basis of a political structure, especially a globalization, the nation-state faces innumerable state. Generally, exalts one’s own nation above challenges, leading to significant loss of control over others and focuses on the promotion of interests. economic flows and transnational organizations. Internationalism – desire for greater cooperation However, in the global age, the “porosity” of the and unity among states and people. It is a political nation-state, the increasing global flows through it, principle that places the interest of the entire world should be a focal concern. above those of individual nations and argues for cooperation among nations for common good. Can Benedict Anderson’s “imagined community” is be divided into liberal internationalism and and important idea in thinking about the nation-state. socialist nationalism. As a result of the development of “print capitalism,” it came to be conceived of as being actively 1. EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON constructed, socially or politically, by people who GOVERNMENT identify with the community that is represented by the nation-state. Political Globalization Nation-states, the primary actors in this system, ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL SYSTEM engage in diplomatic relations partly in the context of o Countries or states are independent and Regional and Global Intergovernmental govern themselves; Organizations (IGO). Nation-states and IGOs, o These countries interact with each other consult with and are lobbied by TNCs and Non- through diplomacy and trade; governmental Organizations (NGOs). By: James Michael T. Dacara  Human Rights Watch (HRW) Nation-States and Intergovernmental World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Organizations Save the Children Nation-states engage on international relations to establish trade, maintain boundaries, enforce rules, 3. INTERNATIONALISM VS. GLOBALISM settle disputes, manage migrations, etc. To maintain the sovereignty of nation-states, IGOs operate on The decisions of other nations to cooperate with one principles inter-governmentalism, requiring another in political, economic, and cultural aspects unanimity among their members before agreements for the promotion of the common good and welfare can be finalized. Some however, incorporate of the people as the principle of Internationalism. elements of supranationalism, where majority may rule member-states to implement IGO decisions or Globalism is and ideology based on the belief that leave the organization. the people, goods, and information ought to be able to cross national boarders unfettered. The End of the Nation State Arguably the power of the nation-state is waning. While still the major actors in international relations Lesson 4: Contemporary Global Governance and sovereign within their own territories, countries are increasingly divesting themselves of responsibility for their citizens’ welfare. TNCs are GOVERNANCE – defined as establishment of taking on former state responsibilities through policies and continuous monitoring of their privatization and corporatization, profiting from implementation by members of the governing body. providing public goods like water, health care, agricultural products, and education. GLOBAL GOVERNANCE – collection of governance related activities, rules and 2. INSTITUTIONS GOVERNING mechanisms, formal and informal, existing at a INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS variety od levels in the world todays (Kams and Mingst) International institutions form a vital part of contemporary international relations. They are a Global Governance is necessary because humanity central focus of policy making efforts around the increasingly faces both problems and opportunities world. These are organizations with international that are global in scale. An effective GG will allow us membership, scope, or presence. Balancing to end armed conflict which deal with new emerging national sovereignty with international cooperation is problems and to achieve levels of prosperity and crucial. progress (Bailey, 2018). International Organizations: 1. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE UNITED United Nations (UN) NATIONS World Trade Organization (WTO) United Nations is an intergovernmental organization International Monetary Fund (IMF) that promotes international cooperation and creates World Bank (International Bank for and maintains international order. It replaced the Reconstruction and Development) ineffective League of Nations and was established North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) after WWI on October 24, 1945, to prevent another European Union (EU) global conflict. It has 1922 member states under the Association of Southeast Asian Nations UN Charter. (ASEAN) World Health Organization (WHO) Reasons for creation: United Nations Educational, Scientific, & There should be peace and security in the Cultural Organization (UNESCO) world after WWII Countries should be friendly with each other Non-governmental Organizations: Countries should help each other solve Amnesty International (AI) problems Greenpeace Human rights should be respected International Red Cross (IRC) everywhere in the world. By: James Michael T. Dacara  CHAPTER 3 Organs of United Nations: The General Assembly Lesson 1: Global Divides The Security Council The Secretariat The world compromises of different countries, The Trusteeship Council people, and natural features which are situated in The Economic and Social Council different locations. An interesting theory that pops up International Court of Justice (Fernando is the Great Economic Divide, also known as the Benson is the first Filipino ICJ Judge) North-South Divide, where the two groups are often defined––as freedom indices suggest––in terms of Achievements of the United Nations their growing differences in wealth, development, The UN has helped many countries became income inequality, democracy, and both political and democratic and peaceful states. economic freedom. The UN plays an important role in protecting our environment. The Eearth Summit in Rio The North-South Divide is the socio-economic and de Janeiro in 1992 was a big conference political division that exists between the wealthy about climate control. developed countries, known collectively as “the The International Atomic Energy Agency North,” and the poorer developing countries (least is a UN organization that controls nuclear developed countries), known as “the South.” The weapons of countries and sees to it that they North is likely to be in tandem with names such as do not build an atomic bomb. “the Western World,” ‘the First World,” and most of Since 1950, the UN has given help to over “the Second World.” 50million refugees due to war, hunger, or disease. It helps give developing countries safe and NORTH AND SOUTH clean water. The North-South Divide is a socio-economic and It fights drug abuse and improves the lives of political division of Earth popularized in the late 20th children who live in poverty. Century and early 21st Century. The division It helps people learn how to read and write. between rich and poor countries where most of the It helps farmers in poor countries where it is developed countries being located in the northern too hot or too dry. hemisphere while majority of the developing countries are located in the southern hemisphere. 2. CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE The Global North; United States, Canada, Israel, IN THE 21ST CENTURY Cyprus, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Australia, Weis (2015), identified five global governance gaps: New Zealand, and almost all the European knowledge (lack of understanding), normative (lack countries; are characterized by their established of values), policy (lack of effective policies), democracy, wealth, technological advancement, institutional (lack of effective institutions), and political stability, aging population growth, and compliance (lack of adherence to rules.) Terrorism, dominance in world trade and politics. nuclear proliferation, humanitarian crises, development aid, climate change, human rights, and The Global South; Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin other borderless diseases is where the UN explores America, the Caribbean, Pacific Islands, the Middle the gaps that it needs to address. East, developing countries in Asia; is term coined in the 1950s where countries are characterized by To ensure that global benefits are enjoyed equally turmoil, war, conflict, poverty, anarchy, and tyranny by both developed and developing countries, good (Odeh, 2010). governance is a must (Berucci, 2001.) The largest southern states in terms of land area and population belong to the Global South and are referred to as BRIC with Brazil, India, China, and the inclusion of Indonesia and Mexico being a part of it. By: James Michael T. Dacara GLOBAL NORTH SECOND WORLD: former communist countries that aren’t quite in poverty but aren’t prosperous either ❖ Comprised of only 1 quarter (25%) of the (East Germany, Georgia, Poland, Ukraine, etc.) global population. ❖ The richer and more economically developed THIRD WORLD: Non-aligned world and considered region. as the global realm of poverty and under- ❖ Accounts for over 90% of all manufacturing development (Afghanistan, Latin America, Asian industries. Countries, etc.) ❖ About 95% of the population meet their basic needs and have access to functional The "three world theory" made no longer sense education systems. when in 1989-1991, the Second World ceased to exist as the Soviet Union collapsed. After the demise GLOBAL SOUTH of the Second World, new terms were adopted for o Accounts for 3 quarters (75%) of the global the socio-economically divided planet, differentiating population BUT only compromises for a fifth a wealthy "Global North" from an impoverished (20%) of the globally earned income. "Global South". The "Global North" mostly covers o The poor and less developed region. the First World, with much of the Second World. o Relatively low GDP while having high While "Global South" covers the countries from the population. Third World. o Only 5% of the country’s population have enough food and shelter. MAJOR INDICATORS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC o Source for raw materials and labor for “the DEVELOPMENT North.” 1. Material living conditions o The economies of most countries in the 2. Education and work South rely on imports from the North and 3. Economic risks they have love technological penetration. 4. Health 5. Social relations 6. Participation and trust GLOBAL SOUTH vs. THE THIRD WORLD 7. Safety During Cold War, the Global Divide was made 8. Environment official with the West Power (United States and Allied countries) and the East Power (Soviet Union Socioeconomic benefits are expected from the and. China): They divided the world into three (3) development of new markets to promote categories that embodies 3 types of countries along regional economic structures, to provide the globe: the First World, Second World, and the alternative sources of employment in rural areas, Third World. and to promote the use of surplus and marginal lands. The term "Third World" is referred as underdeveloped or developing countries. These CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPED countries were those that were well on their way to COUNTRIES becoming rich and "developed". The Third World ▪ Human Development Complex was the non-aligned World, distinct from the First ▪ Per Capita Income (capitalist) and Second (socialist/communist) ▪ Industrialization Worlds. But pretty quickly the Third World became a ▪ Political Stability quick-and-easy referent for the "Poor World" ▪ Freedom because it has been under-developed by the Rich or ▪ Better Living Standards "First World", through processes of globalization and ▪ Gross Domestic Product capitalist expansion (Riga, 2007). ▪ Education FIRST WORLD: composed of industrialized and democratic countries, which most members were assumed to be allied with the US against the Soviet Union (Canada, Australia, Japan, Western Europe, etc.) By: James Michael T. Dacara COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPING REGIONALIZATION vs. GLOBALIZATION ECONOMIES The processes of globalization and regionalization ▪ Low per Capita Real Income (one of the most reemerged during the 1980s and heightened after defining characteristics of developing the end of the Cold War in the 1990s. At first, these countries) two processes are contradicting since globalization, ▪ High Population Growth Rate by definition is global while regionalization iss ▪ High Rates of Unemployment naturally regional. ▪ Dependence on Primary Sector ▪ Dependence on Exports of Primary Jacoby and Meunier, 2010, p.1 defined Globalization Commodities as "the increased flows of goods, services, capita, people, and information across borders while CHARACTERISTICS OF LESSER DEVELOPED according to Hurrell, 2007, p.4 Regionalization is COUNTRIES "the societal integration and often undirected ▪ Inadequate technology & capital process of societal economic interaction". Further, ▪ Low saving rates Regionalization is the formal process of ▪ Dual economy intergovernmental collaboration between two or ▪ Varying dependence on international trade more states (Ravenhill, 2008, p. 174) ▪ Rapid population growth (1.6% to DC’s 0.1% yearly) Regionalism is a political process characterized by ▪ Low literacy & school enrollment rates economic policy cooperation and coordination ▪ Unskilled labor force among countries (Claudio, 2018). The goal of ▪ Poorly developed institutions. regionalism became encapsulated in the concept of an East Asian community. Although removing economic barriers was the principal thrust of most Lesson 2: ASIA REGIONALISM agreements to promote: regionalism, a 'community' Asia was colonized by a variety of major powers connotes shared values and joint responses to including Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, France, security threats. Britain, the United States, and Japan. Each colonizer left behind specific social, political, and economic legacies. The multiplicity of colonial experiences DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REGIONALIZATION only served to emphasize the differences among the AND GLOBALIZATION countries and societies of Asia. More recently the Nature Regionalization: Divides an Cold war also divided the Asian region. area into smaller segments called regions. ASEAN was the first major regional player to emerge Globalization: Promotes and has been the center of regional development integration of economies across including APEC, ARF, ASEAN Plus Three, and The state borders all around the East Asian Summit as East Asian regionalism has world. evolved over time. A SEAN'S pivotal regional role Market Regionalization: Monopolies has also been accepted by China and Japan in good are more likely to develop. part because they need the ASEAN members as Globalization: Allow many followers if they ever want to be considered global corporations to trade on leaders. This relationship has in turn given ASEAN international level; it allows free considerable leeway in terms of the activities of its market. member governments in region-building endeavors. Cultural & Regionalization: Does not Societal support multiculturalism. A s a result of Asian regionalism it does not only Relations Globalization: Acceleration to make Asian economies grow richer but also they multiculturalism through free become closer together. Asian regionalism is the and inexpensive movement of product of economic interaction and not political people. planning. It the result of successful outward oriented Aid Regionalization: A regionalized growth strategies (Beeson and Stubb, 2012). area does not get involved in the affairs of other areas. By: James Michael T. Dacara  Globalization: Globalized MEMBERS OF ASIA PACIFIC ECONOMIC international communities are COUNCIL (APEC) more willing to aid countries - Australia - United States stricken by disasters. - Brunei - China Technological Regionalization: Advanced - Canada - Hong Kong Advancement technology is rarely available in - Indonesia - Chinese Taipei one country or region. - Japan - Mexico Globalization: Drives great - Malaysia - Papua New Guinea advances in technology. - New Zealand - Chile - Philippines - Peru INTEGRATION OF ASIA - Singapore - Russia - South Korea - Vietnam Regional Integration is the process by which two or - Thailand - India (requesting) more nation-states agree to co-operate and work closely together to achieve peace, stability, and wealth. The entire world is moving towards CHAPTER 4 integration, it is inevitable. In Asia, the Southeast Asian countries have already formed ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) including Lesson 1: Global Media APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Council), ARF (ASEAN Regional Forum), ASEAN Plus Three and “The media have an important impact on cultural the East Asian Summit. globalization in two interdependent ways: first. the media provide an extensive transnational This regional power block appears to work fine, the transmission of cultural products and second, they members states fit very well together due to these contribute to the formation of communicative factors that leads the Asian Region into greater networks and social structures.” – Hjarvard, 1999 integration: “The rise of the new global media (e.g. Apple's iTunes, Facebook, Twitter, Google, Microsoft), with TRADE: The world economy is intertwined great power has imposed their systems on large with each other, and we all want and need portions of the world” - McChesney, 1999:11 1-15 something from another part of the world, including global trade facilities, and since these nations are geographically located EVOLUTION OF MEDIA (Lule, 2014) near each other they can readily supply each other's needs. 1. Oral Communication - Language helps man to settle down improve social, SIMILAR CULTURE: The culture of Asia is economic, and political life. Developed diverse, but they do share many things. This around 1.75 million years ago. makes it an easier fit during times of 2. Script Media - It is a system of writing the negotiations. written means of human communication. Is wider in scope and lasts longer. COMMON GOALS: The Asian region recognizes the mutual benefit of a slow 3. Print Media - It was invented around 4th and integration, and that is to accelerate the 5th century AD. It preserved and economic growth, social progress, and standardized knowledge cultural development and to promote peace. 4. Electronic Media - Introduced in early 19th century, this mode required electromagnetic SIMILARITY SECURITY NEEDS: Aside energy and electricity to use. from small, localized rebels, this association needs only to contend with foreign-supported 5. Digital Media - Digital content that can be terrorist groups which are usually handled accessed on the internet, such as social well. media, blogs and news. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION PROCESS By: James Michael T. Dacara  transnational images that connect audiences Cultural globalization involves the sharing of cultural worldwide. elements like ideas, values, and customs across the Mass media today play a crucial role in globalization world, intensifying social connections. This process by facilitating cultural exchange and the flow of is driven by factors like the internet, popular culture information across borders through international media, and international travel, leading to a common news, television, new technologies, film, and music. consumption of cultures. This has complemented While media systems were mostly national before historical processes of commodity exchange and the 1990s, they have since become global, reaching colonization, which have also contributed to the audiences worldwide. This shift has been driven by global circulation of cultural meanings. global capitalism, technological advances, and the commercialization of global television, fueled by Cultural globalization has resulted in a deregulation policies in Europe and the US that standardization of cultural expressions worldwide, allowed the growth of cable and satellite channels. influencing everyday life through the diffusion of commodities and ideas. Driven by factors like wireless communications, electronic commerce, CULTURAL IMPERIALISM popular culture, and international travel, globalization has been perceived as a trend towards Cultural imperialism refers to the dominance of one homogeneity, potentially leading to a uniform human culture over another, often through media and experience everywhere. capitalism, leading to the erosion of local cultures. Wealthier nations, particularly Western countries like A. Hybridization - Jan Pieterse suggested that the U.S., export their cultural values, symbols, and cultural globalization involves human practices via global media, which can lead to the integration arid hybridization, arguing that it displacement of local traditions, languages, and is possible to detect cultural mixing across lifestyles in less economically powerful nations. continents and regions going back many centuries. CORE CONCEPT OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM B. Homogenization - emphasizes the Based on the theory of cultural imperialism, the less transfiguration of worldwide diversity into a economically prominent cultures essentially import pandemic of Westernized consumer culture. examples of culture from wealthier countries, mainly The dominance of American culture from Western countries, which have the economic influencing the entire world will ultimately means necessary to produce a majority of the result in the end of cultural diversity which world's cultural media mostly via the global lead to a human monoculture. This process, transmission of media. As one society exerts cultural understood as Cultural Imperialism. influence over another, the latter society adopts its C. Conflict Intensification - "Clash of customs, philosophies, worldviews and general Civilizations" Samuel Huntington - ways of life. Under the imposition of another culture, emphasizes the fact that while the world is the "lesser" culture is thought to lose some of its own becoming smaller and interconnected, the cultural. interactions between peoples of different cultures enhance the civilization Example: American cultural imperialism is evident consciousness that in turn invigorate in brand-name products, mass-produced food, and differences. The differences in culture especially video media. While it can promote positive sharpened by this very process of cultural values like women’s rights and racial equality, it may globalization will be a source of conflict. also negatively affect how viewers perceive their own or other non-American cultures. Herbert Schiller introduced the term "cultural imperialism" in 1976 to GLOBALIZATION OF CULTURE AND MEDIA describe America's cultural influence worldwide, particularly over Third World countries. The globalization of culture is often chiefly imputed to international mass media. After all, contemporary Critiques: It can be challenging to measure the media technologies such as satellite television and extent of cultural imperialism, as cultural impact is the Internet have created a steady flow of often subjective and intangible. While cultural By: James Michael T. Dacara imperialism can have negative consequences, it can Challenges to Norms and Values: Globalization also lead to cultural exchange, innovation, and the challenges religions to reconcile their traditional adoption of positive values and practices. values with a rapidly changing world. For instance, globalization promotes secular views and individual liberties, potentially conflicting with some religious Lesson 2: Globalization of Religion doctrine’s practices, and the Church's response to these challenges remains a topic of national debate. Globalization refers to the historical process by Religious Revival: Despite the challenges, which all the world's people increasingly come to live globalization has also contributed to a resurgence of in a single social unit. It implicates religion and religion in many parts of the world. This revival is religious perspectives, prompting a considerable driven by various factors, including a search for religious resurgence. Globalization calls for a identity and meaning in a globalized world and the vigorous response and understanding of the roles use of global communication channels by religious that religions have played and continue to play in groups. bringing about and characterizing globalization. Among the consequences of this implication for religion have been that globalization encourages TYPES OF RELIGOUS ORGANIZATIONS religious pluralism. Characterization: Modern societies typically group PARADIGMS OF RELIGION IN THE themselves in three different ways: a church, a sect, GLOBALIZATION PROCESS and a cult. Sociologists often group them according to size and influence. 1. Pre-Modernization: In the pre-modern era, religious authority played a dominant role in 1. Church is a large, bureaucratically shaping societal understanding and organized religious organization that is knowledge. The church was seen as the integrated into the larger society. primary source of truth, with its teachings a. Ecclesia is a large, bureaucratic considered absolute and divinely ordained. religious organization that is a 2. Modernization: The late 19th century formal part of the state and claims marked a significant shift in religious thought to include most or all members of a known as Modernism. This movement society sought to reinterpret traditional theological b. Denomination is a large, frameworks by incorporating insights from bureaucratic religious organization historical and psychological theories. that is closely integrated into the 3. Post-Modernization: Following Modernism, larger society and often conflicts Post-Modernism emerged, further with at least some of its norms and challenging the idea of absolute religious values. truths. This paradigm emphasizes the 2. Cult is a small religious organization that is subjective and contextual nature of religious at great odds with the norms and values of experiences. Post-modern religion views the larger society. individuals as active participants in shaping their understanding of faith, influenced by 3. Sect is a relatively small religious their social, historical, and cultural contexts. organization that is not integrated into the larger society and that often conflicts with at least some of its norms and values. HOW GLOBALIZATION AFFECTS RELIGION Spread and Interaction: Globalization has FIVE MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS facilitated the spread of religions beyond their traditional boundaries. The increased movement of Globalization brings a culture of pluralism, meaning people, information, and ideas has brought different religions "with overlapping but distinctive ethics and religions into closer contact, fostering dialogue and interests" interact with one another. exchange. Essentially, the world's leading religious traditions - Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and By: James Michael T. Dacara Judaism - promote peace and solidarity with one images of travel, exploration and "worldly' pursuit by another by advocating equality, freedom, world the citizens of the world. A consumerist world of peace, and solidarity. malls and supermarkets, of theme parks and leisure centers offerings, a cross-cultural variety of food, fashion, entertainment and various consumables Top 5 Religions based on follower/adherent and artifacts. count 1. Christianity – 2.1 Billion ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITIES 2. Islam – 1.3 Billion 3. Hinduism – 1.2 Billion believers; Global cities as engines of globalization provide 4. Buddhism – 350 Million followers; believes spaces for industries that produce commodities and in attaining nirvana being the ultimate goal. firms that provide services such as accounting, 5. Judaism – 14 Million adherents; one of the banking, information processing, etc. Moreover, oldest monotheistic religions with its global cities offer convenience through proximity and scriptures influencing Christianity and Islam. just-in-time production of products and services. Note: only Christianity is specified in the book the rest are rough estimates based off of the internet. CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL CITIES A variety of international financial services, notably in finance, insurance, real estate, CHAPTER 5 banking, accountancy, and marketing. Headquarters of several multinational Lesson 1: Global City corporations The existence of financial headquarters, a The global city" also called world city or sometimes stock exchange, and major financial alpha city or World center, is a city that enjoys institutions significant competitive advantages and serves as a Domination of the trade and economy of a hub within a globalized economic system. A global large surrounding area city has wealth, power, and influence on other countries as well as hosts the largest capital Major manufacturing centers with port and markets. container facilities Considerable decision-making power on a Global Cities transitioned from being colonial daily basis and at a global level entrepots to become major financial hubs and Centers of new ideas and innovation in destinations centers. The nodal points in the global business, economics, culture. and politics city network have formed themselves in places Centers of media and communications for where networks already existed (Bracken, 2015). It global networks is in cities that global operations are centralized and Dominance of the national region with great where we can see most clearly the phenomena international significance associated with their activities, whether it be High percentage of residents employed in changes in the structure employment, the formation the services sector and information sector of powerful partnerships, the development of High-quality educational institutions, monumental real estate, the emergence of including renowned universities, newforms of local governance, the effects of international student attendance, and organized crime, the expansion of corruption, the research facilities fragmentation of informal networks or the spatial Multi-functional infrastructure offering some isolation and social exclusion of certain population of the best legal, medical. and entertainment groups. facilities in the country High diversity in language, culture, religion, Cosmopolitanism is a phenomenon mostly and ideologies. associated with the global city. Large diverse cities attracting people, material, and cultural products from all over the world. It usually evokes pleasant By: James Michael T. Dacara WORLD’S BEST-KNOWN GLOBAL CITIES production patterns and, second, the decline of mass production along Fordist lines and the In the past century, the greatest global cities were concomitant rise of flexible production centered generally the largest and centers of the world's great within urban areas. empires: London, Paris, New York, and Tokyo. The standard methods of evaluating the global There are many reasons why some cities develop importance of cities include assessing the into major megacities, but not all megacities go on to concentration of support services available for dominate international markets and politics so are multinationals, such as financial and accounting not world cities. According to Sassen, 2013, these firms. or the size of the overall economy. Efficiency are the cause pushing the increase in global cities: and access to capital and information is more critical to being an important global city than number of jobs 1. The geographic dispersal of economic (Kotkin, 2014)) activities that marks globalization along with the simultaneous integration of such geographically dispersed activities, is a key CATEGORIZATION OF THE GLOBAL CITIES factor feeding the growth and importance of central corporate functions. First Tier – “truly global cities” as the most powerful global financial articulations. 2. These central functions become so complex London that increasingly the headquarters of large New York global firms outsource them: they buy a Tokyo share of their central functions from highly specialized service firms. Second Tier – cities based on the level of their multinational articulations. 3. Those specialized service firms engaged in Miami the most complex and globalized markets Los Angeles are subject to agglomeration economies. Frankfurt Amsterdam Singapore 4. The more headquarters outsource their most complex, unstandardized functions, Third Tier – cities based on their importance of their particularly those subject to uncertain and national articulations changing markets, the freer they are to opt Paris for any location. Zurich Madrid 5. These specialized service firms need to Sydney provide a global service which has meant a Seoul global network of affiliates and a Bangkok strengthening of cross border city-to-city Taipei transactions and networks. Sau Paulo Mexico City 6. The economic fortunes of these cities become increasingly disconnected from their Fourth Tier – cities based on subnational and broader hinterlands or even their national regional articulations economies. Osaka-Kobe-Kansai Japan Hongkong and the Pearl River Delta in China 7. One result of the dynamics is the growing informalization of a range of economic activities which find their effective demand in REASONS OF INCREASE IN GLOBAL CITIES these cities yet have profit rates that do not allow them to compete for various resources The increase in global cities has been linked with two with the high-profit making firms at the top of globalization-related trends: first, the expansion of the system. the role transnational corporations (TNCS) in global By: James Michael T. Dacara CRITICISMS OF GLOBAL CITIES connected to and correlate with stages of industrial development. Despite playing significant roles in the global economy, global city has been known for being a threat to state-centric perspectives. These cities STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION have been accused of focusing their reach to other MODEL global cities and neglecting cities within the national outreach. These cities are more connected to the Stage 1 – High stationary outside world than to their domestic economy. Many births and many deaths = Population is steady Until the industrial Revolution Lesson 2: Global Demography Stage 2 – Early Expanding Mary births and death rate falls very fast = Historically, human populations grew slowly with very fast increase of the Population stable demographic patterns, and age structures, birth rates, and death rates changed gradually. Stage 3 – Late Expanding Epidemics and pandemics had short-term effects but Birth rate falls and death rate falls slowly = did not alter long-term population trends Rapid increase of the population significantly. However, in the last 50 years, Examples: The richest developing countries demographic stability has given way to significant (Brazil, Mexico, India) changes. Developed countries experienced a post- war "baby boom" followed by a sharp decline in Stage 4 – Low Stationary fertility, which led to an aging population as fertility Birth rate is still falling and death rate is still rates and mortality in old age continued to decline. falling = Slow increase of the population In contrast, developing countries saw rapid Examples: The developed countries population growth due to improved nutrition, (European countries. USA, Japan.) healthcare, and public health infrastructure. Globally, the population rose from just over 2 billion Stage 3 – Declining? in 1950 to 6.5 billion by 2005, with annual growth Birth rate is still falling, and death rate is slowing but still projected to reach 9.1 billion by stable = Decrease of the population 2050. Today, most population growth (95%) occurs Examples: Italy, Sweden, or Germany in the in developing nations, with the least-developed nearest future countries expected to more than double their populations by mid-century, while the developed world’s population remains relatively steady around CRITICISMS OF THE MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF 1.2 billion, with declines in some wealthy nations. POPULATION The global population has grown from 1 billion in The most well-known theory of population is the 1800 to 7.774 billion by 2020, at a current annual Malthusian theory by Thomas Robert Malthus on growth rate of about 83 million (1.1% per year). “Principle of Population" in 1798. His theory is very Population growth is the increase in the number simple “By nature human food increases in a slow individuals in a population. Global human population arithmetical ratio; man himself increases in a quick growth amounts to around 83 million annually, or geometrical ratio unless want and vice stop him. The 1.1% per year. The global population has grown increase in numbers is necessarily limited by the from 1 billion in 1800 to 7,774billion in 2020. means of subsistence Population invariably increases when the means of subsistence increase, unless prevented by powerful and obvious checks." DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION General Assumptions of the Marx Theory of Demographic transition is a model used to represent Population: the movement of high birth and death rates to low There can be no natural or universal law of birth and death rates as a country develops from a population pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system: Population growth is related to the economic It works on the premise that birth and death rates are system, and both are inseparable By: James Michael T. Dacara  To Marx poverty and unemployment were Physical environment means – non-living not due to increased population, but due to environment or the land, air, water, soil and capitalist system which failed to provide jobs. minerals. As opposed by Marxist Theory: ❖ Impacts of population growth on biological Poverty and unemployment are, therefore, environment. only the result of the workers natural Biological environment comprises of human, propensity to reproduce beyond the available biological systems, flora and fauna, and means of subsistence. living creatures from moth to midgets. Marx rejects the Malthusian solution to the problems created by the contradictions inherent in the capitalist system. In the Lesson 2: Global Migration process of capital does not remain constant: Global migration involves people moving to live in it changes, and it is this change which is most foreign countries, often for work, with most migration important to understand the effect of capital occurring from developing to developed nations. accumulation and expansion upon the International migration has four main components: working population. (1) immigration to a country other than one’s place of birth or citizenship, (2) nationals returning to their home country after living abroad, (3) nationals EFFECTS OF GLOBAL POPULATION emigrating from their home country, and (4) Globalization directly impacts demographic foreigners emigrating from a country they previously processes, influencing migration across borders, immigrated to (Kritz 2008). health and fertility rates, and shifts in age structures. Historically, population growth spurred global Current trends show that while the proportion of exploration, migration, and colonization. More migrants from developed countries has decreased, recently, demographic trends have affected there has been a substantial rise in migrants from globalization by altering labor and capital distribution developing countries, marking a shift in global worldwide. migration patterns. Population growth and globalization also drives greenhouse gas emissions up due to the energy- FACTORS OF GLOBAL MIGRATION intensive production processes and livestock Economic Factors: Lack of employment farming required to meet the demands of a wealthier, opportunities or differentials in employment expanding population. Additionally, population opportunities and wages; the lure of a well- growth raises food demand, leading to an increased paid job in a wealthy country is a powerful need for agricultural land. However, new agricultural driver of international migration. expansions may involve less profitable or less suitable lands, as economically optimal resources Political Factors: The unattractiveness of are utilized first. agricultural activities, disasters, lack of basic amenities (roads, electricity, portable water, THE EFFECT OF OVERPOPULATION: and inadequate health care facilities) and a. Pressure on limited resources industrial ventures in countries have also b. Deforestation encouraged international migration. c. Lack of fresh water (water shortage) d. Increase in industrial and community waste Social Factors: Socially factors are things e. Air, water, and land pollution that affect someone's lifestyle. These could f. Increased density of population include wealth, religion, buying habits, g. More mining of mineral resources educational level, family size and structure, and population density. Lack of educational IMPACTS OF POPULATION GROWTH institutions across developing countries has ❖ Impacts of population growth on physical also tremendously contributed to the reasons environment. for migration. By: James Michael T. Dacara  Cultural Factors: The idea of culture is vital ❖ Extreme poverty and lack of socio-economic to understanding the implications for upward mobility translation and, despite the differences of ❖ Few careers and educational opportunities. opinion as to whether language is a part of ❖ The fear caused by high crime rates. culture or not, the two are connected. Culture ❖ Poor standards of living. ranges from syntax, ideologies, religion, ❖ The fear of political persecution that could language, and dialect to art and literacy. even result in jail time PUSH AND PULL FACTORS OF MIGRATION Pull Factors “Reasons to Migrate” - are the ones Push and pull factors of migration are driven by the that make people decide to go to a different country. push of conflict, extreme hardship, war, lack of A useful way of thinking about pull factors is what economic opportunities, etc. combined with the pull attracts migrants to go to a specific country. So, the of more jobs, the promise of a better life, freedom to main pull factors that attract migrants to the United practice one's religion, etc. States, Canada, Australia, and the most prosperous European countries include the following (Ramos, PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS 2017): ❖ unhappy life ❖ access to services ❖ poor transport links ❖ better transport ❖ Migrants are in search of personal and ❖ natural disasters links financial safety; or opportunity in terms of ❖ wars ❖ improved living employment, education, social class ❖ shortage of food conditions mobility. They are also looking for freedom ❖ better job and stability opportunities ❖ The most common political and economic ❖ more pull factors. entertainment ❖ Better infrastructure that results in facilities inadequate facilities and services. ❖ hope for a better ❖ Better healthcare and medical facilities such way of life as hospitals. ❖ family links ❖ Better job and educational opportunities. ❖ Lower crime rates as a result of a Push Factors "Reasons to leave" - are those that combination of generally higher living make people decide to leave their country and go standards and better, less corrupt, and more somewhere else. Generally, migrants leave their efficient police force. countries because they are escaping poverty, ❖ Democratic political stability. unemployment, and fear of either political ❖ A generally higher standard of living. persecution or violent crime. ❖ More entertainment and better cultural options, which are a result of higher People may migrate due to social and economic standards of living, higher education levels, factors, such as inadequate medical facilities, lack of and more disposable income. affordable quality education, high crime rates, or the desire for a better standard of living. Additionally, having friends or family in the destination country can be a strong motivator for migration. Overseas Filipinos are people of full or partial Filipino origin; i.e., people who trace their ancestry MOST COMMON POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC to the Philippines and who live reside outside of the PUSH FACTORS country. This term generally applies both to people ❖ Poor infrastructure that results in services of Filipino ancestry and to citizens abroad. As of that fall short of being adequate. 2019, there are over 12 million overseas Filipinos. ❖ Famine often caused by bad crops or unfavorable weather conditions. In recent years, the improvement of the economy ❖ Lack of adequate medical care. often attributed to their remittances further cemented ❖ High levels of long-term unemployment. their mark in the Philippines. To recognize their invaluable contribution to the Philippines, December By: James Michael T. Dacara each year is marked as the Month of Overseas As an OFW, keep these three things in mind: Filipinos through Proclamation No. 276 signed by a) know the location of the Philippine Embassy; President Corazon Aquino in 1988. b) know the nearest offices that oversee the needs of Filipino workers abroad and; The sacrifices overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) c) be aware of the REPUBLIC ACT No. 10022. make just to provide a better life for their families earned them the title of the nation's bagong bavani (new heroes). Here are important facts about the CHAPTER 6 Philippines' bagong bayani: Lesson 1: Sustainable Development 1. Number of OFWs deployed are increasing each year. It is an organizing principle for meeting human development goals while simultaneously sustaining According to the Philippine Overseas Employment the ability of natural systems to provide the natural Administration_ (POEA), there were a total of resources and ecosystem services on which the 1,844,406 OFWs in 2015 – 1,437,875 land-based economy and society depends. Meets the needs of and 406,531 sea-based. Data over the years the present without compromising the ability of the suggest that there is an increasing trend in the future generations to meet their own needs number of OFWs. COMMON CHALLENGES THAT OFWS FACE ABROAD - and ways on how to cope with them 1. Homesickness – One of the biggest challenges of an OFW is homesickness. It is distressing when they miss important events, special occasions and not seeing their kids grow up. Good thing, nowadays, it is easy to communicate with their loved ones through Facebook, Viber, or Skype. 2. Communication gap and culture differences – Working in another country, dealing with the locales, and communicating with them can be exhausting. It may take a while to adjust and adapt, but do not stop learning their language and understanding their culture. There are lots of ways to do it, given that information is just at the tip of your fingers. 3. Financial – Most Filipinos think that working abroad will earn them big money but sometimes, they do not receive the high income that they expected. Since they send Sustainable development focuses on living within almost all of their income to their families environmental limits while building a strong, healthy, back home, they need to make sacrifices and and just society. It aims to meet the diverse needs of even neglect their basic needs while living current and future communities by promoting well- abroad. being, social inclusion, and equal opportunities. This approach seeks better ways of living and working 4. Maltreatment and other possible risks – without reducing quality of life, emphasizing We have heard stories told by OFWs about thoughtful decision-making on issues affecting how they were maltreated abroad. everyone. Examples include integrating health plans By: James Michael T. Dacara into community planning and encouraging SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDG) sustainable food supply chains to ensure long-term resource availability. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a global call to action for all nations to promote prosperity while protecting the planet. They SUSTAINABILITY vs. STABILITY emphasize ending poverty alongside fostering economic growth, addressing social needs like SUSTAINABILITY STABILITY education, healthcare, social protection, and ❖ An approach to ❖ The ability of the employment, and tackling climate change. The organization system to keep it in SDGs are especially vital for COVID-19 recovery management the given efforts. Established by the UN General Assembly in ❖ The capacity to parameters 2015 under Resolution 70/1 (the 2030 Agenda), the endure in an ❖ Enterprise stability SDGs consist of 17 objectives serving as a blueprint ongoing way across is a dynamic, for a sustainable and equitable future, with a target various way of life complex, and multi- completion date of 2030. ❖ The process of faceted category people maintaining ❖ Four approaches in change in a the economic 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS homeostasis stability: Steady 1. No Poverty ❖ Defined as state, Economic 2. Zero Hunger interconnected stability of 3. Good Health and Well-being domains or pillars. businesses 4. Quality Education identification, sustainable 5. Gender Equality· economic growth 6. Clean Water and Sanitation basis, and provides 7. Affordable and Clean Energy review of the 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth stability problem. 9. Industry, Innovation, and infrastructure 10. Reducing Inequality Sustainability is a holistic approach to organizational 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities management that aims to maximize long-term economic, social, and environmental value. It 12. Responsible Consumption Production involves maintaining change within a balanced 13. Climate Action environment by harmonizing resource use, 14. Life below water investments, technologic